1. Compact Histories List of the native Tribes of the us and Canada west trade routes, including the Mohawk Trail, which linked native americans in the interior with those on the Atlantic coast http://www.tolatsga.org/Compacts.html

First Nations Histories (Revised 10.4.02) Abenaki Acolapissa Algonkin Bayougoula ... Winnebago First Nations Search Tool Geographic Overview of First Nations Histories Compact Histories Bibliography Location List of the Native Tribes of the US and Canada There is a small graphic logo available on this page for anyone wishing to use it for the purposes of linking back to the First Nations Compact Histories. Please Note: These Compact Histories are presented here to provide information to those interested in learning more about the First Nations. Lee Sultzman has authored all of the Histories. They are NOT here to provide spoon fed information for "school reports." Accordingly we are not interested in any questions asking for help in completing your school assignment. As to those who question our credibility, you may take us or leave us. These Histories were written and assembled as a labor-of-love. Take them or leave them, period. Abenaki Native Americans have occupied northern New England for at least 10,000 years. There is no proof these ancient residents were ancestors of the Abenaki, but there is no reason to think they were not. Acolapissa The mild climate of the lower Mississippi required little clothing. Acolapissa men limited themselves pretty much to a breechcloth, women a short skirt, and children ran nude until puberty. With so little clothing with which to adorn themselves, the Acolapissa were fond of decorating their entire bodies with tattoos. In cold weather a buffalo robe or feathered cloak was added for warmth.

2. The First Americans History Resources native American research resource links for high school and college students. submit a site or find a dead link, please email us! All submitted links are reviewed for quality History of native americans in west Virginia. History of the Northwest coast http://www.snowcrest.net/jmike/firstam.html

The First Americans If you wish to submit a site or find a dead link, please email us! All submitted links are reviewed for quality of academic content. Last updated 01/01/2004 Click on a topic below 200 Years of Fire and Thunder Aboriginal Star Knowledge About Plain Indians' Shields The First Americans ... National Museum of the American Indian Smithsonian The Native American Adventure Native American Conquest Hernando de Soto's role in the New World NA Indian Info Links Native America Native-American Native American Beliefs ... Zuni Links Associated Websites Histor eSearch.com Online Stores History Teacher's Mall Primary Source History Bookstore Documentary Videos Online Need to read more about the US History ? CLICK HERE! Find History Collectibles at ebay

3. Marilee's Native Americans Resource Excellent resource for children and teachers learning about native North American tribes, including culture groups, clothing, crafts, legends, recipes, songs, dances, games, word puzzles, Tanaina, Tanana, Tsetsaut, Tutchone, west Main Cree, western Woods nativeWeb Resource Center's list of us Tribal Websites Northwest coast Indians (native americans), by Mir Tamim http://www.ameritech.net/users/macler/nativeamericans.html

This webpage is moving to http://marilee.us/nativeamericans.html Please change your bookmarks and links as this site will no longer be updated. Home Word Puzzles Picturebooks KidPix/KidWorks Projects ... Link-Backs Marilee's Native Americans Resource Cherokee Comanche Cree Haida Hopi Inuit Iroquois Navajo NezPerce Pomo Sioux Ute Wampanoag Misc. Tribes Clothing Craft Projects FamousPeople Legends Recipes Songs, Dances, Games Creation stories teach that Native Americans have been where they are since the world was created. It is also thought that First Americans migrated from Siberia over the Bering Strait about 14,000 years ago, or perhaps even earlier. The land bridge was dry ground for several thousand years before the sea level rose again and stopped migration. The hunters would have followed the migrating herds of large mammals as they moved south. As the glaciers melted, the First Americans spread to the North American coasts and across the entire continent. Native Americans adapted to the climates and terrains in which they lived and used whatever natural resources were available. The arrival of the Europeans in the 1500's began a change in the lives of the Indian people that continued through the next centuries. Sometimes the changes were good. The horses brought by the Spanish made bison hunting much easier and safer. But Vikings, Spanish, English and French explorers, colonists and missionaries spread diseases, made slaves of the people, forced relocations, claimed ownership of natural resources and land, and tried to stamp out the native cultures. Some of the Indian people survived, but not without making drastic changes in their life styles.

