61. Exhibit: Black Hills Treaty of the treaties extinguished native Americans title to US treaties with Indian nationsare held by URL http//www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/american_originals http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/american_originals/sioux.html

National Archives and Records Administration "This war was brought upon us by the children of the Great Father who came to take our land from us without price." Spotted Tail, "The report and journal of proceedings of the commission appointed to obtain certain concessions from the Sioux Indians," December 26, 1876 The history of Native Americans in North America dates back thousands of years. Exploration and settlement of the western United States by Americans and Europeans wreaked havoc on the Indian peoples living there. In the 19th century the American drive for expansion clashed violently with the Native American resolve to preserve their lands, sovereignty, and ways of life. The struggle over land has defined relations between the U.S. government and Native Americans and is well documented in the holdings of the National Archives. Treaty of 1868, April 29, 1868, top of page 1 The Black Hills of Dakota are sacred to the Sioux Indians. In the 1868 treaty, signed at Fort Laramie and other military posts in Sioux country, the United States recognized the Black Hills as part of the Great Sioux Reservation, set aside for exclusive use by the Sioux people. However, after the discovery of gold there in 1874, the United States confiscated the land in 1877. To this day, ownership of the Black Hills remains the subject of a legal dispute between the U.S. government and the Sioux. Page 2 bears the signatures of the American commissioners who represented the United States (including Lt.-Gen. William T. Sherman) , while page 3 features the names and markings of the Sioux chiefs. You can see high- resolution images of the treaty:

62. Homework Center - Native American Sites Springs Walla Walla, Wasco and Paiute native american tribes Fisheries Commissionhttp//www.nwifc.wa.gov/tribes/ Western Washington native tribes and http://www.multcolib.org/homework/natamhc.html

School Corps Library Catalog Library Databases Ask Us! ... Tareas Escolares Native American Sites: Native American Megasites Individual Tribes Northwest Tribes Native American Megasites American Indians and the Natural World http://www.carnegiemuseums.org/cmnh/exhibits/north-south-east-west/ This site from the Carnegie Museum of Natural History illustrates how native people are connected to the natural universe. The museum selects a few specific tribes to illustrate this. Compact History: A Geographic Overview http://www.dickshovel.com/up.html History, location, names, language, sub-tribes, culture and population and more on many tribes throughout the United States. More Northeast tribes are covered at this site. Stones Unturned http://www.civilization.ca/aborig/stones/engfrm.htm This site from the Canadian Museum of Civilization presents Native American clothes, toys, and musical instruments and also highlights seven native tribes of Canada. First Nations Histories http://www.tolatsga.org/Compacts.html This site includes basic information on the history, culture, language etc, of 48 Native American tribes. First Americans for Grade Schoolers http://www.germantown.k12.il.us/html/intro.html

63. Native Americans - Councils & Institutes public radio stations, issues affecting native culture, and com/~berryhp/nmrc.htmlTreaties american Indian Today http//www.doi.gov/bia/aitoday/aitoday.html http://www.nativeamericans.com/Councils&Institutes.htm

AIHEC Information Access contact information - e-mail and snail mail addresses and phone numbers - plus an interactive map and links to several Native American colleges from the American Indian Higher Education Consortium. http://www.aihec.org Center for Indigenous Theatre "The Centre for Indigenous Theatre is a non-profit registered Canadian charitable organization which provides training, education, networking and positive role modelling in the field of theatre, including film and television, for persons of Aboriginal, Metis and Innuit descent." Learn all about it here. http://www.interlog.com/~cit/cit.html First Nations House of Learning The House of Learning is located in the First Nations Longhouse, a building which reflects the architectural traditions of the Northwest Coast. There is a diagram of this longhouse, and pages about the programmes and degrees

64. Native Americans - Ethnology  com/alg.html Indians and the american Revolution http Was the Word The Russian Churchand native Alaskan Cultures http//lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits/russian http://www.nativeamericans.com/Ethnology.htm

