81. LANGUAGES-ON-THE-WEB: BEST SONGHAI LINKS Timbuktu The Songhai Empire cultures.com/africa/timbuktu/timbuktu.html (Snap). Corelphoto. Where the vast curve of the african river niger meets the http://www.languages-on-the-web.com/links/link-songhai.htm

language links SONGHAI HOME THE BEST LINKS GUARANTEE Unlike many other web sites related to languages, only serious and useful sites are listed here. If you know a really good site for learning this language do email us GENERAL LINKS ONLINE BILINGUAL TEXTS ONLINE COURSES ONLINE GRAMMARS ONLINE DICTIONARIES ONLINE NEWSPAPERS/MAGAZINES ONLINE RADIO/TV ONLINE CULTURE, RELIGION, LITERATURE, ARTS AND MUSIC African Cultures cultures.com/Africa/ (Snap) This site is dedicated to Africa and African cultures, with information on griots, the Songhai Empire, Timbuktu, Great Zimbabwe and Afropop. African music reviews: RootsWorld www.rootsworld.com/rw/feature/africalpha.html (Magellan) Most of these reviews are written by Cliff Furnald, with important contributions by Christina Roden (CR) Opiyo Oloya (OO) Marty Lipp (ML) and Dick Dorsett (DD). INTERESTING SITES Nance Profile: NORTH AFRICA SONGHAI www.calebproject.org/nance/n1932.htm (Lycos) SONGHAI NORTH AFRICA These profiles can be freely distributed but cannot be sold or used for profit. Citations from the Collapse: Why Do Civilizations Fall?

82. Tubu: The Teda And The Daza (Chad, Libya, Niger, Sudan) - Book Review - By Cathe and the Daza (Chad, Libya, niger, Sudan) Book Annotation Surveys the culture, history,and contemporary life of these two groups of African desert dwellers http://www.bookfinder.us/review2/0823920003.html

Tubu: The Teda and the Daza (Chad, Libya, Niger, Sudan) Libya History Book Review AUTHOR: Catherine Baroin, Chukwuma Azuonye ISBN: 0823920003 Compare Price for This Book History Africa History Libya History Tubu: The Teda and the Daza (Chad, Libya, Niger, Sudan) - Book Reviews, by Catherine Baroin, Chukwuma Azuonye Annotation Surveys the culture, history, and contemporary life of these two groups of African desert dwellers. From the Publisher Surveys the culture, history, and contemporary life of these two groups of African desert dwellers. From The Critics Children's Literature - Gisela Jernigan This volume in the thorough series on African Culture, "The Heritage Library of African Peoples," consists of eight chapters and many black and white, and color photos. The straightforward, fairly easy to read text covers the geography, history, and life-ways of this Central African culture which lives in the Chadian Desert and parts of the Sahara. Occasional sidebars offer information on topics such as camel breeds and folktales that illustrate cultural values. An introduction, index, glossary, maps and further reading section are included. This volume, and probably the whole series, would be a good way to help kids appreciate the diversity of the many African cultures. Children's Literature - Joyce Rice The people of Tubu dwell in the central part of Africa, in the northern part of the country known as Chad. These people are sometimes called the "black nomads of the Sahara" because of the desert and lifestyle they have chosen. The culture and history of the Tubu is known by the old men and passed from generation to generation by word of mouth. The reader will be taken on a journey to these lands and Tubu history through this book in the "Heritage Library of African Peoples" series. Elementary and middle school classrooms teaching multicultural units will want to include all books in this series. Index, maps and full-color photographs.

83. Wonders Of The African World - Episodes - Road To Timbuktu On a world scale, prehistoric africa has been shown to be a major innovator in thedevelopment The roots of cultural complexity along the niger appear to http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi5/roadto_2.htm

ROAD TO TIMBUKTU EPISODE It is perhaps surprising that a place as comparatively close to Europe as West Africa should remain more or less unknown long after the colonization of the Americas. Indeed, it was not until 1828 that the first European saw Timbuktu and lived to tell the tale. This long isolation was due to many factors: the trackless wastes of the Sahara, the long distances from the coast to the Niger River fraught with danger and disease, and the desert and coastal peoples who preferred to maintain their exclusive position as trade middlemen between the Niger and the outer world. But this is no excuse for continuing near-ignorance in America and Europe of the fabulous history of the Middle Niger Valley in the modern Republic of Mali. As early as 872 A.D. the Arab geographer al-Ya'kubi would write of the ancient state of Ghana (situated in part in the Middle Niger Valley) stating that it possessed a powerful king, with many lesser kings and kingdoms owing their allegiance to him, and that this king of kings controlled his country's mines of gold. Arab and Berber traders were already taking advantage of a profitable trade with the Empire of Ghana by the 9th century A.D., and were to continue to do so for centuries to come (see the Tuareg ). However, to the western world, this land remained a mystery.