4. North, South, East, West: Native Americans In The Natural World you will read and learn about four native American tribes from of the United StatesNorth, South, East, and west. the Tlingit of the Northwest coast, the Hopi http://its.guilford.k12.nc.us/webquests/native/native.html

Native Americans in the Natural World Introduction Task Process Resources ... Conclusion Introduction: Many stereotypes exist concerning American Indians. Contrary to popular belief, not all Indians or Native Americans lived in teepees and rode on painted horses as they are depicted in many of the old western movies. Native Americans from different parts of what is now the United States lived in many different tribes. Each tribe had their own culture: customs, language, myths, and religion. In this WebQuest, you will read and learn about four Native American tribes from different parts of the United States: North, South, East, and West. The Task: Your task is to compare and contrast four different tribes which were indigenous to the United States: the Tlingit of the Northwest Coast, the Hopi of the Southwest, the Iroquois of the Northeast, and the Lakota of the Western plains. As you read about the customs of each tribe you will search for information concerning important foods, myths or spiritual beliefs, and important plants and/or animals. This information will be recorded on a chart. You will also note and record the biome where each tribe lives and draw conclusions as to how the biome affects the culture of each tribe. Using the information from your chart and other data from your research, you will prepare a multimedia presentation. (indigenous: - native to or originating in this area; already living here when this country was settled by people from other parts of the world)

5. Native Americans The Topic native americans. This project on native americans includes tons of resources - too many to fit onto just this one page! 13) native americans WebQuest by J. Simon. http//www.west-bend.k12 Websites on native americans. Aboriginal Links Canada and us Hall - Northwest coast native Culture from Canadian http://eduscapes.com/42explore/native.htm

The Topic: Native Americans This project on Native Americans includes tons of resources - - too many to fit onto just this one page! Connect to the project's three other companion pages for lots more ideas and information: (1) Biographies of Native Americans - A to Z Native American Tribes and Cultures , and (3) Easier - Native Americans, sometimes called American Indians, are descendants of the first people to live in the Americas. They had been living there for thousands of years before any Europeans arrived. Harder - When Columbus landed in what is now known as the West Indies, he incorrectly thought he had reached the Indies. He called the native people he met Indians. The Indians of the Americas spoke hundreds of different languages, had many varied ways of life, and each group had its own name. Some lived in large cities and others in small villages. Still others kept moving throughout the year, hunting animals and gathering wild plants. First Americans by K. Martin (Grades 4-8)

6. The American West - Native Americans a better world. Let us once again cross the Bering McFarlin native americans Library Guide. 17. The west TV Series - The native History of The Northwest coast. Dateline starting 1774 http://www.americanwest.com/pages/indians11-08-00.htm

NATIVE AMERICANS TABLE OF CONTENTS General Native American Resources Native American Nations Homepages Education Organizations And Government Sources ... THIS WEEK IN NORTH "AMERICAN INDIAN" HISTORY! A new addition to these links: Indian Ruins of the Southwest Crazy Horse Memorial LONG BEFORE the white man set foot on American soil, the American Indians, or rather the Native Americans, had been living on this land. When the Europeans came here, there were probably 10 million Indians north of present-day Mexico and they had been living here for quite some time. It is believed that the first people arrived during the last ice-age, approximately 20,000 - 30,000 years ago, crossing the land-bridge at the Bering Sound, from northeastern Siberia into Alaska. The oldest documented Indian cultures in North America are Sandia (15000 BC), Clovis (12000 BC) and Folsom (8000 BC). (Please see an update on 2/11/97 under the NEWSPAGE near the bottom of this page). Although it is believed that the Indians originated in Asia, few if any of them came from India. The name "Indian" was first applied to them by Christopher Columbus, who believed, mistakenly, that the mainland and islands of America were part of the Indies, in Asia. So, when the Europeans started to arrive in the 16th- and 17th-century they were met by Native mericans, and enthusiastically so. The Natives regarded their white-complexioned visitors as something of a marvel, not only for their outlandish dress and beards and winged ships but even more for their wonderful technology - steel knives and swords, the fire-belching arquebus and cannon, mirrors, hawkbells, earrings, copper and brass kettles, and so on.

