61. AllRefer Encyclopedia - Nepal : History : To The Mid-Twentieth Century (Nepal An AllRefer.com reference and encyclopedia resource provides complete information on nepal history To the MidTwentieth Century, nepal And Bhutan Political http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/N/Nepal-history.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather SEARCH : in Reference June 10, 2004 You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia Nepal And Bhutan Political Geography ... Nepal By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z N Nepal, Nepal And Bhutan Political Geography Related Category: Nepal And Bhutan Political Geography Nepal [n u Pronunciation Key History- To the Mid-Twentieth Century By the 4th cent. A.D. The struggle for power among the Nepalese nobility culminated in 1846 with the rise to political dominance of the Rana family. Jung Bahadur Rana established a line of hereditary prime ministers, who controlled the government until 1950, and the Shah dynasty kings were mere figureheads. In 1854, Nepal again invaded Tibet, which was forced to pay tribute from then until 1953. Under the Ranas, Nepal was deliberately isolated from foreign influences; this policy helped to maintain independence during the colonial period but prevented economic and social modernization. Relations with Britain were cordial, however, and in 1923 a British-Nepalese treaty expressly affirmed Nepal's full sovereignty. Nepal supplied many troops for the British army in both world wars. Next SubSections in this article: History Recent History Sections in this article: Introduction Land and People Economy History Bibliography Topics that might be of interest to you: Gurkha Indian subcontinent Katmandu Tibetan Buddhism ... com Check out around 175,000 brief encyclopedia articles on almost all topics.

62. Nepal S History Records of nepali history begin with the Kiratis (Mongoloid people), who had the Licchavis (IndoAryan People from northern India), invaded nepal and overthrew http://www.ganeshas-project.org/en/history.html

63. Nepal - History , women s nepal. •, shopping. •, what to bring. •, getting around. •, history. •, information. , opening hours and holidays. nepal history. http://www.cityreference.com/nepal/history.htm

Home Nepal Directory eating and drinking religion disabled travellers beggars and touts ... getting around history information festivals and entertainment development dilemmas police and trouble ... Nepal

64. Nepal - History One of the major themes in the history of nepal has been the transmission of influences from both the north and the south into an original culture. http://countrystudies.us/nepal/3.htm

History Nepal Table of Contents NEPAL HAS BEEN A KINGDOM for at least 1,500 years. During most of that period, the Kathmandu Valley has been Nepal's political, economic, and cultural center. The valley's fertile soil supported thriving village farming communities, and its location along trans-Himalayan trade routes allowed merchants and rulers alike to profit. Since the fourth century, the people of the Kathmandu Valley have developed a unique variant of South Asian civilization based on Buddhism and Hinduism but influenced as well by the cultures of local Newar citizens and neighboring Tibetans. One of the major themes in the history of Nepal has been the transmission of influences from both the north and the south into an original culture. During its entire history, Nepal has been able to continue this process while remaining independent. Nepal took a fateful turn in the mid-nineteenth century when its prime ministers, theoretically administrators in service to the king, usurped complete control of the government and reduced the kings to puppets. By the 1850s, a dynasty of prime ministers called Rana had imposed upon the country a dictatorship that would last about 100 years. The Ranas distrusted both their own people and foreignersin short, anyone who could challenge their own power and change their position. As the rest of the world underwent modernization, Nepal remained a medieval nation, based on the exploitation of peasants and some trade revenues and dominated by a tradition-bound aristocracy that had little interest in modern science or technology.

65. EnjoyNepal :: About Nepal, History, People, Languages, Economy Search in EnjoyNepal.com. Choose Below -. http://www.enjoynepal.com/Travel_Guide/about_nepal/tg_aboutnepal.asp

Your Direct Contact in Nepal Members homepage weather update nepal maps ... contact us help Activities Destinations Travel Guide Maps Package Tours Object d' Art Weather Update - Choose Below - History of Nepal Gods, Myths, Religion Invest in Nepal Trekking/ Hiking Mountain Biking Jungle Safari Casinos About Nepal Home Travel Guide There are few places on the planet like Nepal, a country of such delightful contrasts and diversity, that most visitors are tempted to return to it again and again. The fact that it was remotely located and closed to the world until the 1950s lends it an added sense of mystery. About Nepal Economy Geography Geology History ... Languages A Bonpo (shaman) on top of a hill, Gosaikund Lake Send as an e-greeting home plan your trip package tours ... site map Post Box 11136, Kathmandu, Nepal. Fax: +977-1-4420010

