61. Hot Links For American Indian Tribal Libraries Cultural Institute of the Confederated tribes of the Journal of american Indian Education Provides full native american Print Media Resources Listing of print http://www.u.arizona.edu/~ecubbins/useful.html

Useful Web Sites for Tribal Libraries Updated 30 April 2001. Welcome. Below are links useful to librarians and other providers of information who serve North American Indian populations. Please email your comments and questions regarding this site to Elaine Cubbins, MA-IRLS at ecubbins@u.arizona.edu Archives American Native Press Archives Since 1983, " . . .collecting and archiving the products of the Native press and materials related to Native press history, collecting and documenting works of Native writers, and constructing bibliographic guides to Native writing and publishing." The Angie Debo Papers , OSU Library Online Physically located at Oklahoma State University, Edmon Low Library, Stillwater, OK Association for the Study of American Indian Literatures Archives (1977-87) CLIO The National Archives Information Server CLIO provides information for accessing U.S. archived Federal Records. The Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives of the United States (NARA) details the organizational scheme of the documents, their locations, and access procedures. The Introduction to the online gopher listing for this site explains how documents are organized, and reading it is strongly recommended prior to spending time and resources searching the Indexes. NARA records are organized by the originating agency and further arranged based upon the agency's filing system. Try different search terms to find information. For instance, the general term "Indian claims" brought up documents in six different record groups; variations on this search term could bring up records in additional record groups. The following are examples of record groups:

62. Specific Tribal Or Nation Resources economics of the Choctaw tribe from the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma Tribal Entities A list of federally recognized tribes within the From native american Links. http://genealogy.about.com/cs/tribes/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Genealogy Home Essentials ... Genealogy A - Z zau(256,152,180,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Find a Surname Begin a Family Tree Genealogy By Country Genealogy by Ethnicity ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About Genealogy newsletter. Search Genealogy Specific Tribal or Nation Resources Guide picks Tribal histories, tribal directories, and genealogy resources specific to individual tribes, including Cherokee, Cheyenne, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Ottawa, Potawatomi, and more. The African-Native American Genealogy Web Page Celebrating Omaha's Black Indians and all 40,000+ Freedmen of Indian Territory and their hundreds of thousands of descendants! American Indian Tribal Directory Directory of Federally recognized American Indian tribes. Cherokee Ancestry Resources for Cherokee genealogy including how to research your Cherokee ancestry; information on publications, census microfilm, Dawes rolls, Baker rolls, Guion Miller rolls, etc.; information on the various categories of people with Cherokee ancestry; and more! Cheyenne Genealogy Research Information on the history, culture, and genealogy of the Cheyenne tribe.  There are also a few transcribed cemetery and census records available.  This page contains several broken links.

63. Native Nations Indian nations The United States and Citizenship 1983; Map Education, Occupation, Income; native american Languages Spoken 1, 2000 US Census; Tribal Leaders List http://cobalt.lang.osaka-u.ac.jp/~krkvls/NNation.html

General Flags of the Native Peoples of the US American Indian Reservation Summary BIA Criteria for Acknowledgement as an Indian Tribe Indian Identity: Who Is Drawing the Boundaries? ... Map of the Indian Tribes "About 1600 along the Atlantic and about 1800 Westward" (Handdrawn and colored by A. Gallatin) Map of Native American Tribes, Culture Areas, and Linguistic Stocks Smithsonian Institution Native American Population Statistics US Census statitics for 1980 and 1990 compared for Native Americans Native American Socio-Economic Characteristics Education, Occupation, Income Native American Languages Spoken in the Home Tribal Leaders Discuss the Importance of the April 1, 2000 U.S. Census Tribal Leaders List and Agency Information Bureau of Indian Affairs U.S. Census Bureau General Information U.S. Federal and State Reservation Map When is a Tribe a Tribe? Native Nations by State Note: Green indicates Federally Recognized Tribes Of key importance to Indian tribes in terms of their sovereignty and selfdetermination as well as their eligibility for federal benefits and services is recognition or acknowledgment by the federal government . Many tribes have long been recognized because of treaties with the United States or because they had organized governments under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 Wheeler-Howard Act , June 18, 1934). In more recent years, other entities have been recognized by administrative action of the secretary of the interior or by special acts of Congress. Since 1979 lists of recognized tribes have been published by the Federal Register." As of March 3, 2000, there are