7. American Indians, Native Americans, History Of A Proud People. History And Cultu history of native americans. Please join us on this coast, northern and central California, the western desert, and the central plateau. Photographs of the American west http://www.americanindians.com/

Indian Nations are sovereign governments, recognized in the U.S. Constitution and hundreds of treaties with the U.S. President. The history of this continent's original inhabitants encompasses a broad range of cultures and experiences. American Indians varied greatly from region to region, as did their reactions to European settlement. This website will delve into the vast and storied background of most tribes and seek to supply the visitors with as much knowledge as possible about the proud history of Native Americans . Please join us on this journey into the past, experience the present and dream about the future of the American Indian. When Columbus landed on the island of San Salvador in 1492 he was welcomed by a brown-skinned people whose physical appearance confirmed him in his opinion that he had at last reached India, and whom, therefore, he called Indios , Indians, a name which, however mistaken in its first application continued to hold its own, and has long since won general acceptance, except in strictly scientific writing, where the more exact term American is commonly used. As exploration was extended north and south it was found that the same race was spread over the whole continent, from the Arctic shores to Cape Horn, everywhere alike in the main physical characteristics, with the exception of the Eskimo in the extreme North, whose features suggest the Mongolian...

8. Primary Texts On Native Americans In Maine Ethnohistory Contemporary Authors Penobscot Bay off the central Maine coast. Largescale excavations other coastal population known to us." ( pg. 2). their conflict with native americans living west of the Penobscot http://www.davistownmuseum.org/bibNAcontemp.htm

Home The Davistown Museum Bibliographies Search General history sources Maine history sources Contemporary Women Antiquarian Principal ... Maps Native Americans in Maine Special topic bibliographies Principal Contemporary Antiquarian Norumbega ... bioregion changes in the land Davistown Plantation Maine town histories Other author's bibliographies ... making Norumbega reconsidered Wawenoc diaspora, pandemic, shell middens, petroglyphs Pre-Columbian visitors to ... Children Native Americans in Maine Principal contemporary ethnohistory and research (1940 - present) For information on Native Americans outside of Maine, also check our General History: Archaeology bibliography page. Axtell, James. (1985). The invasion within: The contest of cultures in colonial North America . Oxford University Press, NY, NY. Bourque, Bruce J. Diversity and complexity in prehistoric maritime societies: A Gulf of Maine perspective . Plenum Press, NY. IS. The premier source of information on late archaic and ceramic period populations in coastal Maine. Especially important are the excellent photographs of lithic, bone, shell, and ceramic specimens from this and other sites. "The Turner Farm site is located on North Haven Island, one of the Fox Island group in Penobscot Bay off the central Maine coast. Large-scale excavations there during the 1970s, followed by over a decade of analysis, have produced a body of data that, in its age, size, and comprehensiveness, is probably unparalleled among coastal sites in North America. It spans five millennia, from 5000 B.P. to the early historic period, and includes 6,500 catalogued artifacts of stone, bone, and fired clay, as well as 1,800 bone samples from which over 20 thousand vertebrate specimens have been identified. ...the Turner Farm data set is doubly useful, for it provides a record of human coastal adaptation during the entire recent Holocene epoch at a single location." (pg. vii.).

9. United States - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia See also List of us companies. population (3.6%), who are most concentrated onthe west coast. The native population of native americans, such as American http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States

United States From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Server will be down for maintenance on 2004-06-11 from about 18:00 to 18:30 UTC. For other uses see United States (disambiguation) The United States of America U.S.A. ), also referred to as the United States U.S. America , or the States , is a federal republic in North America and the Pacific Ocean (the islands of Hawaii , and the Aleutians ). It extends from the Atlantic coast in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west. It shares land borders with Canada in the north and Mexico in the south, shares a marine border with Russia in the west, and has a collection of districts, territories, and possessions around the world including Puerto Rico Midway Atoll , and Guam . The country has fifty states , which have a level of local autonomy according to the system of federalism . A United States citizen is usually identified as an American The United States traces its national origin to the declaration by 13 British colonies in that they were free and independent states. Before the British, and in terms of territory, the Dutch, Spanish and French had a stronger foothold on the New Continent where Native Americans (formerly called American Indians or Indians) had lived for thousands of years. Since the mid-

10. Native American Genealogy Links 1996) History of the North west coast (link site Bill s Aboriginal Links Canada us (link site Page (Early America dealing with native americans) (link site http://members.aol.com/bbbenge/newlinks.html