Ethnology The scientific study of the origin and functioning of human cultures. It is usually considered one of the major branches of cultural anthropology, the other two being anthropological archaeology and anthropological linguistics. In the 19th cent. ethnology was historically oriented and offered explanations for extant cultures, languages, and races in terms of diffusion, migration, and other historical processes. In the 20th cent. ethnology has focused on the comparative study of past and contemporary cultures. Since cultural phenomena can seldom be studied under conditions of experiment or control, comparative data from the total range of human behavior helps the ethnologist to avoid those assumptions about human nature that may be implicit in the dictates of any single culture. See R. H. Lowie, The History of Ethnological Theory (1938); E. A. Hoebel, Man in the Primitive World (1949, 2d ed. 1958); Margaret Mead, People and Places (1959); Barton Schwartz, Culture and Society (1968); Clifford Geertz

65. Native American Resources - Text Only Low Vision Posole Stew ~ beef or pork; Modern Wojape ~ a dessert pudding; native american Foods~ Paula Giese; like to share, put it into an email feedback@ihs.gov and we http://www.ihs.gov/GeneralWeb/Links/AmericanIndian/index_text.asp

66. Electronic Bibliography-Wirtz Labor Library United States native Americans (Law Library of Congress) (www.loc.gov/law/guide/usnative.html)Anyone who seeks information on treaties, laws, or legal http://www.dol.gov/oasam/library/printversion/nativeamerican_pf.htm

Back Native American History Month: November A selected electronic bibliography Compiled by the Wirtz Labor Library Staff (www.dol.gov/oasam/library) U.S. Department of Labor Alaska Native Heritage Center (alaskanative.net/) If you would like to explore the education and culture of Alaska Natives, you should plan to visit this museum located in Northeast Anchorage, Alaska. The Center is a gathering place to celebrate, perpetuate, and share Alaska Native cultures. The website includes links to the Center's Alaska Native artists and their works, and provides several educational opportunities. Children's Books With Native American Indian History, Themes, and Characters (www.cynthialeitichsmith.com/newnatlit.htm) Understanding the importance of children's literature and stories in all cultures, this site presents a comprehensive look into the field of Native American books for children. The site guides the visitor through themes, history, and characters, and aids in locating certain authors and themes. National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) (www.nmai.si.edu/)

67. The Plains Indians Plains Indians. The native Americans came to trade, to visit, andlater to sign treaties and receive annuities. Early relations http://www.nps.gov/fola/indians.htm

Plains Indians During most of its early history, Fort Laramie was a social and economic center for several tribes of Plains Indians. The Native Americans came to trade, to visit, and later to sign treaties and receive annuities. Early relations between the traders at the Fort and the Indians were amicable, but as the tide of emigrants swelled along the Oregon Trial, resentments and friction began to emerge. In an effort to end hostilities, a council attended by representatives of the United States and more than 10,000 Indians was called near Fort Laramie in 1851. The council give birth to the Treaty of 1851 that was signed by the United States and tribal representatives. In return for $50,000 per year of annuities, the Indians agreed to stop harassing the wagon trains. The Treaty was not effective, however, and subsequent incidents resulted in deaths of Native Americans, emigrants, and soldiers alike. The Bozeman Trail, which headed North to the gold fields of Montana, was soon swarming with emigrants who passed through the prime bison hunting lands of the Sioux and the Cheyenne tribes. The Army constructed three Forts along the Trail to provide for the safety of the travelers. The Native Americans resented the intrusions, and the high plains were soon aflame with conflict. A new treaty, the Treaty of 1868 was signed in which the Army agreed to withdraw from the Bozeman Trail and evacuate the forts along it. It addition, the treaty provided a reservation for the Indians along with rights to their traditional hunting grounds.

68. Native American Web Sites museum works in collaboration with the native peoples of 20volume work, The NorthAmerican Indian, left International Information Programs (usinfo.state.gov http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/diversity/sites-na.htm

Diversity 25 November 2003 Selected Web Sites: Native American The American Indian Heritage Foundation AIHF was established to provide relief services to Indian people nationwide and to build bridges of understanding and friendship between Indian and non-Indian people. The site provides an American Indian Tribal Directory of names of U.S. federally recognized tribes. American Indian Higher Education Consortium The Consortium was founded in 1972 by the presidents of the nation’s first six Tribal Colleges, as an informal collaboration among member colleges. Today it presents a directory of tribal colleges and universities; information about the role of tribal colleges in postsecodary education, students and tribal college graduates; a link to the White House Initiative on Tribal Colleges and Universities; and articles from its journal. Its International Programs and Partnerships page is intended to help foster international links with indigenous peoples outside of the United States. First Nations Development Institute A Native American nonprofit organization founded in 1980 to promote culturally appropriate economic development by and for Native peoples. It coordinates local grass roots projects with national program and policy development to build capacity for self-reliant reservation economies. The Heritage Institute An Indian-managed non-profit organization that provides technical, policy, educational, and financial assistance to American Indian Tribes to pursue sustainable, environmentally-sound economic development.

