21. NRC: Students' Corner nuclear energy is a way to generate heat using the fission process ofatoms. A nuclear power plant converts the heat into electricity. http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/students.html

Home Electronic Reading Room Basic References NRC Home Page Students' Corner Teachers' Lesson Plans About NRC Glossary of Nuclear Terms Basic References ... Games Nuclear energy is a way to generate heat using the fission process of atoms. A nuclear power plant converts the heat into electricity. The main difference between a nuclear power plant and other kinds of power plants (coal, oil, gas) is that at a nuclear power plant, the heat used to make the steam is produced by fissioning atoms. Fission is the splitting of atoms into smaller pieces, caused by neutrons hitting each other. These smaller pieces strike other atoms, releasing energy. When this process continues, it is called a chain reaction. When uranium - a nuclear material - is used as fuel in a nuclear power plant, the fission process creates heat, which boils the water, creating steam. The steam turns a turbine which is connected to a generator. As the turbine spins, the generator turns, and its magnetic field produces electricity. The electricity can then be carried to your home, so you can do your homework on your computer, watch television, play video games, have a snack from your refrigerator, and make toast.

22. Nuclear Energy facts. There are two kinds of ways that nuclear energy has been usedfission and fusion. fission. fission involves very heavy nuclei. http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~soper/Sun/earthnuke.html

Nuclear energy on Earth Nuclear processes can release a million times the energy of a chemical process. For this reason, mankind has tried to make use of this energy source for both military purposes and for power production. Both purposes involve very significant issues of public policy. Exploring these issues would take us too far from study of stars, but we should at least take advantage of what we have learned so far so as to understand the basic facts. There are two kinds of ways that nuclear energy has been used: fission and fusion. Fission Fission involves very heavy nuclei. The big nucleus absorbs a neutron and breaks up, releasing more neutrons. The most important reactions are U + n > two smaller nuclei + more n's naturally occuring uranium is mostly U U is separated from the U with a difficult process. Pu + n > two smaller nuclei + more n's Pu does not occur naturally it can be made in reactors U + n > two smaller nuclei + more n's U does not occur naturally it can be made in reactors Each of these reactions release about 200 MeV of energy.

23. Nuclear Power I. 1970 s By the year 2000, 50% of US energy comes from fossil fuels and 50% fromnuclear fission Initial Trends in 60 s suggested this would be fulfilled http://zebu.uoregon.edu/1999/ph161/l16.html

Nuclear Power I. Nov 3, 1997: In Today's Register Guard on the front page there was an article about how Nuclear Energy should now be considered as Green energy because it does not contribute to global warming. The Virtual Nuclear Tourist Nuclear Energy FAQ The issue is, how viable is Nuclear energy and what really are the risks. As we will see, nuclear energy is seldom evaluated objectively - rather there is a range of emotional response to it. Nuclear Energy I. Basic Physics Energy and Mass are equivalent and are related to one another by the speed of light squared Since c is a large number then c squared is even larger Example: 1 kg of coal = 30 million Joules when burned using chemistry but: 1 kg of coal potentially gives you 3 billion times more energy if you convert all of its mass to energy Potential Realized in the Atom Bomb 1950's optimism: The 1950's are a landmark decade because they shaped 3 aspects of American life that would dominate out socio-political culture: The first information network was launched. This was Television which has evolved to be a ubiquitous access, content-free medium. (will the Internet evolve in a similar manner?) Suburbia: Suburban infrastructure and commuter highways began to take shape. Life in Suburbia was the American Dream. Increased dependends on foreign oil, via automobile transport of workers and increased air pollution is the result.