84. AngolaPress - News of security to uplift the capacity of niger to play 2133 South African AcademicsVisit Agostinho Neto 2033 - culture Elinga Theatre Stages `Aids Around Us. http://www.angolapress-angop.ao/noticia-e.asp?ID=244417

85. Mali A Land Of Old Civilizations, Unique Cultures, Colorful Life with centers of trade, learning, and culture in such of the French colony of HautSenegal-Nigerand in Sudan, as a constituent territory of French West africa. http://www.africa-ata.org/mali.htm

86. Guinea West Africa S Cosmopolis Of Culture There s a stage for cultural dancing, 10 bungalows, a restaurant Source of the NigerLocated 562 km from Conakry is the source of one of africa s great rivers http://www.africa-ata.org/gu_cosmopolis.htm

87. Indiana University Bloomington Libraries Green Box Reference Sources: Niger World Heritage List Mostly cultural but also Le Patrimoine Culturel du niger Economy/Commerce StatUSATrade Information Center africa Regional Database http://www.indiana.edu/~libgpd/guides/green/niger.html

Niger Map of Niger Search for more maps of Niger General Information Sources in GIMSS Africa South of the Sahara , DT4.A254 (GIMSS reference desk) The Europa World Year Book , JN1. E89 (GIMSS reference desk) The World Factbook , PrEx3.15: (GIMSS reference desk) The World Factbook World Development Indicators , HC59.69.W68 (GIMSS reference desk) World Development Indicators , HC59.69.W682 (high-use CD-Roms; inquire at desk) WDI Online [see Library's Find Information page; available to authorized IUB users only] Statesman's Year-Book , AY754 .S7 (GIMSS reference desk) African Development Indicators , HC800.A5652 (LC reference) World Bank Africa Database , HC800.A1 W677 (CD-Rom) (inquire at desk) Selected Statistics on African Countries , HC800.A1 S44 (LC stacks) Nations of the World [from the Law Library of Congress; links to many types of resources, with an emphasis on law and government] Background Information on Countries of the World [from the State Dept., permanent electronic archive, through 1/20/2001] Country Information [from the State Dept. Bureau of African Affairs, 1/20/2001-] Census/Population International Data Base (IDB) (population statistics from the U.S. Census Bureau)

88. AFRICA 2009 Projets Situés - Niger: Conservation Of AGADEZ And ZINDER for the conservation of Immovable Cultural Heritage in provide training to nationalsprofessionals of niger. opportunities offered by the africa 2009 programme http://www.iccrom.org/africa2009/english/activities/sites/agadez.shtm

Activities Printer friendly Niger: Conservation of AGADEZ and ZINDER PARTNERS FUNDING SOURCE IMAGES Background Following the Global strategy meeting organized in Niamey in September 1999, a request was made by the national authorities for assistance to build capacity within the Ministry of Culture to conserve the Immovable Cultural Heritage of Niger. As a response, the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs agreed to fund several preparatory missions that were carried out in 2000. These missions included investigations of Agadez, Zinder, and Niamey. Objectives implement preventative conservation works; prepare a management plan for the old city centre; prepare a nomination dossier for inscription of Agadez on the World Heritage List; provide training to nationals professionals of Niger. Structure Results The first stakeholders meeting has been organized in Agadez. A programme of work for the preparation of the nomination has been prepared.

89. Panapress Official Website adopted a law aimed at combating money laundering in the West African nation, sources Niamey,niger (PANA) The niger Sports, culture and Francophonie http://www.panapress.com/paysindexlat.asp?code=eng037

90. Folarin Shyllon, The Recovery Of Cultural Objects By African States Through The in Amsterdam to discuss ways and means of protecting africa s cultural heritage. statuettes,bronzes and pottery (socalled Djenne) from the niger Valley (Mali http://www.unidroit.org/english/publications/review/articles/2000-2a.htm

The Recovery of Cultural Objects by African States through the UNESCO and UNIDROIT Conventions and the Role of Arbitration by Folarin Shyllon Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Ibadan (Nigeria) I. - INTRODUCTION The majority of African countries that could benefit by becoming States Parties to the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property are not States Parties. Since the Convention came into force on 24 April 1972, there have been only twenty African States Parties. Similarly, the majority of African States were absent from the full diplomatic Conference which, in Rome, adopted the text of the UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects in June 1995. Thirteen African countries sent representatives and one sent an observer. By all accounts, African States appear to be the most vulnerable of any group of countries to illicit trade in cultural property. Such recent volumes as One Hundred Missing Objects - Looting in Africa Illicit Traffic in Cultural Property in Africa Illicit Traffic in Cultural Property: Museums Against Pillage and Plundering Africa's Past attest to this. The objective of this study is to sensitise the authorities in Africa to the advantages to be derived from joining both Conventions, particularly the recent UNIDROIT Convention.