69. Links: Native Americans Bureau of Indian Affairs http//www.doi.gov/bureauindian provides testimonies onlegislation relevant for american Indians and Alaskan Natives, as well as http://www.nwjustice.org/links/natives.html

Search nwjustice.org Search WWW Online Donations Volunteer Opportunities Links to other web sites will be opened in a new browser window. Affiliated Tribes of Northwest Indians (ATNI) http://www.atnitribes.org/ ATNI is a nonprofit organization representing 43 Northwest tribal governments from Oregon, Idaho, Washington, southeast Alaska, Northern California and Western Montana. Bureau of Indian Affairs http://www.doi.gov/bureau-indian-affairs.html The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), a subsidiary of the United States Department of the Interior, provides testimonies on legislation relevant for American Indians and Alaskan Natives, as well as phone contacts and information about the BIA. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/index.htm Volume II of this collection of Indian treaties has been digitized by the Oklahoma State University Library. It includes the full text of treaties between the U.S. government and various Indian tribes from 1778 to 1883. Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler. Indian Child Welfare Act http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/25/ch21.html

70. Northwest Indian Law Clinic Fisheries Commission http// www.nwifc.wa.gov. Legislation Affecting the americanIndian Community http native american Consultation Database http//www.cast.uark http://www.nwjustice.org/NWILC/html/links.html

Our Mission Student Information Ongoing Projects Washington Tribes ... Back to NJP Tribal Links American Indians of the Pacific Northwest Digital Collection http://content.lib.washington.edu/aipnw/index.html Indian Land Cessions in the United States - Royce Map Series http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwss-ilc.html National Indian Child Welfare Association http://www.nicwa.org/ National Congress of American Indians http://ncai.org/ Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission http:// www.nwifc.wa.gov United Indians of All Tribes Foundation http://www.unitedindians.com/ American Indian Radio On Satellite Home Page http://www.airos.org/ Canadian First Nations Manitoulin (1862), Robinson (1850) Treaties http://www.kstrom.net/isk/maps/cantreaty/manitoulin.html Legislation Affecting the American Indian Community http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/4725/ Native American Consultation Database http://www.cast.uark.edu/other/nps/nacd/

71. Utah History To Go - Native Americans the federal government ended the practice of making treaties and instituted a andhealth problems plagued most reservations, and native Americans became ever http://historytogo.utah.gov/natives.html

American Indians Previous Next Studio portrait of Navajo man Gathering of Navajo, Utes, and Whites NATIVE AMERICANS IN UTAH David Rich Lewis Utah History Encyclopedia Long before Euro-Americans entered the Great Basin, substantial numbers of people lived within the present boundaries of Utah. Archaeological reconstructions suggest human habitation stretching back some 12,000 years. The earliest known inhabitants were members of what has been termed the Desert Archaic Culture—nomadic hunter-gatherers with developed basketry, flaked-stem stone tools, and implements of wood and bone. They inhabited the region between 10,000 B.C. and A.D. 400. These peoples moved in extended family units, hunting small game and gathering the periodically abundant seeds and roots in a slightly more cool and moist Great Basin environment. About A.D. 400, the Fremont Culture began to emerge in northern and eastern Utah out of this Desert tradition. The Fremont peoples retained many Desert hunting-gathering characteristics yet also incorporated a maize-bean-squash horticultural component by A.D. 800-900. They lived in masonry structures and made sophisticated basketry, pottery, and clay figurines for ceremonial purposes. Intrusive Numic peoples displaced or absorbed the Fremont sometime after A.D. 1000. Beginning in A.D. 400, the Anasazi, with their Basketmaker Pueblo Culture traditions, moved into southeastern Utah from south of the Colorado River. Like the Fremont to the north the Anasazi (a Navajo word meaning "the ancient ones") were relatively sedentary peoples who had developed a maize-bean-squash-based agriculture. The Anasazi built rectangular masonry dwellings and large apartment complexes that were tucked into cliff faces or situated on valley floors like the structures at Grand Gulch and Hovenweep National Monument. They constructed pithouse granaries, made coiled and twined basketry, clay figurines, and a fine gray-black pottery. The Anasazi prospered until A.D. 1200-1400 when climactic changes, crop failures, and the intrusion of Numic hunter-gatherers forced a southward migration and reintegration with the Pueblo peoples of Arizona and New Mexico.