24. ThinkQuest : Library : The Environment: A Global Challenge nuclear fission was fist developed in World War II to make atomic bombs. After thewar, nuclear power was promoted as being an extremely clean and safe energy http://library.thinkquest.org/26026/Science/nuclear_fission.html

Index Earth Science The Environment: A Global Challenge "The Environment: A Global Challenge" is a comprehensive site providing information on many aspects of the environment. There are 400 articles in twelve content sections [ Current Events, Economics, Environmental Problems, Health Concerns, History, Organizations, Science, Statistics and World Outlook]. Articles are interlinked and multimedia and links to outside information often accompany the text. Integrated into each content section and spread out through various other sections are many interactive features, such as simulations, interviews, streaming multimedia, a scientific experimentation center, and systems for adding links and new content enable visitors to experience what they are learning about. Educators can easily and instantly involve their entire class in the site by creating accounts in our Classroom Connection database. Visit Site 1999 ThinkQuest Internet Challenge Awards Platinum Languages English Students Michael Kantonsschule Pfdffikon/Nuolen, Pfaeffikon, Switzerland

25. Nuclear Fission - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia caused that nucleus to split into approximately equal parts with the release ofenormous quantities of energy, a process that they dubbed nuclear fission. . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission

Nuclear fission From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Server will be down for maintenance on 2004-06-11 from about 18:00 to 18:30 UTC. In physics fission is a nuclear process in which a heavier unstable nucleus divides or splits into two or more lighter nuclei, with the release of substantial amounts of energy. When a free neutron of the proper energy is absorbed by the nucleus of a fissionable atom, the resulting unstable nucleus will split producing two or more fission products, two or three free neutrons and a tremendous amount of energy compared to chemical reactions . The fission products are atomic nuclei of different elements formed from the protons and neutrons originally comprising the nucleus before its fission. These fission products are highly radioactive and become the waste of nuclear energy production. Very infrequently a fissionable nucleus will undergo spontaneous nuclear fission without an incoming neutron. Table of contents 1 Introduction 2 Critical Mass 3 Moderators 4 Reduction of non-fission capture by isotope separation ... edit Introduction Atomic nuclei are made up of neutrons and protons . The number of protons is equal to the atomic number , Z. The number of neutrons, N, is equal to the difference between the

26. The Energy Story The energy Story. Chapter 7 nuclear energy fission and Fusion. Another majorform of energy is nuclear energy, the energy that is trapped inside each atom. http://www.hamburger-bildungsserver.de/klima/energie/energy/energy-118.html

The Energy Story Chapter 7: Nuclear Energy - Fission and Fusion Another major form of energy is nuclear energy, the energy that is trapped inside each atom. One of the laws of the universe is that matter and energy can't be created nor destroyed. But they can be changed in form. Matter can be changed into energy. The famous scientist Albert Einstein created the mathematical formula that explains this. It is: E = mc This equation says: E [energy] equals m [mass] times c [c stands for the speed of light. c means c times c, or the speed of light raised to the second power or c-squared.] Please note that some web browser software may not show an exponent (raising something to a power, a mathematical expression) on the Internet. Normally c-squared is shown with a smaller "2" placed above and to the right of the c. Scientists used Einstein's famous equation as the key to unlock atomic energy and also create atomic bombs. The ancient Greeks said the smallest part of nature is an atom. But they did not know 2,000 years ago about nature's even smaller parts. As we learned in chapter 2 , atoms are made up of smaller particles a nucleus of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons which swirl around the nucleus much like the earth revolves around the sun.

27. Nuclear Energy nuclear energy from fission and fusion. nuclear power is generated eitherthrough fusion or through fission. fission is the splitting http://www.pa.msu.edu/courses/1997spring/PHY232/lectures/nuclear/bombs.html

Nuclear energy from fission and fusion Nuclear power is generated either through fusion or through fission. Fission is the splitting of a heavy nucleus into light nuclei which are more energetically favorable. Since Iron-56 is the most energetically favorable nucleus, both the fission of heavy nuclei and the fusion of light nuclei can release energy. Fission is the process used in the first nuclear weapons and in power plants. Fusion is the source of the sun's energy and is the source of energy in hydrogen bombs. Fusion is an inherently cleaner source of energy, but igniting it in a controlled way has proved problematic. (hydrogen bombs are set off by fission devices). Fission is set off by bringing together a critical mass of an element such as Uranium-235. If a sufficient amount of Uranium is brought together an emitted neutron will most likely be captured, changing the Uranium to U-236, rather than escaping from the surface. Since U-236 decays and produces 2 neutrons, the number of neutrons grows exponentially, and practically all the U-235 nuclei decay in short order. This is called a chain reaction . In a power plant the chain reaction is modified with neutron absorbing rods. Examples Nuclear physics' index