64. American Indian History Resources web site; these tribal documents are either placed online with the permission of the tribes, or they are Treaties by Nation native american Web Services http://cobalt.lang.osaka-u.ac.jp/~krkvls/history.html

General 1990 Census: Tribal Populations Native American History and Culture Code Talk Code Talk is a federal inter-agency Native American website that provides information for Native American communities. Code Talk is hosted by the U.S. Department of Housing and A Line in the Sand Cultural Property: The protection of the tangible and non-tangible. Cultural property belongs to the group rather than to an individual. As an individual has the right to control use of her/his property, the cultural group has that same right. Urban Development, Office of Native American Programs. American Indian Movement (AIM) The American Indian Occupation of Alcatraz 1969-1971 and The FBI Files on the American Indian Movement and Wounded Knee History of the American West 1860-1920, Libaray of Congress, American Memory Library

65. Native American Indian Tribes The Cheyenne page of the Tribal Council Hall. · Coal, Water, Nation, and Land at Dick Littlebear s comments on saving native american languages. http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/ferndale/61/tribes.htm

web hosting domain names email addresses The Spike this should be your first stop. If you are interested in the American Indian culture then, in the interests of hereditary authenticity and derived authority! Listing of Federally Recognized Tribes Tribal Entities List as of Dec. 30, 1998 Indian Tribe Names and Their Meanings Tribal Profiles ... Geographical Index to the Tribes of the United States and Canada WARNING !!: Internet fraud. Beware that there is a tremendous amount of fraud and misrepresentation which exists on the East Coast (and on the Net) for "Indian" events and products. This fraud represents millions of dollars in revenue being deprived of our legitimate tribal Indian populations. There also exists, on the Internet and in reality, groups that give the appearance of being actual tribes, nations or having affiliation with actual tribes and nations. In most cases their purposes are not honestly represented and their existence creates enmity with the tribes and nations which they claim to represent or from which they claim to be descended. I have no way of knowing which is acceptable or legitimate from the state point of the NA Indian. Use caution when buying goods that claim they are "authentic".

66. Cyndi's List - Native American Studies; american Indian Tribal Directory; First nations in Canada; Metis; Genealogy Pathfinder for native american Research From How Do You Join an Indian Tribe? http://www.cyndislist.com/native.htm

document.write(''); Native American Main Index Alphabetical Index Topical Index "No Frills" Index ... Text-Only Index Search this page: Edit, Find Search the entire site: The index links below work best if you allow your web browser to load the entire page first. Category Index: General Resource Sites Native American Conflicts and Wars Records: Census, Cemeteries, Land, Obituaries, Personal, Taxes and Vital Specific Tribal or Nation Resources ... USGenWeb Project ~ Native Americans Related Categories: African-American Canada Index Orphans United States Index ... U.S. - South Dakota Planting Your Family Tree Online Preview the Table of Contents Cyndi's List The BOOK! 2nd Edition 2 Volumes Netting Your Ancestors Genealogy Bookstore In association with Amazon.com Ancestry Magazine Genealogical.com GPC and Clearfield Company Genealogy Warehouse Submit a New Link Report a Broken Link Update a Link General Resource Sites Celebrating the Estelusti ~ The Freedmen Oklahoma's Black Indians of the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole Nations. From the Atlanta-Fulton Public Library System in Georgia.

67. ESRI Conservation Program Resources: General Conservation n. US National Park Service native american Graves Protection and Repatriation . n. Yurok Tribe, CA, e98 . np. GIS Implementation in Wisconsin Winnebago Nation . http://www.conservationgis.org/links/native0.html

ESRI Conservation Program Resources: Native/First Nations Index Conservation . Bibliography . The Earth . Home . Search (ECP and CTSP grantees and other sites of interest for conservation geograpy, mapping and GIS Aboriginal Mapping Network n Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians e96 n Alaska Sea Otter Commission, Ak, e98 n The Algonquins of Barriere Lake, Canada e97 n n Arctic Slope Native Association, Ltd., Ak c98 c99 n Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, Odana WI e95 n Berkeley/Borneo Project, Berkeley CA e95 n Blackfeet Indian Nation n Cahuilla Bird singers and dancers n California Indian Basketweavers Association CA e97 n Cherokee Nation, Talequah OK e94 n Chippewa Cree Tribe, Box Elder MT e95 n Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, WA e95 n Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes, Pablo MT e95 n Confederated Tribes of Umatilla Indian Reservation, Pendleton OR e95 n Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs, OR e93

