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21. The Nobel Prize In Physiology Or Medicine, 1901-2000
the scientific work and the biographies of the Institutions, efforts were made to be more specific. The announcement of the nobel prizewinners in October as
http://www.nobel.se/medicine/articles/lindsten-ringertz-rev/
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,
by Jan Lindsten and Nils Ringertz
Introduction
preceding year , shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind ... ; one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine; ... The prizes for ... shall be awarded by ... that for physiology or medicine by the Carolinska Institute in Stockholm; ... '' This is the exact wording of part of the translation into English of Alfred Nobel's will , which was signed in Paris on 27 November 1895. Together with the statutes of the Nobel Foundation, which were officially approved by the Swedish Government on 29 June 1900, the will constitutes the basis on which the Prize-Awarding Institutions execute their work.
Soon after the will became known to the public it was criticised for legal and other reasons. One complaint was that it was lacking in precision. The will was also contested by the children of Alfred Nobel's brothers, and once a settlement had been reached with the Nobel family, lengthy negotiations and compromises between the executors of the will and the Prize-Awarding Institutions were required before the statutes were approved by the Government. Even though the statutes introduced some practical rules they still left a number of points open for interpretation by the Prize-Awarding Institutions.
The aim of the present essay is to briefly review the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with regard to selection procedure and the discoveries which have been awarded Nobel Prizes. For information about the scientific work and the biographies of the Laureates, the reader is referred to the series

22. Internet Reference Resources -- Scientific And Engineering Biographical Resource
In addition to nobel prize winners, there were nominations of biography (with or without specific other qualifiers Biography Contains brief biographies of many
http://www.lib.virginia.edu/reference/science/sciengrbios.html
Science and Medicine: Biographical Resources
See also the General Biography Page
  • 100 Distinguished European Chemists from the Chemical Revolution to the 21st Century
    The Federation of European Chemical Societies initiated, as a Millennium Project, the celebration of Distinguished European Chemists spanning a period of over two hundred years. Member societies and individuals were invited to submit their nominations of distinguished European chemists from the end of the 18th century until the present day. In addition to Nobel Prize winners, there were nominations of many others from Europe who have, over more than two centuries, transformed the science and influenced science, industry or society worldwide.
  • Science Biography: Guide to Reference Sources
    A large annotated list of printed reference sources arranged by discipline. Gives LC call numbers which may or may not correspond to ones here at UVA. Check VIRGO to see if the library owns the book. No links to other Web resources.
  • African-American Inventors Series
    This set of interconnected Web pages provides access to information for several different starting points. One page provides a chart of inventions by African Americans, while other pages focus on contributions by women inventors, railway inventions, the p eanut products developed by George Washington Carver, and a special tribute to those having five or more inventions.
  • African-American Mathematicians
    A compilation of information on African-American mathematicians from the "Ask Dr. Math" web site.
  • 23. Library Pathfinder
    To Find Subject specific Encyclopedias Biography, World Authors Series, nobel prize winners, World Artists on Reference Shelf, then biographies and Geneology
    http://www.creighton.edu/~mapoma/eng150/eng150bib.html
    Expository Writing ~ Speeches ~ English 150
    ENCYCLOPEDIAS: GENERAL AND SUBJECT SPECIFIC
    • General encyclopedias are located in the first aisle of the reference collection with call numbers beginning REF AE.
    • Encyclopedia Britannica Online is available from all library infostations. [This link will work only from on campus locations.]
    • To locate specific titles of general or subject encylopedias use the CLIC catalog.
    To Find General Encyclopedias:
  • Use the CLIC Catalog
  • Type: encyclopedias
  • Click on the "Subject" button To Find Subject Specific Encyclopedias:
  • Use the CLIC Catalog
  • Type [topic] dictionaries
  • Click on the "Subject" button For example, psychology dictionaries will identify encyclopedias that deal only with the field of psychology.
    LOCATING PERIODICAL ARTICLES
    The following is a list of the most commonly used periodical indexes and databases. As a group, they provide broad coverage of most subject areas. All licensed databases to which the Library subscribes are accessible via the Library's Databases menu page.
  • 24. Colorado Mountain College Library Indexes And Databases
    the World Author Series , nobel prize winners , World Artists It comprises basic biographical information on individuals to meet their specific requirements.
    http://www.coloradomtn.edu/library/search/categories.idc?Subject=Reference