66. Nepal-history history of nepal. The kingdom of nepal, is the biggest kingdom of the Himalayas. The history of the old nepal, before the Xth century is very badly known. http://perso.club-internet.fr/itessier/NEPAL/history/hist01us.htm

HISTORY of NEPAL The kingdom of Nepal, is the biggest kingdom of the Himalayas. Stuck between the two giants that are in south India and in the north China and Tibet, it has sudden all along its history influences of these two cultures. According to regions, ethnic groups have Tibetans or Indians origins, are Buddhists or Hindus. the era of the NEWARS the era of the GURKHALIS With this political takeover , the Newar lose influences they had on the Nepalese society, the Nepali (or parbatiya) becomes the official language. The kingdom spreads and in the beginning of the XIXth century it goes from Bhutan at the East, to slopes of the Himalaya at the Northwest (there been of incursions until Tibet). In 1814 the war explodes against the English company of the Indies until the treaty of Segauli, to this time Nepal has its modern borders, and is under influence British. The power falls then in hands of the Rana family. This strong government, with the help of a powerful army, will keep the power during more than hundred years, the country is very inward-looking and remain closed to outside influences . The country becomes independent in 1923. The contemporary NEPAL Nevertheless this autocracy is reversed in 1950, the dynasty Shah takes the power with the king Tribhuvan, reforms are hired. In 1959, a new constitution gives to Nepal a parliamentary system, the period is not less agitated of them and in 1960, this brief democratic interlude ends by the political takeover of the king Mahendra, son of Tribhuvan, political parties are forbidden then, objectors are put in jail.

67. Nepal Scouts A summary of the history and current situation of scouting in nepal. http://www.apr.scout.or.jp/countries/nepal.htm

Vision 2013 Publications Reports Circulars ... Major Events Photo Gallery Archives Committee APR Staff Links Year Founded: WOSM Member: Membership (2001): Regional Events Hosted - Asia Pacific Multipurpose Workshop, 1995 More information: www.nepalscoutsnhq.org E-mail: nepscout@mail.com.np updated on 28 January 2004 World Scout Bureau/Asia-Pacific Region P.O. Box 4050, MCPO 1280, Makati City, Philippines Tel: (632) 8180984/8171675 / Fax: (632) 8190093 e-mail: wsb@apr.scout.org Nepal Scouts

68. Nepal WWW Virtual Library links to other nepali Pages Newari art of the Kathmandu valley, nepal (Khazana,www The creation of Newari Art and its iconography, A short history of Tibetan http://www.catmando.com/wwwvlnp.htm

The World-Wide Web Virtual Library Alphabetical Category Subtree Library of Congress Nepal Cleringhouse approved Nepal WWW Virtual Library is a part of the Asian Studies WWW virtual Library maintained at the Australian National University. [Est.: 20th January 1996. Last revised: 20 March 2004. This page is regularly updated. You are welcome to "anchor" to it from your own homepages. This facility is provided by the AMAA Network Consultant in cordination with Australian National University ( ANU ). This month's additions are marked "***".] This document (http://www.catmando.com/wwwvlnp.htm) keeps track of leading information facilities for the Nepal section of the Asian Studies WWW Virtual Library and resources index for South Asia Resource Access on the Internet (Columbia University, USA). Please register new resources or mail shrestha@catmando.com if you know of relevant WWW server not in this page. Conversely, please notify maintainers of this document if you feel that any of the URLs listed on this page is no longer good enough to be registered here. Your feed-back will be gratefully appreciated.

69. Nepal, History Of nepal, history of. history of the area from prehistoric times to the present. Prehistory and early history. nepal s rich prehistory http://www.public.iastate.edu/~dev/Nepal/Prehistory.htm

Nepal, history of History of the area from prehistoric times to the present. Prehistory and early history Nepal 's rich prehistory consists mainly of the legendary traditions of the Newar, the indigenous community of Nepal Valley (now usually called Kathmandu Valley). There are usually both Buddhist and Brahmanic Hindu versions of these various legends. Both versions are accepted indiscriminately in the festivals associated with legendary events, a tribute to the remarkable synthesis that has been achieved in Nepal between the two related but divergent value systems. References to Nepal Valley and Nepal 's lower hill areas are found in the ancient Indian classics, suggesting that the Central Himalayan hills were closely related culturally and politically to the Gangetic Plain at least 2,500 years ago. Lumbini, Gautama Buddha's birthplace in southern Nepal , and Nepal Valley also figure prominently in Buddhist accounts. There is substantial archaeological evidence of an early Buddhist influence in Nepal , including a famous column inscribed by Ashoka (emperor of India, 3rd century BC) at Lumbini and several shrines in the valley.