28. Nuclear Fission And Energy fission and energy. This section deals with the theory and operationof nuclear fission reactors as a practical energy source. Over http://www.astro.soton.ac.uk/~ajb/fission.html

Fission and Energy This section deals with the theory and operation of nuclear fission reactors as a practical energy source. Over 30 countries around the world now operate nuclear power stations, and many countries are heavily reliant on nuclear power. Around 17% of the world's electricity now comes from nuclear energy. The World Nuclear Association in London is a good site to start for general information. If your browser can handle PDF files, then I particularly recommend their factsheets The theoretical basis for fission is the massive energy release which occurs when a heavy nucleus divides into two smaller ones. Only a few very heavy nuclei undergo fission spontaneously, while others can be encouraged to undergo fission by the addition of energy when a neutron is absorbed. Such fissile materials (as they are known) include U and Pu. During the fission process, a number of neutrons are released, and if these go on to induce new fission events, a chain reaction results. The use of a controlled chain reaction is the basis for all nuclear power stations.

29. Accelerator-driven Systems thorium232, they have a high probability of absorbing a neutron and subsequentlyundergoing nuclear fission, thereby producing some energy and contributing to http://www.uic.com.au/nip47.htm

Accelerator-driven Nuclear Energy Nuclear Issues Briefing Paper 47 August 2003 Powerful accelerators can produce neutrons by spallation. This process may be linked to conventional nuclear reactor technology in Accelerator-Driven Systems (ADS) to transmute heavy isotopes in spent nuclear fuel into shorter-lived fission products. There is also increasing interest in the application of ADS to running subcritical nuclear reactors, powered by thorium. The essence of a conventional nuclear reactor is the controlled fission chain reaction of U-235 and Pu-239. This produces heat which is used to make steam which drives a turbine. The chain reaction depends on having a surplus of neutrons to keep it going (a U-235 fission requires one neutron input and produces on average 2.43 neutrons). For many years there has been interest in utilising thorium (Th-232) as a nuclear fuel since it is three times as abundant in the earth's crust as uranium. Also, all of the mined thorium is potentially useable in a reactor, compared with the 0.7% of natural uranium, so some 40 times the amount of energy per unit mass might be available. A thorium reactor would work by having Th-232 capture a neutron to become Th-233 which decays to uranium-233, which fissions. The problem is that insufficient neutrons are generated to keep the reaction going. More recently there has been interest in transmuting the long-lived transuranic radionuclides (actinides - neptunium, americium and curium particularly) formed by neutron capture in a conventional reactor and reporting with the high-level waste. If these could be made into shorter-lived radionuclides such as fission products, the management and eventual disposal of high-level radioactive waste would be easier and less expensive. As it is, most radionuclides (notably fission products) decay rapidly, so that their collective radioactivity is reduced to less than 0.1% of the original level 50 years after being removed from the reactor. However, the main long-lived ones are actinides.

30. Outline History Of Nuclear Energy The science of atomic radiation, atomic change and nuclear fission was developedfrom From 1945 attention was given to harnessing this energy in a controlled http://www.uic.com.au/nip50.htm