    25. CyberLibrary - History
    an On this day search where you can find out what happened on a specific date in The nobel site includes biographies of all nobel prize winners since 1901
    http://www.webrarian.co.uk/pn/history_links.htm
    Plymouth and Cornwall cyberLibrary
    HOME
    HELP Books Business ... Travel
    History links
    General British Plymouth Cornwall ... Naval
    General
    BBCi History Best of History Web Sites Links to 700+ reviewed and assessed history related sites under the general headings Prehistory, Ancient/Biblical, Medieval, US History, Early Modern European, 20th Century, World War II, Art History, General Resources, and Maps. BUBL Links Catalogue of selected online humanities resources related to history and allied subjects. History Channel - Classroom Aimed at GCSE and A-level students, topics are included within subsections headed Early Modern Britain, Modern Britain, Early Modern Europe, Modern Europe, and World History. History Net History Learning Site Aimed at students, this site covers in depth topics relevant to Key Stage 3, GCSE and A-level. History on the Net This site includes an A-Z of topics linking to not too-detailed subject-related features, many timelines, and sections headed Historical Terms, Medieval Life, English Civil War, Black Peoples of America, British Monarchy, Romans, Normans, Tudors, Stuarts, and Titanic. History World Very comprehensive resource of 400+ texts, articles and features from specialist contributors, accessible within subject themes and / or time periods. Some texts are ideal for Key Stages 2 and 3 and GCSE students.

    26. Book Information Page -- Greenwood Publishing Group
    written by experts in the specific ethnic group All biographies have been written by experts in from distinguished scientists and nobel prize winners to sports
    http://www.greenwood.com/books/BookDetail.asp?sku=GR8902

    27. Portage County Public Library (Stevens Point) - Generic - Geography & Culture
    You can select from a specific country, region com/famosos/ This site features biographies of famous lists of famous Hispanic nobel prize winners, US military
    http://library.uwsp.edu/pcl/generic/Geography_Culture.htm
    Library About the Library Ask a question Meeting Rooms Group Events and Programs ... PCPL Main Page Library Catalog Search Renewals Update Patron Information Interlibrary Loan Request Electronic Databases Magazine Index and more Internet Internet Links Community Links Wisconsin Links Local Electronic Resources ... Shortcuts Youth Services For Children Kids Teens
    African American ... Native American
    Local Local Statistics
    Various Portage County statistics. Use the pull down menu for additional choices. See also: WI statistics WI School District Statistics
    Statistics about local school districts within the state. For additional information visit the National Center for Education Statistics . Follow instruction and use the pull down menu for additional choices. Portage County Groundwater Home Page , this site was created by the Groundwater Citizens Advisory Committee. People of all ages and backgrounds who want to learn about the water they drink and use every day, ways to help, and other resources should explore these pages. African American African American Biographical Database http://www.badgerlink.net/

    28. Online Resources Available From Jacksonville Public Library
    the World Author Series, nobel prize winners, World Artists preselected, subjectspecific periodical articles Available) Access biographies, bibliographies, and
    http://jpl.coj.net/Resources/OnlineDatabases.html

    All Databases
    Spanish Language
    Remote Access problems?
    Click here
    All Databases
    • AncestryPlus: Family History Online (In-Library Use Only)
      Genealogical database containing over 450 million digitally enhanced census records from the U.S. Federal Census. In addition, AncestryPlus includes immigration, vital, military, court, church and ethnic records; city directories; genealogical societies; Social Security Death Index; family history library; and much more.
      Biography Reference Bank
      (In-Library Use Only)
      Contains biographical information on over half a million people, from antiquity to the present, along with thousands of images. It contains articles from biographical reference books, including articles from Current Biography, the World Author Series, Nobel Prize Winners, World Artists, World Film Directors, and American Reformers.
      Biography Resource Center
      (Remote Access Available)
      This comprehensive online biographical reference database is designed to meet the needs of public, school and academic libraries in the areas of literature, science, multicultural studies, business, entertainment, politics, sports, government, history, arts and newsmakers. The Biography Resource Center contains more than 400,000 biographies on nearly 315,000 people from around the world and throughout history. It combines more than 100 frequently consulted Gale biographical databases with more than 250 full-text periodicals.
      Business and Company Resource Center
      (Remote Access Available) CollegeSource: College CatalogsOnline (In-Library Use Only)