To make it easier to search for information we have added local page references. By Tribes A B C D ... Z by States Alabama Georgia North Carolina Oklahoma ... United States Government general adoptions politics myths crafts ... resources By Tribes Apache Blackfeet Catawaba Cherokee ... Wampampoag This website last updated 5 May 2002 Treaties of the Five Tribes For this week in Native American history (link site added 22 September 1997) American Truths (link site added 21 January 1999) American Indian Genealogy Help Center and Message Board Bulletin Board for Native American Postings (new link site added 6 November 1999 Native American Libraries (link site added 6 November 1999) AXIOM Financial Management for Native Americans (link site added 28 January 2000) Wickiup's Treaty grids , interesting graphs of the results of early treaties (link site added 10 February 2000) Woihanble Yuwita Habitat for Humanity (link site added 10 February 2000) Turtle tracks (link site added 15 March 2000 Multicultural Grant Guides Tribes, States and Government Agency Abenaki Indians The Abenaki Webpage (link updated 5 May 2002) Traditional Abenaki of Mazaipskwik and related bands (link site added 25 May 1998) Culture Abenaki Culture History Abenaki History by Lee Sultzman,First Nations Historian

11. Native Americans And The Environment: Northwest Coast One page review of the us government s position on justice and spiritual concernsfor native americans as they Whales and west coast natives A description of http://www.cnie.org/NAE/northwest.html

Northwest Coast A Fact Sheet on Makah Whaling (Makan Whaling Commission, July 21. Archive: NAE, 1998). An Open Letter to the Public from the President of the Makah Whaling Commission about the Hunt A very good discussion of why whaling is still important for the Makah. (Keith Johnson, Seattle Times, August 23 (Op-ed page). Archive: NAE, 1998). British Columbia Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs The current treaty negotiations occupy a large portion of this site. Chehalis Department of Natural Resources Very short. (1996). Chehalis Tribal Water Resources Department Short description. (1996). Chief Seattle (1786 - 1866) Includes the most authentic transcription of Chief Seattle's famous 1854 speech, considered "one of the greatest statements ever made concerning the relationship between a people and the earth." (Suquamish Tribe). Chief Seattle's Reply Chief Seattle's famous speech. However, this version came into existence around 1972 and bears little resemblance to Chief Seattle's original intentions when he gave his speech before the Governor of Washington Territory. (Archive: NAE). Columbia and Snake River Facts Home For The Salmon Campaign. (Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Reservation, 1998).

12. West Indian Manatee (Endangered Species), Wildlife Species Information: U.S. Fis the flesh, bones, and hide by native americans and later River National Wildlife Refugeon Florida s west coast, boats are A vital component of the us Fish and http://species.fws.gov/species_accounts/bio_mana.html

West Indian manatee, ( Trichechus manatus Christopher Columbus was the first European to report seeing a manatee in the New World. To Columbus, and other sailors who had been at sea for a long time, manatees were reminiscent of mermaids the mythical half-fish, half-woman creatures of the ocean. Manatees are not fish, however, but marine mammals. The West Indian or Florida manatee (and sometimes called sea cow) is found primarily along the coast of Florida. Most adult manatees are about 10 feet long and weigh 800 to 1,200 pounds, although some larger than 12 feet and weighing as much as 3,500 pounds have been recorded. These "gentle giants" have a tough, wrinkled brown-to-gray skin that is continuously being sloughed off. Hair is distributed sparsely over the body. With stiff whiskers around its mouth, the manatee's face looks like a walrus without tusks. The manatee maneuvers through the water moving its paddle- like tail up and down and steering with its flippers. It is very agile for such a large animal, sometimes somer-saulting and doing barrel rolls in the water. The manatee often rests suspended just below the water's surface with only the snout above water. It feeds underwater, but must surface periodically to breath. Although the manatee can remain underwater for as long as 12 minutes, the average time is 4 1/2 minutes.