Outline History of Nuclear Energy Nuclear Issues Briefing Paper # 50 February 2002 The science of atomic radiation, atomic change and nuclear fission was developed from 1895 to 1945, much of it in the last six of those years. Over 1939-45, most development was focused on the atomic bomb. From 1945 attention was given to harnessing this energy in a controlled fashion for naval propulsion and for making electricity. Uranium had been discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth, a German chemist, and named after the planet Uranus. Exploring the nature of the atom Ionising radiation was discovered by Wilhelm Rontgen in 1895, by passing an electric current through an evacuated glass tube and producing continuous X-rays. Then in 1896 Henri Becquerel found that pitchblende (an ore containing radium and uranium) caused a photographic plate to darken. He went on to demonstrate that this was due to beta radiation (electrons) and alpha particles (helium nuclei) being emitted. Villard found a third type of radiation from pitchblende: gamma rays, which were much the same as X-rays. Then in 1896 Pierre and Marie Curie gave the name 'radioactivity' to this phenomenon, and in 1898 isolated polonium and radium from the pitchblende. Radium was later used in medical treatment. In 1898 Samuel Prescott showed that radiation destroyed bacteria in food. In 1902 Ernest Rutherford showed that radioactivity as a spontaneous event emitting an alpha or beta particle from the nucleus created a different element. He went on to develop a fuller understanding of atoms and in 1919 he fired alpha particles from a radium source into nitrogen and found that nuclear rearrangement was occurring, with formation of oxygen. Niels Bohr was another scientist who advanced our understanding of the atom and its nucleus through to the 1940s.

31. Nuclear Energy: Nuclear Fission The development of nuclear energy from fission reactions began withthe program to produce atomic weapons in the United States. http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0860068.html

HOTWORDS CITE PRINT EMAIL in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Home Almanacs Atlas Encyclopedia ... Father's Day Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Also from Infoplease Search Infoplease Info search tips Search Biographies Bio search tips Encyclopedia nuclear energy Nuclear Fission The process of nuclear fission was discovered in 1938 by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann and was explained in early 1939 by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch. The fissionable isotope Since this reaction also releases an average of 2.5 neutrons, a chain reaction is possible, provided at least one neutron per fission is captured by another nucleus and causes a second fission. In an atomic bomb , the number is greater than 1 and the reaction increases rapidly to an explosion. In a nuclear reactor , where the chain reaction is controlled, the number of neutrons producing additional fission must be exactly 1.0 in order to maintain a steady flow of energy. Uranium-235, which occurs naturally as one part in 140 in a natural mixture of uranium isotopes, is not the only material fissionable by thermal neutrons. Uranium-233 and plutonium-239 can also be used but must be produced artificially. Uranium-233 is produced from thorium-232, which absorbs a neutron and then undergoes beta decay (the loss of an electron). Plutonium-239 is produced in a similar manner from uranium-238, which is the most common isotope of natural uranium. The average energy released by the fission of uranium-235 is 200 million electron volts, and that released by uranium-233 and plutonium-239 is comparable. Fission can also occur spontaneously, but the time required for a heavy nucleus to decay spontaneously by fission (10 million billion years in the case of uranium-238) is so long that induced fission by thermal neutrons is the only practical application of nuclear fission. However, spontaneous fission of uranium can be used in the

32. Fission And Fusion fission is a nuclear reaction in or fissions, into fragments, usually two fragmentsof comparable mass, with the release of large amounts of energy in the http://reactor.engr.wisc.edu/fission.htm

College of Engineering University of Wisconsin - Madison University of Wisconsin Nuclear Reactor Tour Nuclear Energy Atoms are the building blocks from which matter is formed. Everything around us is made up of atoms. Nuclear energy is contained within the center of the atom in a place known as the nucleus . Particles within the nucleus are held together by a strong force. If a large nucleus is split apart (fission) , generous amounts of energy can be liberated. Small nuclei can also be combined (fusion) with an accompanying release of energy. Using this strong force that holds the nucleus together to produce energy is essentially what the field of nuclear power generation is about. In the fission process certain heavy elements, such as some forms of Uranium , are split when a neutron strikes them. When they split, they release energy in the form of kinetic energy (heat) and radiation . The process not only produces energy but also additional neutrons that can be used to fission other Uranium nuclei and start a chain reaction.