    29. »»Reviews For History««
    chapter is dedicated to the nonwinners, ie top book with Burton Feldman s The nobel prize A History inserts to offset specific events, biographies and less
    http://www.booksunderreview.com/Science/Chemistry/History/History_4.html
    History Reviews
    Related Subjects: Chemistry Boyle,_Robert Davy,_Humphrey Kamen,_Martin ... Priestley,_Joseph
    More Pages: History Page 1 Book reviews for "History" sorted by average review score: The Road to Stockholm: Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists Published in Hardcover by Oxford Press (May, 2002) Authors: Istvan Hargittai and James D. Watson Amazon base price: Average review score: How to win (or not win) the Nobel Prize World Records in Chemistry Published in Paperback by Wiley-VCH (October, 1999) Authors: Amazon base price:
    Used price:
    Buy one from zShops for: Average review score:
    And the Chemistry was made Trivial If you are a Chemistry teacher and need motivation for your students, if you are a science writer and need an anecdote to enrich an article, if you are a lover of curiosities in science, buy this book. Fascinating. The Dwellings of the Philosophers Authors: Fulcanelli, Jeffrey Miller, and Lionel Perrin Amazon base price: Average review score: the mundane stone Excellent I've read every Alchemical and Hermetic Chemistry book I could get my hands on over the last 3 years and this was up there with some of the best. It's not for the beginner because it makes some assumptions of general and basic knowledge about Alchemy that could leave the casual read in the dust. This book really caters to the avid student of Alchemy. It is none the less a book for your alchemical collection because the beginner one day will be no longer, and this book will offer knowledge without a doubt. "The lips of wisdom are closed except to the ears of understanding"

    30. Nobel Prize Winners Hate School (Learn In Freedom!)
    Chandra A Biography of S. Chandrasekhar by with your comments, especially about nobel prize winners and school and helpful answers to specific questions about
    http://learninfreedom.org/Nobel_hates_school.html
    Nobel Prize Winners Hate School
    Home
    Karl M. Bunday
    Nobel Prize Winners' Achievements Don't Prove School Is Good for Learners
    One of the most laughable defenses of the government-operated school system, sure to come from the keyboard of hundreds of people who participate in on-line discussion of education policy, is the notion that Nobel Prize winners and other eminent persons prove the effectiveness of our school system. Well, what do the Nobel Prize winners themselves have to say about this? Below are some quotations by or about Nobel Prize winners, describing their views of school. If you know another, please let me know
    Rabindranath Tagore born 1861; died 1941
    winner of the 1913 Nobel Prize in literature
    Tagore was a superb writer and one of the founders of modern Bengali literature. He was the first non-Western author to win the Nobel literature prize.
    Personality: Lectures Delivered in America (London: MacMillan and Co., 1921), pp. 114-115 Talks in China: Lectures Delivered in April and May, 1924 (Calcutta: Visva-Bharati Book-Shop, 1925), p. 37

    31. Literary Studies - Resources
    Annotated listing of nobel prize winners, organised by prize category; physics Author biographies arranged alphabetically by surname, which include a
    http://www.electronics-ee.com/Resources/Literary_studies.htm
    Literary studies
    Resources

    Annotated listing of Nobel Prize winners, organised by prize category; physics, chemistry, literature, peace, economics, physiology and medicine. Biographical information is given about each winner, as is access to Internet based works by, and about, them.

    Introduction Online journal containing essays on literature, literary and textual criticism, and pedagogy.
    Introduction Janus Head is an interdisciplinary journal dedicated to graduate studies in literature, philosophy, and phenomenological psychology. Articles include The Future of the Dream Body in Virtual Reality and On Sartre and Self-Consciousness.
    Introduction Summaries, character profiles, metaphor and theme analyses, and author biographies pertaining to popular classic and contemporary literature. Novels featured include Lord of the Flies, Alice in Wonderland, 1984, The Color Purple, Death of a Salesman, Emma, Hamlet, and Wuthering Heights.
    Introduction Features publishing news, book reviews, excerpts, author information, competitions and a quotation finder.
    Introduction Digitized version of the exhibition commemorating the 100th anniversary of the trials of Oscar Wilde. Encompasses a tour of the literary influences on Wilde's life and work, and includes images of original material such as first editions and autographs.