13. Modoc The white americans and the native americans have fought all through the settlementof the Midwest and west coast. In 1864, the us Government forced the Modoc http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/northamerica/modoc.html

Modoc Bibliography: -Victoria D. Patterson, World Book Encyclopedia Millennium 2000. -Oregon Public Broadcasting: June 22, 2000 http://education.opb.org/learning/ofg/modoc/before.html Written By: Mitch Oachs

14. History 66S geographical focus of this course is the us west coast from the landscape that includesAsian americans, Mexican americans, native americans, African americans http://www.stanford.edu/class/history66s/

History 66S Sources and Methods: Borders and Race on the U.S. West Coast, 1890s-1960s Fall 2002 Instructor: Shelley Lee Department of History Stanford University Thursdays 2:15-4:05, 200-015 Office Hours: Wednesdays 12-2, 200-312 email: shelleyl@stanford.edu COURSE DESCRIPTION The geographical focus of this course is the U.S. West Coast from the Mexican to Canadian borders. We will consider how international borders, migration, trans-Pacific linkages, and other factors have shaped a unique multiracial landscape that includes Asian Americans, Mexican Americans, Native Americans, African Americans, and European Americans. Some questions we will address are: How did borders appear in societies throughout the West Coast and in what ways were they understood, protected, and crossed? What is a border community? How did the Coast's Pacific Rim location and characterization as an Asian gateway affect people living there? How did racial and ethnic borders appear, persist, and change? The theme of borders unifies the course and is appropriate for understanding the U.S. West Coast. The Coast's northern and southern ends are bounded by international borders, and as the furthest western strip of land

15. American Fisheries Society, Native Peoples' Fisheries Section Newsletter of Canada in 1987 to the west coast of the us Pacific coast, are being adversely affectedby sudden native americans living on the Olympic Peninsula all along http://lapratt.com/npfs/news041602.htm

The Freshwater Drum Native Peoples' Fisheries Section Newsletter The American Fisheries Society NOAA COLLABORATION WITH THE QUILEUTE TRIBE The Cell: Pseudo-nitzschia are large pennate diatoms. Off California, Oregon and Washington at least three species (P.australis, P.pseudodeli-catissima and P.multiseries) appear to be toxic and detection of the toxic species must be done using an electron microscope or tagging with a compound specific for the genetics of the cell. R. Horner Distribution: These diatoms are common to most of the world's oceans. Off the US west coast, Pseudo-nitzschia are common from spring to fall but are present in the coastal ocean all year long. History: Pseudo-nitzschia has caused problems from areas as divergent as the Maritime Provinces of Canada in 1987 to the west Coast of the US. The domoic acid produced by some Pseudo-nitzschia species causes neurologic damage and fatalities in humans, marine mammals and seabirds. How Do the Blooms Start? The Juan de Fuca eddy region (cold water) is a site of persistent upwelling (nutrient enrichment) throughout the summer months. Blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia may initiate in this zone. The duration of upwelling and the timing of the first major fall storms are factors believed to influence the levels of toxin that reach coastal razor clam populations.

16. Native Americans In Protest At ScottishPower Threat To Salmon - [Sunday Herald] their hydropower dams, downstream native americans go without have destroyed fishingjobs all along the west coast.”. largest fish kill in us history, with http://www.sundayherald.com/42037

print edition site map news alerts NEWSPAPER OF THE YEAR Est 1999 IN THIS SECTION: Doctor awarded Military Cross recalls days of battle By Elizabeth McMeekin By Stephen Naysmith, Education Correspondent BBC wants new HQ to be work of art By Elizabeth McMeekin Bush pulls off D-Day truce with France to win support on Iraq World leaders gather in Normandy with Germany attending for first time From Torcuil Crichton in Paris Childcare workers tell of attacks by parents Report reveals daily violence, abuse and threats against beleaguered welfare specialists By Liam McDougall, Health Correspondent By Iain S Bruce Executive gives Lech Walesa a wide berth By Alan Crawford, Political Correspondent Executive miss slopping out appeal deadline Pressure mounts on Jamieson as taxpayer faces potential compensation bill of millions By Alan Crawford, Political Correspondent Fishermen: oil hike is our biggest threat By Douglas Fraser, Political Editor Hepatitis C victims fight for secret files Haemophiliacs in court move demand to see official papers By Liam McDougall, Health Correspondent

17. Connecting With Native Americans Over 4,000 native americans died of disease and starvation during in the bean fields,up and down the west coast. until a kind Yakima chief took us to live in http://www.kidscare.org/kidscare/nativeamericansc.html