33. CORDIS: FP6-Euratom: Nuclear Fission And Radiation Protection: Find A Call You are here Home Page Find a Call Find a Call. The nuclear energy http://fp6.cordis.lu/fp6-euratom/calls.cfm

Legal Notice: The information in this website is subject to a and a notice. Expressions of Interest National Contact Points Fission Energy on Europa RTD Beyond 2002 CORDIS News You are here: Home Page Find a Call The Nuclear Energy Actitivity of the Sixth Euratom Framework Programme has launched calls for proposals. All the documentation necessary to respond to open calls are available from the individual call pages below. Call for Proposals Euratom Call 2003 – Fixed deadline CLOSED Thematic Call in the area of “Euratom Research and Training programme on Nuclear Energy” Call for Proposals Euratom Call Open Specific support actions, trans-national access to large infrastructures and actions to promote and develop human mobility in the “Euratom Research and Training Programme on Nuclear Energy” Call for Proposals Euratom Call 2004 - Fixed Deadline CLOSED Thematic call in the area of 'Euratom research and training programme on nuclear energy' Expression of Interest EOI.FP6.Euratom.2003 CLOSED An opportunity for Europe's research community to help identify priorities for the mid-term revision of the Work Programme of the FP6 EURATOM Research and Training Programme on Nuclear Energy (2002-2006) Other FP6 calls Home Programme Activities News ... What's New?

34. Learn.co.uk - Learning Resources For The National Curriculum, Online Lessons, GC fissions and produce enormous amounts of energy in the form of thermal energy andradiation. nuclear reactor. Only one neutron from each fission causes further http://www.learn.co.uk/default.asp?WCI=Unit&WCU=35809

35. Advanced Propulsion Concepts low fraction of nuclear fuel burnup in their reactors. Also, there are additionallosses encountered when transferring the fission thermal energy to the http://www.islandone.org/APC/Nuclear/00.html

BACK INDEX NEXT NUCLEAR PROPULSION INTRODUCTION The energies (per unit mass) available from nuclear reactions (fission, fusion, and matter-antimatter annihilation) can range from 10 to 10 times that of chemical reactions, as shown in the graph below. This results in the potential for enormous increases in specific impulse (I sp ); for example, an estimate of the "ideal specific impulse (in units of lb f -s/lb m ) can be derived from the energy density (in units of kilojoules per gram) by: I sp (lb f -s/lb m However, in practice there are many practical difficulties in converting energy from the nuclear reaction into energy of the exhausted propellant "working fluid." Thus, while an O /H chemical rocket engine such as the RL-10, operating at an oxidizer-to-fuel (O/F) ratio of 5, can transfer in excess of 80% of the ideal O /H chemical reaction energy (at a stoichiometric O/F of 8) to the exhaust gasses, most nuclear propulsion concepts have much lower efficiencies. For example, fission reactor-based concepts such as nuclear thermal propulsion (NTP) and nuclear electric propulsion (NEP) have a much lower overall effective energy density because of the fundamentally low fraction of nuclear fuel "burn-up" in their reactors. Also, there are additional losses encountered when transferring the fission thermal energy to the propellant working fluid. By contrast, concepts such as the

36. Nuclear Energy nuclear energy. In a fission reaction large atoms split into smalleratoms, and energy is produced. Click the following link for http://id.mind.net/~zona/mstm/physics/mechanics/energy/nuclearEnergy/nuclearEner

Nuclear Energy Energy Mechanics Physics Contents ... Home In a fission reaction large atoms split into smaller atoms, and energy is produced. Click the following link for demonstrations and explanations concerning fission. Fission In a fusion reaction small atoms come together to form larger atoms, and energy is released. Click the following link for demonstrations and explanations concerning fusion. Fusion Energy Mechanics Physics ... E-mail