70. Nepal, History Of nepal, history of. Middle period. The middle period in nepalese history is usually considered coterminous with the rule of the Malla http://www.public.iastate.edu/~dev/Nepal/midhistory.htm

Nepal, history of Middle period The middle period in Nepalese history is usually considered coterminous with the rule of the Malla dynasty (10th-18th century) in Nepal Valley and surrounding areas. Although most of the Licchavi kings were devout Hindus, they did not impose Brahmanic social codes or values on their non-Hindu subjects; the Mallas perceived their responsibilities differently, however, and the great Malla ruler Jaya Sthiti (reigned c. 1382-95) introduced the first legal and social code strongly influenced by contemporary Hindu principles Jaya Sthiti's successor, Yak s a Malla (reigned c. c. 1482), divided his kingdom among his three sons, thus creating the independent principalities of Kathmandu, Patan, and Bhaktp u r (Bhadgaon) in the valley. Each of these states controlled territory in the surrounding hill areas, with particular importance attached to the trade routes northward to Tibet and southward to India that were vital to the valley's economy. There were also numerous small principalities in the western and eastern hill areas, whose independence was sustained through a delicate balance of power based upon traditional interrelationships and, in some cases, common ancestral origins (or claims thereto) among the ruling families. By the 16th century virtually all these principalities were ruled by dynasties claiming high-caste Indian origin whose members had fled to the hills in the wake of Muslim invasions of northern India. In the early 18th century one of the principalitiesGorkha (also spelled Gurkha), ruled by the Shah familybegan to assert a predominant role in the hills and even to pose a challenge to

71. Nepal : History Of The Country And Peopl... 1983 Titre/Title, nepal history of the country and people. Edition, Lieu/Pl. publication, New Delhi. Date, 1983. Collation/Series, 324 p. ill., tabl. ; 24 cm. http://www.ceci.ca/w/i/n/m003580.htm

Monographie/Monograph(M0002716)_ Cote/Call Number Auteur/Author Singh, Munshi Shew Shunker Gunanand, Pandit Shri Titre/Title Nepal : history of the country and people Edition Lieu/Pl. publication New Delhi Date Collation/Series 324 p. : ill., tabl. ; 24 cm Descripteurs/Descriptors HISTOIRE CONDITIONS SOCIALES NEPAL

72. RAOnline Nepal: Nepal's History - Time Line history Time line. June, 2001 nepal s crown prince opened fire in the royal palace, killing the king, queen, and six other members of the royal family and http://www.mypage.bluewin.ch/raonline/pages/np/visin/nphist01b.html

21st century History - Time line 21st Century 2000: Prime Minister Bhattarai steps down after revolt in Nepali Congress Party. GP Koirala returns as prime minister, heading the ninth government in 10 years. April, 2001 : Supreme Court appoints its first female judge; general strike called by Maoist rebels brings life in many parts of the country to a virtual standstill; police arrest more than 100 anti-government demonstrators, including a number of opposition leaders, in the capital, Kathmandu. June, 2001 : Nepal's crown prince opened fire in the royal palace, killing the king, queen, and six other members of the royal family and then killed himself. June, 2001 : Nepal's Crown Prince Dipendra Bir Vikram Shah Dev was declared the new king of Nepal by Raj Parishad, the privy council of the kingdom. As Prince Dipendra was declared clinically dead and remained on a life-support system, the State Council named his uncle, Prince Gyanendra, as the regent. Nov, 2001 : Government and King decided to declare state of emergency - The House extended the state of emergency Fundamental rights are suspended Nearly all the fundamental rights would remain suspended during this period. The King also promulgated an ordinance declaring the cadres of Nepal Communist Party (Maoist) as the terrorists. May, 2002

73. WHKMLA : History Of Nepal, ToC EXTERNAL FILES, Virtual Library history nepal; general links on nepal, no history section CIA World Factbook nepal Country Profile nepal, from BBC News http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/india/xnepal.html