    32. General Resources: The Gateway
    tax, nobel prizes specific resources can identify about any information needed about people including locations of famous graves, AfricanAmerican Women writers, biographies nobel prize
    http://www.lib.ohio-state.edu/gateway/bib/general.html
    The Gateway to Information Click on any box to view relevant titles with specific types of information. Click on any title for location, call number, date, etc., or to connect to electronic resources. Main Menu
    Gateway Subjects

    Gateway Titles
    Search this page ... OSU Libraries
    General Resources for All Subjects
    Useful Sources for Information in a Search Strategy Format (See also: Current Events or any specific subject such as "Business.") Background Information Words
    Current Information
    Books and Journal Titles ... Further Research
    Background Information
    (General and Subject Encyclopedias)
    Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition [WWW]
    Contains nearly 51,000 full text articles on a wide range of topics, including 15,000 biographies, maps, speeches, and more than 80,000 hypertext cross-references to link relevant information.
    Encyclopedia Britannica Online [OhioLINK users only]
    Access over 75,000 quality full text articles, as well as 200,000 selected Web sites and 2,000 videos on virtually every topic. Also includes special sections and resources on presidential campaigns, atlases, year in review, timelines, and highlighted research topics.
    Encyclopedia Americana
    Provides information on a wide variety of topics with extensive coverage of science and technology and a strong emphasis on American history.

    33. Physics Guide: Physics Reference
    The nobel prize winners Physics Coverage of the winners of the nobel prize in Physics on topics related to atomic energy brief biographies of scientists
    http://guides.library.fullerton.edu/physics/physref.htm
    Physics: A Pollak Library Research Guide
    by Barbie McConnell, Reference Librarian

    HOME
    OPAC LIST Physics : Physics Reference Reference materials, kept on the first floor of Pollak Library, North Wing ( MAP ), consist of general and subject-specific dictionaries, encyclopedias, handbooks, almanacs, directories, etc. Click on the icons below to link to the OPAC records and find the locations and call numbers of some useful resources. Jump to: Biography Career Materials Research Biography Biographical Dictionary of Scientists. Physicists
    Brief biographical information on many physicists ranging in time from Democritus (c.460-370 BC) to Val Lodgson Fitch and James Watson Cronin who shared the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics. The Nobel Prize Winners: Physics
    Coverage of the winners of the Nobel Prize in Physics from 1901-1988. Entries include a biography, description of the individual's scientific career, and coverage of the award ceremony, including critical reception of the presentation.
    Career Materials Graduate Programs in Physics, Astronomy, and Related Fields

    34. USM Libraries: Research: Research Guides: Biographical Information
    libraries own many sources of specific bibliographic information Dictionary of Literary Biography POR Ref PN451 D5 nobel prize winners POR/GOR Ref AS911 N59.
    http://library.usm.maine.edu/research/researchguides/biographical.html
    usm home a-z index contacts help search
    Search the Catalog Search by Keyword Search by Title Search by Author Search by Subject HOME Research Research Guides Biographical Information Print Resources Indexes Biography Index
    POR/GOR Ref Z 25301 B5
    Annual cumulative index to biographical material in books and magazines. (Use URSUS to determine whether USM owns particular titles referenced.) Biography and Genealogy Master Index
    POR/GOR Ref CT 103 M27
    A consolidated annual index to biographical sketches in current and retrospective biographical dictionaries. (Use URSUS to determine whether USM owns particular titles referenced.) Biographical Sources Current Biography
    POR/GOR Ref CT 100.C8
    Essay-length biographies; updated monthly. American National Biography
    POR/GOR Ref CT213 A68
    Includes bibliographic information and indexes.

    35. The Library System Of Hancock County - Check Us Out
    if a library holds a specific journal issue. works such as Current Biography, Junior Authors and Illustrators, World Artists, nobel prize winners, and Spanish
    http://www.hancock.lib.ms.us/online.html
    Hancock County Library System
    MAGNOLIA
    (Mississippi Alliance for Gaining New Opportunities Through Library Information Access) , a statewide consortium funded by the Mississippi Legislature, provides online databases for publicly funded K-12 schools, public libraries, community college libraries and university libraries in Mississippi. The MAGNOLIA databases have been of great benefit to the citizens of Mississippi since August 1997. Residents of Hancock County should call 467.5282 to obtain location IDs and/or passwords required to access the databases. Residents of other counties and communities should contact their local library for the necessary location IDs and/or passwords. Ebsco Host EBSCOhost MasterFILE Premier - Provides abstracts and indexing for more than 2,700 periodicals, plus searchable full text for more than 1,800 active periodicals. Subjects covered include general reference, business, health, multi-cultural and more. Total coverage includes over 4 million articles. Newspaper Source - Selected full text from over 114 newspapers including The Christian Science Monitor, The New York Daily News, The Chicago Tribune, The Miami Herald, The San Jose Mercury News, etc. Also offers abstracts and indexing for the New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and USA Today.