91. Baobab Narratives traders and nonMuslims in West africa quickly resulted century, the Soninke (a Mande-speakingculture) in Mauritenia and southeast as far as the niger River. http://baobab.harvard.edu/narratives/islam/EastTrade.html

The Advent of Islam in East Africa Indian Diaspora and Far-Eastern trade routes in wide use between the eighth and fifteenth centuries. During the ninth century, Islamicized Berber and Tuareg merchants began to carry Islam into West Africa by means of the trans-Sahraran trade routes connecting the Senegal and Niger River areas to the Maghrib. From trading towns on the northern edge of the Sahara, Muslims would carry goods as well as new ideas and visual practices to the cultures in the Savannah lying nearly one thousand miles to the south, resulting a slow but steady conversion of many of those with whom they had personal contact. This continued contact between Muslim traders and non-Muslims in West Africa quickly resulted in the conversion of black Africans to Islam. By the end of the tenth century, the Soninke (a Mande-speaking culture) in Mauritenia were Islamicized. These newly converted Muslims pushed further south to the Senegal River valley and southeast as far as the Niger River. Here, the Soninke were able to win more converts, thus pusing Islam from the edges of the African continent into its interior. Although the Soninke were successful in converting people to Islam, the most successful conversion was via the intercultural exchange made possible by the trans-Saharan trade. By the seventeenth century, every Sudanic state from Senegal, in the west, to Kanem, in the east, owed their ascendancy, in part, to Islam. In a certain sense, Islamic conversion linked the West African savannah through belief in a common god and access to similar new forms of political, social and artistic accouterments.

92. EDSITEment Lesson - Printer Friendly org.uk/coolplanet/ontheline/explore/journey/mali/niger.htm. Map of africa http//www.library.northwestern.edu/africana/map NCSS1Culture and cultural diversity http://edsitement.neh.gov/printable_lesson_plan.asp?id=509

93. Niger nomadic Tuaregs of the north, of Berber and Arab descent, have a fiercely insularculture and share little affinity with the black African majority of niger. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107843.html

HOTWORDS CITE PRINT EMAIL in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Home Almanacs Atlas Encyclopedia ... Father's Day Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Also from Infoplease Search Infoplease Info search tips Search Biographies Bio search tips World Countries Niger Infoplease Atlas: Niger Republic of Niger National name: President: Tandja Mamadou (1999) Prime Minister: Hama Amadou (1999) Area: 489,189 sq mi (1,267,000 sq km) Population (2004 est.): 11,360,538 (growth rate: 2.7%); birth rate: 48.9/1000; infant mortality rate: 122.7/1000; life expectancy: 42.2; density per sq mi: 23 Capital and largest city (2003 est.): Niamey, 748,600 Other large cities: Zinder, 202,300; Maradi, 189,000 Monetary unit: CFA Franc Languages: French (official); Hausa; Songhai; Arabic Ethnicity/race: Hausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fula 8.5%, Tuareg 8%, Beri Beri (Kanouri) 4.3%, Arab, Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%, about 4,000 French expatriates Religions: Islam 80%, Animist and Christian 20%

94. Afrol News - Your Portal To Africa! africaN NEWS AGENCY. The only independent news agency dedicated exclusively to africa. Your Portal to africa! http://www.afrol.com/html/Index/indexpages.htm

afrol News Frontpage Latest News Subscriptions Countries ... Contact Us Welcome to your African portal. afrol.com - african online services Your guide to Africa and the Internet afrol INDEX pages! Welcome to the afrol INDEX pages ! This is your window to the www orld. Here you'll find all possible links about Africa and subjects that might interest you. Our categorization follows two parallel structures: subject categories and countries. Countries are of higher priority, meaning that if you look for links about Namibian cooking, you should go directly to Namibia, and look for culture, gastronomy there. However, you'll find the same links in culture, countries, Namibia. On this page - you'll find "Jumps" to country index pages and main categories. » Next, there is an