First posted on May 21st 2002, last revised on March 27th 2004 Nepal 1768-1846 Nepal 1846-1910 Nepal 1910-1950 Nepal 1950-1990 ... Nepal since 1990 EXTERNAL FILES Virtual Library History : Nepal ; general links on Nepal, no history section CIA World Factbook : Nepal Country Profile : Nepal, from BBC News Library of Congress Country Study : Nepal Timeline of Nepalese History, from BBC News History of Nepal, from Lonely Planet , from infoplease , from A Window into Nepal (4 chapters), from Nepal Homepage (focus on period after 1960); from GBGM (Methodist site, partial); from thamel.com Political History of Nepal, from Nepal Pages , on recent history Article Nepal, from EB 1911 History of the Communist Party of Nepal, from CPNUML (official, partial) Ghurkas, by Howard Wallace A Short History of Tea Cultivation in Nepal, from Guranse Tea Estate Archaeology of Nepal, from thamel.com Chronology of Catholic Dioceses : Nepal, from Kirken i Norge Global Currency History : Nepal Political Resources on the Net : Nepal For the Record 2000 : Nepal , from UN Human Rights System Wars of Nepal, 1800-1999, from

74. Political History Of Nepal all these diverse factions must overcome their mutual dislike to work together, but past history in this respect is not encouraging. nepal s previous brief http://www.nepalpages.com/nepal-info/political.htm

Political History Government The historic victory of the 1990 movement to restore democracy led Nepal into a democratic country. The country underwent thirty years of the partyless Panchayat System preceded by centuries of autocratic rule. The Panchayat regime didn't provide much of a foundation for democracy, but democracy was what people wanted. The Constitution After the grand success of the People's Movement of 1990, one positive result was the promulgation within the year of a new constitution, which, though it doesn't please everybody, does invest sovereignty in the Nepalese people. The document includes a carefully worded description of Nepal as "a multiethnic, multilingual, democratic, independent, indivisible, sovereign, Hindu, and Constitutional Monarchical Kingdom." The King remains as a constitutional monarch and a symbol of Nepalese unity. He and a Council of Ministers from the executive branch; the legislative branch is composed of a 205-member House of Representatives (Pratinidhi Sabha), directly elected, and a smaller National Council (Rastriya Sabha). Political Parties The communist parties declare they're the party of the oppressed and poor (a sizable portion of Nepal's population), and promise social justice and a decent standard of living for all. Meanwhile, Congress portrays itself as the democratic alternative, appealing to conservative and middle-of-the-road voters.

75. Tea In Nepal/History Of Tea Cultivation A Short history of Tea Cultivation In nepal. Then Some time around 1843, Colonel Gajraj Singh Thapa, sonin-law of the famous Rana http://www.guransetea.com/news/03.html

A Short History of Tea Cultivation In Nepal Then: Some time around 1843, Colonel Gajraj Singh Thapa, son-in-law of the famous Rana Prime Minister, Jung Bahadur, was on a tour of Darjeeling. He was impressed by the sight of the young tea plants and the tasty drink he was offered everywhere he went. He was determined to grow the beverage in his own country at district Ilam Colonel Garja Singha Thapa was the governor general of eastern region of Nepal. His father-in-law had awarded him the whole district in the form of a birta (rent-free land). The colonel soon set up two plantations - the Ilam and Soktim tea estates, 103 acres each - and so began Nepal's tea industry. The first production of Nepalese tea was Hill orthodox tea. Now: In recent years, large private tea estates have sprung up especially in the plains of Jhapa. The third important source of tea today are the small farmers of Jhapa, Ilam, Panchthar, Terhathum, and Dhankuta. In 1985, the government declared these five eastern districts a "tea-zone". Except Jhapa, all are in the hills. Over the years, Nepal's tea industry has grown steadily. In 1920 there were only two estates occupying 233 acres. Today tea gardens cover more than two thousand acres. Production, too, has gone up from a little over two tons in the 1920s to many folds today. Nepal's aromatic tea has become more and more popular around the world, and each year teas are exported to the United Sates, Japan, Canada, Germany and other European countries.

76. Country Study Nepal Social Studies CIA The World Factbook nepal A detailed look at nepal including history, culture, political structure, economy and many other topics. http://www.archaeolink.com/nepal_nepalese_history_culture.htm

Nepal People History Culture Home Afghanistan Albania Algeria ... Vietnam You may find additional information about the country of your choice in the sections for Archaeology Anthropology or Ancient Civilizations CIA - The World Factbook Nepal A detailed look at Nepal including history, culture, political structure, economy and many other topics. - From US Central Intelligence Agency - http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/np.html Country Profile: Nepal A general overview including history, political structure, culture, leaders, media, and more. "Nepal is also one of the poorest countries in the world, a situation made worse by an ongoing Maoist rebellion." - illustrated - From BBC - http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/country_profiles/1166502.stm Ethnologue report for Nepal Web page dedicated to the languages spoken in Nepal - From SIL International - http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Nepal Nepal An excellent tool for anthropology and historical research. "Handbook Series sponsored by the U.S. Department of the Army between 1986 and 1998. Each study offers a comprehensive description and analysis of the country or region's historical setting, geography, society, economy, political system, and foreign policy." - From Library of Congress -