37. MSN Encarta - Nuclear Energy nuclear energy is also released when the fission of a heavy nucleus such as ¯U isinduced by the absorption of a neutron as in. III, nuclear energy from fission. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761558960/Nuclear_Energy.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Send us feedback Related Items Nuclear Weapons, explosive devices designed to release nuclear energy Plutonium, used as fuel in nuclear reactors more... Magazines Search the Encarta Magazine Center for magazine and news articles about this topic Further Reading Editors' Picks Nuclear Energy News Search MSNBC for news about Nuclear Energy Internet Search Search Encarta about Nuclear Energy Search MSN for Web sites about Nuclear Energy Also on Encarta Encarta guide: The Reagan legacy Compare top online degrees Proud papas: Famous dads with famous kids Also on MSN Father's Day present ideas on MSN Shopping Breaking news on MSNBC Switch to MSN in 3 easy steps Our Partners Capella University: Online degrees LearnitToday: Computer courses CollegeBound Network: ReadySetGo Kaplan Test Prep and Admissions Encyclopedia Article from Encarta Advertisement Nuclear Energy Multimedia 10 items Article Outline Introduction The Atom Nuclear Energy from Fission Nuclear Power Reactors ... Nuclear Fusion I Introduction Print Preview of Section Nuclear Energy , energy released during the splitting or fusing of atomic nuclei. The energy of any system, whether physical, chemical, or nuclear, is manifested by the system’s ability to do work or to release heat or radiation. The total energy in a system is always conserved, but it can be transferred to another system or changed in form.

38. Nuclear Reactor power plants rely on the process of nuclear fission. moving free neutrons, plus anamount of energy free neutrons are released from a uranium fission event than http://www.fact-index.com/n/nu/nuclear_reactor.html

Main Page See live article Alphabetical index Nuclear reactor Nuclear power station at Leibstadt, Switzerland A nuclear reactor is an apparatus in which nuclear fission chain reactions are initiated, controlled, and sustained at a contained rate. Nuclear reactors are used for providing heat for electricity generation , domestic and industrial heating, desalination, and naval propulsion, for providing neutron beams for research purposes, and for making radioactive isotopes Although the term 'nuclear reactor' could also refer to a power reactor that utilizes nuclear fusion , the term is used almost exclusively to refer to fission devices. Table of contents 1 Types of reactors 1.1 Technical differences 1.2 Current families of reactors 1.3 Obsolete types still in service ... 6 List of Atomic Energy Groups Types of reactors Although the majority of nuclear reactors exist to produce useful energy for the generation of electricity , some are used for research, the production of radioactive isotopes for medical and industrial use, and/or the production of plutonium for nuclear weapons . Since the beginning of atomic energy, several reactor technologies have been developed.

39. The Secret Lives Of Energy - The Energy Story - Energy Types The Ten Types nuclear energy. There are two types of nuclear energy, fissionand fusion. energy Story, Chapter 7 nuclear energy fission and Fusion. http://www.fi.edu/guide/hughes/10types/typesnuclear.html

Introduction The Energy Story Energy Is Born Energy Types Energy Changes Energy Generation The Energy Problem Conservation of Energy Aging of Energy Finite Resources The Oil "Crisis" ... Discussion Topics The Energy Solution Conserving Electricity Appliance Efficiency Heating Conservation Renewable Energy ... About the Author The Ten Types Nuclear Energy There are two types of nuclear energy, fission and fusion. Both forms of energy are stored as mass in the atoms of certain elements. This mass can be changed into energy under the proper conditions according to Albert Einstein's famous equation: where E = energy, m=mass, and c=speed of light As you will see below, both types of nuclear energy can be stored, either in the atoms of hydrogen or the atoms of radioactive elements like uranium. Therefore, nuclear is a potential form of energy. Fusion (c) 2002 Nuclear reactions occur because the new elements are more stable than the original elements. Nuclear reactions can continue changing lighter elements into heavier elements up to the element oxygen. Elements heavier than oxygen are more stable and cannot be changed into heavier elements via nuclear reactions. This is one reason that elements heavier than helium are present in the universe today, these elements being manufactured in the middle of stars like our sun. So all of the carbon atoms that we are made of and all of the oxygen atoms we breathe were made in the nuclear reactions of stars a long time ago.

40. An Energy Resource For The Community Science Action Guide Page. This page was created as a source of information concerningmany aspects of nuclear fission and nuclear energy. With today s http://www.fi.edu/guide/wester/

How It Works History Benefits Other Applications ... About the Author Welcome to the Franklin Nuclear Energy Resource Page

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