Kids Care Clubs Connecting with Native Americans Compassion Education Growing Up Native American in the 20th Century By Tuklo Bish-Ko-Kos and Maureen Hofer My name is Tuklo Bish-Ko-Kos. In 1941, I was born in my grandparent's house on the Chickasaw Nation in Ada, Oklahoma. My grandmother delivered me; my grandfather gave me my Cherokee name meaning "two robins." If there is no Shaman (spiritual leader) at the birth, it is customary for the grandfather to name the children. A circuit doctor arrived about 5 days later to check on my mother's condition. He offered to "check me over" for $5.00. The receipt for his services is my birth certificate. I am mixed blood of about 10 tribes, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw as well as Scotch Irish and Norman. I speak Choctaw and Cherokee as well as English. My English name is Jimmie Lee Robins. We literally lived in the Red River Swamp Basin. Our house was built Indian style, upon 4-foot stilts because of the floods. It had three rooms: one bedroom, a large room and a place to cook in the winter. During the summer, I slept outside and we cooked outside. The hunting dogs and other animals would always be running underneath the house. We raised cattle, pigs and chicken. There was plenty of wildlife around our house and once in a while, inside our house. I vividly remember the day that my mother found a Copperhead snake in the flour barrel. I took it outside with a shovel and "disposed" of it." An old Chief of the Comanches would come and take me on horseback and bring me back to his tepee. He always had a deer hanging in the tree. He would cut several chunks and cook them while telling me stories about his childhood and his times as a young man riding with Quanah Parker, the famous and last great 19th century war chief of the Quahada Comanches. One day, while I was visiting, a cow got caught in the fence and died. A Model-T Ford pulled up shortly and a parcel of Comanche women got out and butchered the cow. When they finished, they threw the meat in the car, climbed on top of it, smiled at me and drove away. It was as if they had been picking wild flowers instead of butchering a thousand pound cow.

18. WOW Museum: Western Women's Suffrage and legislatures along the west coast from California 19th Amendment to the us Constitutionmade America s first female inhabitants, native americans, and the http://www.autry-museum.org/explore/exhibits/suffrage/

California Colorado Hawaii Kansas ... Wyoming Click on a star or a state name for a unique story of suffrage in the American West. Women of the American West led the nation and the world into the struggle for female voting rights, known as the "suffrage movement." This remarkable suffrage success story began in 1869, when Wyoming Territory approved full and equal suffrage for scarcely one thousand women. Contagious excitement for women's rights spread quickly across the Rocky Mountain landscape. "This Shall be the Land for Women!" cheered western journalist Caroline Nichols Churchill upon Colorado's stunning victory by popular vote in 1893. Indeed, the West soon came to symbolize political equality and opportunity as a result of women's enfranchisementawakening the nation in its steady eastward march toward political freedom for women and all citizens. Today in the year 2000, most of the world's women enjoy the right to vote, yet a handful of nations still deny this basic right of citizenship. State by state, western women won the battle for the ballot in popular elections and legislatures along the West Coast from California to Alaska, in the plains of Kansas and South Dakota, and in the deserts of Arizona and Nevada. On the eve of World War I

19. Caribbean Holiday Beach Resorts & Hotels Honeymoon & Wedding or from the earliest Amerindian settlers (cousins of the native americans ofthe us). its eastern shore, while the beaches of the west coast owe their http://caribbean-connection.com/

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20. The West: George Catlin And Native Americans In The West: An Apologist For Their to begin collecting the belongings and/or artifacts of native americans in the west,to which to transport that treasure trove to the east coast of the http://hnn.us/articles/635.html

donations archives newsletter contact ... FAQ''s June 10, 2004 Text Size: A A A Departments Breaking News Features HNN Blogs Hot Topics ... Log In 3-16-02: Culture Watch The West: George Catlin and Native Americans in the West: An Apologist for Their Way of Life By Keith Miller Mr. Miller has been a speaker with the Organization of American Historians (OAH) Distinguished Lectureship Series since 1999. With that assertion in mind, let me suggest to the reader the followingif one will only consider the works of Catlin (both in visual and printed form) in toto, it should become apparent to the fair-minded observer that the man in question was a true ethnologist, perhaps even what one might call for lack of a better word a "proto-anthropologist." That would make Catlin a person to be reckoned with so far as his studies of the Indians were concerned; and, as I have stated in the subtitle of this essay, an apologist for the Native Americans and their way of life (on the plains in particular), before the incursions of the white man's civilization altered, if not obliterated, it entirely. With that thought in mind, let us proceed to an examination of Catlin's life shortly after his arrival in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1830. Within two years he embarked from there on the American Fur Company's steamboat, the

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