77. History Of Nepal Encyclopedia : Maps - Weather - Travel - History - Economy - Go history of nepal. http://nepal.asinah.net/en/wikipedia/h/hi/history_of_nepal.html

Hotel Reservations AmeriHost Aparthotel Barcelo ... [ SHOPPING ] nepal.asinah.net Encyclopedia Switch Language Encyclopedia worldwide This article could be outdated : Visit our new Table of Contents Main Page Edit this page History of Nepal Table of contents 1 Ancient History 2 Modern History 2.1 Formation 2.2 Rana Administration ... 2.6 2001 to the Present Ancient History Main article: Licchavi Between about 400 and 750AD, Nepal 's present capital Kathmandu was ruled by the Licchavi Whilst most such inscriptions list the dates and commissioners of stonework construction, some communicate royal edicts, religious mantras or historical notes. It is through the corroboration of local myths with such evidence that a people prior to the Licchavi have been identified, known as the Kirata. Of these people very little is known. Modern History Formation Modern Nepal was created in the latter half of the 18th century when Prithvi Narayan Shah , the ruler of the small principality of Gorkha, formed a unified country from a number of independent hill states. The country was frequently called the Gorkha Kingdom, the source of the term "Gurkha" used for Nepali soldiers. Rana Administration After 1800, the heirs of Prithvi Narayan Shah proved unable to maintain firm political control over Nepal. A period of internal turmoil followed, heightened by Nepal's defeat in a war with the

78. Nepal 28 - History, Politics, Current Affairs external relations, 17501950, and nepal since 1950. history very briefly describes nepal s history by the Foreign Investment Board. http://www.friendsofnepal.com/nepal28/links_history.html

Nepal 28 Nepal Links [Home] Nepal Links - Table of Contents] History, Politics, Current Affairs A Valley Changing , history of Kathmandu Valley, by Kanak Mani Dixit. Anglo-Gurkha War (1814-16) outlines the events of this war between British India and Nepal. Bhaktapur - The Durbar Square Under Change by Niels Gutschow Bagmati - The Holy River by Huta Ram Baidya Bhutanese Refugees in Nepal Bhutanese Refugees , by a Red Cross volunteer, provides an historical account of the 100,000 refugees and gives a tour of a refugee camp Bhutanese Refugees offers an extensive account of the refugee situation and its origin, along with related links. CEMARD-Bhutan (Centre for Protection of Minorities and Against Racism and Discrimination in Bhutan) was organized in 1994 after the action of Bhutan against Nepali-speaking Lhotshampas. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1999 - Bhutan (February 2000) is a U.S. Department of State report by its Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has information on the refugee situation in Nepal. www.bhootan.org

79. Untitled Document General Information on Buddhism, nepal, and its Sacred history. Map of nepal and the Kathmandu Valley. Introduction to Buddhism (Text http://kaladarshan.arts.ohio-state.edu/Nepal/nepal.html

Art of Newar Buddhism, Nepal Summary: General Information on Buddhism, Nepal, and its Sacred History ( by JCHuntington) Ongoing Artistic Traditions Festivals and Pujas Early Sculpture "Asokan Caityas/Stupas" ... Sakti Sites General Information on Buddhism, Nepal, and its Sacred History Map of Nepal and the Kathmandu Valley Introduction to Buddhism Sacred History of the Kathmandu Valley as articulated in Two Contemporary Thangka Paintings Manjusri Bodhisattva's draining of the lake The Emerging of Swayambhu Jyotirupa Ongoing Artistic Traditions Metal Casters from the City of Patan Working in the Traditional Lost Wax Casting Method . Contains images of: Artists making wax models Artists preparing and heating of the metal Artists pouring the molten metal Artists cleaning and fire gilding the images Festivals and Pujas Puja Vasundhara puja and Panchadan Festival conducted at Haka Baha) Ratha Jatra (The festival in which Rato Macchendrenath is taken from Patan to Bungamati) Early Sculpture Sculpture from the Licchavi Period (ca. 330 - 880) Pre-Licchavi Sculpture Licchavi Images in Museums Licchavi Images ... Licchavi Sculpture at Swayambhu "Asokan Caityas/Stupas" East Caitya,

80. Boston.com Destination Guides - Asia - Nepal read more Early dynasties nepal s history comes into sharper focus with the arrival of the Lichhavis , a north Indian clan who overthrew the Kiratas around http://dg.ian.com/index.jsp?cid=54608&action=viewLocation&formId=49843

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