68. Indian Nations And Tribes Law: Internet Law Library Internet Law Library US State and Territorial Law Indian nations and tribes. Notice general site terms and conditions apply to this page. http://www.lawmoose.com/internetlawlib/31.htm

Library Search Engine Minnesota Wisconsin ... Comment Search for: in any part of the page page titles only page text only Scope: World Law Sites Minnesota Law Sites Wisconsin Law Sites Number of Results: Internet Law Library: US State and Territorial Law: Indian Nations and Tribes Native American Constitution and Law Digitization Project (University of Oklahoma Law Library and National Indian Law Library of the Native American Rights Fund) Native Americans and the law (via the Native American Net Server at the University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee) Treaty collection (compiled by the Oneida Nation) Treaties with the Continental Congress (compiled by the Library of Congress) ... LawMoose World Legal Resource Center Home See Also: Treaties and international law Laws of all jurisdictions (arranged by subject) Law schools and law libraries Attorney and legal profession directories ... Translate with AltaVista's TM Systran R to: French German Italian Portuguese ... Spanish The Internet Law Library, originally the U.S. House of Representatives Internet Law Library (1994-1999), may not provide current information. Many now historic Internet resources are now found in the Library along with many still current ones. We recommend that you supplement the Internet Law Library as follows: Search LawMoose's World Legal Resource Center Search Engine (see search box above), and

69. Delaware The Ohio tribes would call these squatters the this time had been fighting native americans for several no government (French, British, or american after 1775 http://www.tolatsga.org/dela.html

DELAWARE HISTORY (revised 2.25.00) [Note: This is a single part of what will be, by my classification, about 240 compact tribal histories (contact to 1900). It is limited to the lower 48 states of the U.S. but also includes those First Nations from Canada and Mexico that had important roles ( Huron Micmac , Assiniboine, etc.). This history's content and style are representative. The normal process at this point is to circulate an almost finished product among a peer group for comment and criticism. At the end of this History you will find links to those Nations referred to in the History of the Delaware. Using the Internet, this can be more inclusive. Feel free to comment or suggest corrections via e-mail. Working together we can end some of the historical misinformation about Native Americans. You will find the ego at this end to be of standard size. Thanks for stopping by. I look forward to your comments... Lee Sultzman Delaware Location Originally in 1600, the Delaware River Valley from Cape Henlopen, Delaware north to include the west side of the lower Hudson Valley in southern New York. The Delaware were not migratory and appear to have occupied their homeland for thousands of years before the coming of the Europeans. During the next three centuries, white settlement forced the Delaware to relocate at least twenty times. By 1900 they had lived in: Delaware, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, Ontario, Michigan, Indiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, Wisconsin, Kansas, and Oklahoma. However, a government plan to move some of the Delaware to Minnesota was never carried out.

70. Native American as white settlement of the young nation expanded in out between US forces and many different tribes. battles include the untypical native american victory at http://www.fact-index.com/n/na/native_american.html

Main Page See live article Alphabetical index Native American Native Americans American Indians Amerindians , or Red Indians ) are indigenous peoples , who lived in the Americas prior to the European colonization ; some of these ethnic groups still exist. The name "Indians" was bestowed by Christopher Columbus , who mistakenly believed that the places he found them were among the islands to the southeast of Asia known to Europeans as the Indies. (See further discussion below). Canadians now generally use the term First Nations to refer to Native Americans. In Alaska , because of legal use in the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act ( ANSCA ) and because of the presence of the Inuit Yupik , and Aleut peoples, the term Alaskan Native predominates. (See further discussion below.) Native Americans officially make up the majority of the population in Bolivia Peru and Guatemala and are significant in most other former Spanish colonies, with the exception of Costa Rica Cuba Argentina Dominican Republic and Uruguay Table of contents 1 History 2 The Arrival of Europeans 3.1 Arctic

71. General Wesley Clark For President - Official Campaign Web Site Wes Clark will work with tribal governments to uphold and enforce our nation s environmental and Honoring american Indian And Alaska native Veterans And http://clark04.com/issues/nativeamericans/