    36. Biographical Sketches
    regions, eras, and these specific groups African For photographs, biographical sketches and other information about nobel prize winners, click on either
    http://www.tds.lib.mn.us/Biography.htm
    Biographical Sketches
    General Artists Authors Inventors and Entrepreneurs ... Presidents
    GENERAL BIOGRAPHY
    Biographical Dictionary
    http://www.s9.com/biography/
    This handy biographical dictionary can be searched by name, birth/death dates, or keyword for information about 28,000 famous people, both living and dead. Biography
    http://www.infoplease.com/people.html
    Search for brief information about approximately 30,000 historical figures and current newsmakers in government, business, literature, art and architecture, exploration, science, sports, and entertainment. This Information Please Almanac site also includes death dates for newsmakers who died within the past year or two. Biography-center indexes 25243 biographies!
    http://www.biography-center.com
    European collection of biographical sites about authors, inventors,mathematicians, medical researchers, political leaders, scientitsts, and other prominent people throughout history. Approximately half of the biographies are in English. Biography.com

    37. Internet Biographical Sources
    nobel prize Internet Archive. a hodgepodge, this site lists literary prize winners and features of writers with links to online selected works and biographies.
    http://www.library.wwu.edu/ref/refbiog.html
    Biographical Sources on the Internet General Artists Business Hollywood ... Meta Sites General Sources See Also: Index to Biography Pages
    Identifies specialized guides created by Wilson Library reference faculty and staff, to assist in locating biographical resources at the Western libraries. Some links connect to sections within larger subject specific bibliographies. Each guide contains lists of selected materials within the WWU collection, identifies databases to which we subscribe, provides links to internet sites, and includes general methodology for locating biographical material. Academy of Achievement - Depicts the achievements of those who have influenced or shaped the 20th century. Biographical Dictionary This dictionary includes more than 27,000 notable men and women who have shaped our world from ancient times to the present day. The dictionary can be searched by names, birth years, death years, positions held, professions, literary and artistic works, miscellaneous achievements, and other keywords. Biography.com

    38. Biographical Sources
    SUBJECT specific BIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES. Slovak Biographical Dictionary, REF CT949 .R4613 2002. Who s Who. Who s Who of nobel prize winners.
    http://www.nelson.usf.edu/reference/biographicalsources.html

    39. ASU Noble Library - Scientific Biography
    that were associated with a specific idea, such as some general information on nobel prize winners in Chemistry and provides a thumbnail biographical sketch of
    http://www.asu.edu/lib/noble/scirefrm/biogra.htm
    Science Reference Room
    Biographical Information in Science, Health and Engineering
    TABLE OF CONTENTS
  • INTRODUCTION
  • GENERAL BIOGRAPHY
    Biographical information about individuals in all fields of endeavor.
  • SCIENCE BIOGRAPHY IN GENERAL
    Biographical information about individuals in all fields of science and engineering.
  • MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
  • ASTRONOMY
  • PHYSICS
  • CHEMISTRY ...
  • INDEXES TO BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION IN SCIENCE
  • INTRODUCTION Listed below are a series of sources that should be useful in locating biographical information on scientists and engineers. Reference books and web sites have been included. The listed reference books can be found in the Science Reference Department of Noble Library and in the Reference Department of Hayden Library. The call number of the book indicates the location. This is not an exhaustive list GO TO: TABLE OF CONTENTS
  • GENERAL BIOGRAPHY
  • Social Sciences and Humanities Although not devoted to science this web site offers a wealth of biographical informational sources in the Social Sciences and Humanities. It is offered by the Hayden Reference Department at ASU.
  • 40. University Of Wisconsin-Whitewater Indexes And Databases Arranged By Subject: Me
    Artists, Film Directors, nobel prize winners, American reformers and offers comprehensive biographical coverage. and recalls of specific products, services, and
    http://library.uww.edu/indexes/genrefdb.htm
    General Indexes
    Electronic Journals General Reference Sources
    Arts
    Business Education Government ... Social Sciences
    General Reference Sources
    Contents: Encyclopedias and Dictionaries Association Awards Atlas ... Explanation of Symbols/Locations
    Encyclopedias and Dictionaries
    Britannica Online Full Text
    On Campus + Off Campus
    Contains the full text of the 32-volume Encyclopedia Britannica (both Micropaedia and Macropaedia ), the annual Book of the Year , and Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (10th ed.), which includes related reference works such as a thesaurus. host
    Full Text
    On Campus + Off Campus
    Provides over 25,000 informative segments of the encyclopedia. Offers student and adult users abstract information for each topic. In addition, full text for each topic may be accessed by double clicking on the topic from the display. Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia (1997 ed.)

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