95. Bienvenue Sur Niger1 Pride on the Until the most recentoutbreak, polio had been virtually eliminated in africa, apart from http://www.niger1.com/

Niger1.com la Culture Nigerienne sur le Web-Niger's Pride on the Web Rent a volkswagen touareg for the weekend-Buy tickets for the Cure salee Festival 2004 Michel Dach Comite Jeux de la Francophonie Niger1.com Shop Pour Tous Vos Habillements De Sortie Appelez 1(301) 650 9120 LBO Group mailto:lbogroupinc@niger1.com Visitez LBO Group Liv ... nics Calend ar-Cale ndrier Cu re sa l ... Cyberc@fes Mise a jour/Last update L'ouverture officielle de la fête est prévue ce vendredi à 9 heures au Palais des Congrès pa r le Ministre de la Communication. Cinq de ces sites ( LABTIC, IRD, SDSA, Campus Numérique et PNUD ) vont assurer des navigations gratuites pour le Public Les Cinq autres ( PAJE BONFERAY, Cyber Flash, CESGoudel, UVA et ITFP ) vont assurer des formation diverses. Ainsi tous ces sites vont animer de 8 heures à 18 heures pendant trois jours ( vendredi, samedi et dimanche). Pour nous contacter au Téléphone faites le 72 24 64 ou 96 95 70.Abdou ADAMOU PAJE BONFERAY(GIN)

96. THE SHIELD OF PUBLIC PRIDE A Malian Community Confronts the international traffick in the African cultural heritage. African archaeologicalsites and historical monuments are mounds in Mali s Middle niger, or strip http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~anth/arch/art-looting/Eveiller.html

THE SHIELD OF PUBLIC PRIDE A Malian Community Confronts Traffickers in Its Past by Professor Roderick J. McIntosh Regional Workshop on the Illicit Traffic of Cultural Property Minist¶re malien de la Culture et de la Communication UNESCO - Conseil International des Arts et de la Culture Bamako, Mali 12-14 October 1994 ...I dream of a day when a network of local guardianship spreads out from DjennÚ, up to Timbuktu, encompassing the whole of the Middle Niger's antiquities. Why not the whole of Mali? And while that net of local pride is being woven, efforts will continue to expose the venality of the "import" side of the equation. The illicit traffick in cultural property must no longer be allowed to frustrate mutual respect among nations. 1See Chippindale, C. 1991 Editorial. Antiquity 65 (246): 6-8 and 66 (253)(1992): 827-28; Inskeep, R.. 1992. Making an honest man of Oxford: Good news for Mali. Antiquity . 66 (250): 114. 2Eg., Brent, M. 1993. Afrique: le pillage continue.... Le Vif - L'Express . 2167 (January, 1993): 34-37; and 1994. The rape of Mali. Archaeology . 47 (3): 26-31, 34-35. 3U.S. Customs Service. 1993. Significant restrictions imposed on significant archaeological artifacts from Mali. Federal Register . Vol. 58. No. 183 (September 23, 1993): 49428- 49430.

97. African Leaders Vow To Rescue Niger River - (United Press International) world niger, Mali all of them except nigeria, said Alice Aureli, an Africanwater specialist at the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural http://washingtontimes.com/upi-breaking/20040427-125921-7666r.htm

April 27, 2004 Advertise Subscribe Site Map Front Page ... Wash. Golf Monthly African leaders vow to rescue Niger River By Elizabeth Bryant United Press International Paris, , Apr. 27 (UPI) Leaders from nine African countries have vowed to better manage the waters of the Niger River, threatened by the region's booming population and the effects of global climate change. "For many populations of sub-Saharan Africa, access to water remains a daily challenge," said French President Jacques Chirac, in the opening address of the two-day meeting in Paris, which ended Tuesday. The Niger River and its tributaries, he added, "represent an essential wealth for this region." But the future of the Niger River which flows through no fewer than nine sub-Saharan countries does not look good. Currently, more than 110 million Africans live on its banks and depend on its waters. Their numbers are expected to almost double, to 200 million, by the year 2020. At the same time, environmental degradation and climate change are already taking their toll on the river system. Since the 1970s, the Niger has been struck by a series of major droughts. In 1985 and in 1990, parts of the river stopped flowing altogether. Overall, the river's average water volume has diminished by a third during the past 30 years.

98. Niger - Countrywatch.com niger. Cultural Disorientation and Transitional Adjustment http://aol.countrywatch.com/aol_topic.asp?vCOUNTRY=127&SECTION=APP&TOPIC=CDATA&T

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