CONTRIBUTE Email: WELCOME CENTER First time visitor? Click here to visit our welcome center. GET INFORMED About Wes Clark Career Highlights On the Issues Official Blog ... FAQ JOIN THE CAMPAIGN Contribute Take Action Volunteer Meetup ... E-mail Updates MULTIMEDIA American Son Television Ads Photo Gallery Video Gallery SUPPORTER TOOLS Clark Recruiters EventFinder Download Center Clark Community Network ... Clark Gear COMMUNITIES African Americans GLBT Veterans Women HOW TO HELP Internships TechCorps Travel with Clark Convoy CONTACT US On the Issues Making Good On America's Promises: Wes Clark's Commitment To American Indians And Alaska Natives America's Native people have long championed many of the ideals that Wes Clark highlights in his vision for America, including respect for the bonds of family, community and tradition. And General Clark recognizes their invaluable contributions to the U.S. military. From the Code Talkers of World War II to today in Iraq, where brave young Americans such as Lori Piestewa and Sheldon Hawk Eagle gave their lives for our country, American Indians and Alaska Natives have answered the call to service and served this nation with honor. However, for too long this country has not returned the favor. In most cases, it's done just the opposite. This is not just an issue of history the U.S. government continues to deny tribal nations the resources and respect they're due. The Clark Administration will work as partners with tribal governments to do better.

72. FirstGov – Government-to-Government – Governments And Native America Information Technology Products and Solutions for Indian Tribal nations; Tribal Government Home Pages. native american History and Culture, Resources from the http://www.firstgov.gov/Government/Tribal.shtml

Skip to Content Skip to Government Search Skip to By Organization Skip to Contact Your Government ... Skip to Reference Center Search in Federal Only All States One State Advanced Home About Us Site Map ... Government-to-Government For Tribal Governments and Native Americans On this Page Education, Jobs and Economic Development Family and Health Housing Land and the Environment ... Other Resources Education, Jobs and Economic Development Administration for Native Americans, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Business Development Resources from the Small Business Administration Business Resources from the Minority Business Development Agency Congressional Internship Program for Native American College Students ... Back to Top Family and Health Administration for Children and Families, Division of Tribal Services American Indian and Alaska Native Women's Health Child Care Technical Assistance Center (TriTAC) Childrens Health/American Indian and Alaska Native ... Back to Top Housing Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Native American Programs Housing Assistance Programs (NAHASDA) Housing Loan Program (184 Program) Indian Housing: Grants, Training, Publications and Other Resources ... Back to Top Land and the Environment American Indian Environmental Office Department of Agriculture, Guide to Tribal Programs (Farming, Rural Development, Food Safety)

73. Native American Links - Academic Info of voices from various communities, native, scholarly as well as american Indians and the Digital Divide The task force will work with tribes to develop http://www.academicinfo.net/nativeammeta.html

Academic Info Native American Studies Home Search Index Contact ... Native American Studies Links Advertisers Find Books on Native American Studies University of Phoenix Online - Earn your degree 100% online. Questia - Search over 70,000 books and journals online. TheFreeDictionary.com FreeEncyclopedia ESL - Improve Your English Prescription Drug Information ... Lab Band Surgery - The Weight Loss Institute offers research on weight loss and diet pills Online Education.net Online Degrees College-Campus.com ... Auto Insurance Cheap You can sponsor this page Email us for details Start with: NativeWeb "Our indexed and searchable database contains hundreds of links concerning Native, Aboriginal, and Indigenous internet resources on all seven continents." Includes a Resource Center and a Community Center Native American Research Page Managed by Rev. Raymond A. Bucko, S.J. , Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology, Le Moyne College Continue on with: Aboriginal Links: Canada and US Especially good for Treaties, Fishing Rights, Forestry, and political issues.

74. Native Americans - US Embassy, Budapest public about Indian and native governments, people TRIBAL INFORMATION american Indian Tribal Directory Directories of US federally recognized tribes by tribe http://www.usis.hu/indians.htm

NATIVE AMERICANS http://www.usembassy.hu The Wyaatch Cultural Group - Native American Dancers and Drummers in Hungary (May 6-11, 2001) U.S. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT Bureau of Indian Affairs (Department of the Interior) The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) is the principal bureau within the federal government responsible for the administration of federal programs for federally recognized Indian tribes, and for promoting Indian self-determination. In addition, the Bureau has a trust responsibility emanating from treaties and other agreements with Native groups. The mission of the Bureau is to enhance the quality of life, to promote economic opportunity, and to carry out the responsibility to protect and improve the trust assets of Indian tribes and Alaska Natives. MUSEUMS National Museum of the American Indian (Smithsonian Institution) The Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian is dedicated to the preservation, study, and exhibition of the life, languages, literature, history, and arts of Native Americans. Established by an Act of Congress in 1989, the museum works in collaboration with the Native peoples of the Western Hemisphere to protect and foster their cultures by reaffirming traditions and beliefs, encouraging contemporary artistic expression, and empowering the Indian voice. The Southwest Museum The Southwest Museum holds one of the nation's most important museum, library, and archive collections related to the American Indian. For eighty years it has supported research, publications, exhibitions, and other educational activities to advance the public's understanding and appreciation of the Americas, with particular emphasis on the Western United States and Mesoamerica.

75. Native American Links: The Nations apachenation.com/ contains information on tribal council, events www.ableza.org/Events.html american Indian Events from and for the native american community. http://www.sondra.net/links/na-nations.htm

Native American Links MAJOR SECTIONS: The Arts Education and Kids Legal and Political Link Libraries ... Other The Nations ON THIS PAGE: Natives from Other Places Besides the Americas Regional, Nations Social Life (including powwows) Natives from Other Places Besides the Americas Ande Somby's Cyber-lavvu http://www.jus.uit.no/ansatte/somby/ An Introduction to the Sami People http://www.itv.se/boreale/samieng.htm a lot of information about the Sami people in Norway Maori Independence http://aotearoa.wellington.net.nz/ a lot of information on the Maoris and their struggle for sovereignty Native Revolts and Wars http://www.itv.se/boreale/kautoesne.html comparision between the Lakota Ghostdancers and the Sami rebellion in Kautokeino Samefolket http://www.samefolket.se/index.htm articles on the Sami culture Regional, Nations Aboriginal Peoples Network http://www.aboriginalcanada.com/apn/ established in 1993 to provide a place for aboriginal peoples to meet one another in a social setting, share information, and establish valuable common interest links within the aboriginal community of Ottawa Affiliated Tribes of Northwest Indians http://www.atni.org/

76.  American Indian Directories And Links native american IndianCulture, Education, Art, Science, History- Gateway Covers everything from native Maps (Alaska tribes and Alaska native http://cooday8.tripod.com/resource.htm

Native American Sites Information on Individual Native Nations Index of Native American Resources on the Internet - A complete cyber package of Native American links covering everything from History, Education, Language, Health, Indigenous Knowledge, Art to Culture NativeWeb - Welcome to NativeWeb, a collective project of many people. Our vision embraces ancient teachings and modern technology. Our purpose: to provide a cyber-community for Earth's indigenous. Excellent site covering everything from Resource Center (Nations/Index) Community Center, General Site info and Ongoing Projects and Sites by NativeWeb Collective Members. NativeWeb has recently revamped their site with more changes to come. Native Americans-Internet Resources - Welcome to the Internet School Library Media Center Native American page. You will find resources for teachers, librarians, students and parents on this page. You can search this site. The following sites have useful information on Native Americans. Native American Indian-Culture, Education, Art, Science, History- Gateway

77. Justice Systems Of Indian Nations association (nonprofit corporation since 1969) of Tribal Court judges primarily devoted to the support of american Indian and Alaska native justice systems http://www.tribal-institute.org/lists/justice.htm

Tribal Court Clearinghouse SEARCH var MenuLinkedBy='AllWebMenus [2]', awmBN='456'; awmAltUrl=''; Tribal Courts This page provides general information on the Justice Systems of Indian Nations or Tribal Court Systems, including links to Tribal Court web sites. Tribal Courts (from the Internet Archive ) is a site provided by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and contains information concerning specific tribal courts. The information, accessed by BIA areas, includes tribal court name, address, phone number, and fax number. The names of tribal court judges are also included. For another on-line listing of tribal court contact information - see National Tribal Justice Resource Center Listing. National Tribal Justice Organizations: The National American Indian Court Judges Association (NAICJA) is a national voluntary association (non-profit corporation since 1969) of Tribal Court judges. The Association is primarily devoted to the support of American Indian and Alaska Native justice systems through education, information sharing, and advocacy. The mission of the Association, as a national membership organization, is to strengthen and enhance tribal justice systems. NAICJA's site contains the following: About Us Events Resources Legislation ... Contact NAICJA The National Tribal Justice Resource Center was established by the National American Indian Court Judges Association (NAICJA) under a grant from the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) of the U.S. Department of Justice

78. Indian Tribes Of Alabama Sibley (1806) on native authority gives 200 hunters in the there until the end of the Creekamerican War, when of the Mobile and the two tribes appear usually http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/alabama/

document.write(''); Indian Tribes of Alabama Towns, Villages, Sub-tribes, Location and History 1900 Indian Territory Census Dawes Commission Index, 1898-1914 Circle of First Nations Our Free Newsletter 14-day Free Trial of Ancestry.com's Databases Add a link or report a Broken Link!! Abihka , see Creek Confederacy and Muskogee. Alabama (See Alabama Apalachee . A part of this tribe lived for a time among the Lower Creeks and perhaps in this State. Another section settled near Mobile and remained there until West Florida was ceded to Great Britain when they crossed the Mississippi. A few seem to have joined the Creeks and migrated with them to Oklahoma. (See Florida Apalachicola . Very early this tribe lived on the Apalachicola and Chattahoochee Rivers, partly in Alabama. Sometime after 1715 they settled in Russell County, on the Chattahoochee River where they occupied at least two different sites before removing with the rest of the Creeks to the other side of the Mississippi. (See Georgia Atasi . A division or subtribe of the Muskogee. Chatot . This tribe settled near Mobile after having been driven from Florida and moved to Louisiana about the same time as the Apalachee. (See Florida Cherokee . In the latter part of the eighteenth century some Cherokee worked their way down the Tennessee River as far as Muscle Shoals, constituting the Chickamauga band. They had settlements at Turkeytown on the Coosa, Willstown on Wills Creek, and Coldwater near Tuscumbia, occupied jointly with the Creeks and destroyed by the Whites in 1787. All of their Alabama territory was surrendered in treaties made between 1807 and 1835. (See

79. Indian Tribes Of Georgia about 1723 to the opening of the american Revolution, and the later capital of the Creek Nation in what was, however, taken from the tribe under consideration. http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/georgia/

document.write(''); Indian Tribes of Georgia Indian Tribes of North America, Swanton 1900 Indian Territory Census Dawes Commission Index, 1898-1914 Circle of First Nations Our Free Newsletter 14-day Free Trial of Ancestry.com's Databases Add a link or report a Broken Link!! Apalachee . After the English and Creeks destroyed the Apalachee towns in Florida in 1704, they established a part of the tribe in a village not far below the present Augusta. In 1715, when the Yamasee war broke out, these Apalachee joined the hostile Indians and went to the Chattahoochee to live near that faction of the Lower Creeks which was favorable to Spain. Soon afterward, however, the English faction gained the ascendency among the Creeks, and the Apalachee returned to Florida. (See Florida Apalachicola . From Hitchiti "Apalachicoli" or Muskogee "Apalachicolo," signifying apparently "People of the other side," with reference probably to the Apalachicola River or some nearby stream. Also called: Talwa lako or Italwa lako, "big town," name given by the Muskogee Indians.

80. Native American Clashes With European Settlers In 1768, the Six nations and Cherokee signed Henry Hamilton met with tribal leaders at these attacks, often perpetrating brutal assaults on native Americans. http://www.wvculture.org/history/indland.html

Native American Clashes with European Settlers Emergence of Tribes As the Confederacy fought smaller tribes for control of western Virginia, European colonists set their own designs on the Ohio Valley. In 1607, English colonists landed at Jamestown, Virginia. Based on various explorations, the British and French laid claim to the territory comprising present-day West Virginia and Native Americans were forced west. Many of the tribes were destroyed by constant warfare and catastrophic diseases. At the same time, trade with the Europeans proved a strong attraction, enabling the Indians to acquire valuable new products, such as guns, steel hatchets, cloth, and kettles. The fur trade in particular made many tribes powerful and more aggressive. The Indian nations successfully played one European power against another. For instance, the British formed an alliance with the Iroquois Confederacy to cut the French out of the lucrative fur trade. However, the Six Nations also negotiated treaties and traded with the French. Treaties As part of their negotiations, the British secured three treaties which opened the western Virginia frontier to European settlement: Treaty of Albany (1722) and Treaty of Lancaster (1744) with the Six Nations and Treaty of Logstown (1752) with the Delaware and Shawnee. At Lancaster, Virginia negotiators convinced the Six Nations to surrender their land to the "setting sun," which the Confederacy interpreted as the crest of the Alleghenies and the British interpreted as all of western Virginia. Following the Treaty of Lancaster and the end of King George's War (1748) between England and France, Virginia pioneers pushed west of the Alleghenies.

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