72. American West - Native Americans 2. native american Rights Fund (NARF) Legal resources library Pressreleases - treaties info. - Searches. Names, addresses, email http://www.americanwest.com/pages/natorgs.htm

NATIVE AMERICANS Organizations and Government Sources TABLE OF CONTENTS General Native American Resources Native American Nations Homepages Education Organizations And Government Sources ... Indian Tribes - Population Rankings We have compiled this list of the 30 largest tribes or Native Nations in the U.S. based on the 1990 census report (U.S. Department of Commerce). Native American Rights Fund (NARF) U.S. Department of Interior (Responsible for the Bureau of Indian Affairs) U.S. Department of Interior - email addresses Bureau of Indian Affairs U.S. Census Bureau 8. -U.S. House of Representatives - Internet Law Library - Indian Nations and tribes Native American Legal Resources on the Internet 10. -Tribal Courts and Traditional Justice 11. -American Bar Association Law Practice Management 12. -Government Resources for Native Americans on the Internet 13. -U.S. Senate Committee on Indian Affairs Senator Daniel K. Inouye Home Page Vice-Chairman of the Senate's Indian Affairs Committee Ben Nighthorse Campbell Member of the Senate's Indian Affairs Committee 16. -The Federal Web Locator

73. Native American Links: Legal And Political instree/x1cppcg.htm Not specifically about native americans, but it does let yousee how the american Indian plight Law Library http//law.house.gov/31.htm http://www.sondra.net/links/na-legal.htm

Native American Links MAJOR SECTIONS: The Arts Education and Kids Link Libraries The Nations ... Other Legal and Political ON THIS PAGE: Legal and Political News and Current Events Special News Section: Indians in Mexico Legal and Political Aboriginal Healing Foundation http://www.ahf.ca/ Their mission is "to encourage and support Aboriginal people in building and reinforcing sustainable healing processes that address the legacy of Physical Abuse and Sexual Abuse in the Residential School system, including intergenerational impacts." Aboriginal Rights Coalition of BC http://vvv.com/~arcbc/ a coalition of aboriginal organizations, the major churches of Canada, and local community groups Alaska District's Native Liaison http://www.usace.army.mil/alaska/liaison/ This is the place where you'll find the latest news about Alaska District, Corps of Engineers activities that may affect the Alaska Native populations. Aloha http://hawaii-nation.org/index.html

74. CMN Library N.A. Links org/ Collection of articles describing the many forms of native american technology art OAIT Office of american Indian Trust http//www.doi.gov/oait/links http://www.menominee.edu/library/NAlinks.html

Back to CMN Library NATIVE AMERICAN LINKS Authors Education Menominee Tribe Publications Treaty Rights "Turtle Medicine" by Larry Hood (Comanche) Online Resources About The Library Reference Works Library Catalogs around the state: WISCAT Local library holdings at: NEWCAT CMN home page Questions or Comments? Ask the Librarian! College of Menominee Nation Library Native American Links General Resources This page features links to general information on Native Americans. You will find everything from information on organizations, bibliographies, treaties, Great Plains Images, Native American Law, the Six Nations, a list of U.S. government sites dealing with Native Americans, Wisconsin Tribes, art, and general concerns like health, culture and language. The sites are not maintained by the library and the library is not responsible for their content. Not what you want? Check out the other topics listed to the left or use the individual pictures at the bottom of this page to take you to the topic of your choice! "Turtle Medicine" by Larry Hood (Comanche) American Indians WWW Virtual Library http://www.hanksville.org/NAresources/

75. Issues For Native Americans Internet Hunt Trail of Broken treaties position paper http//www Bureau of Indian Affairs - http//www.doi.gov/bureau-indian NativeAmerican Rights Fund - http//www.narf.org http://homepage.mac.com/cohora/pbl/na/naiss.html

Issues for Native Americans Problem-based learning Activity by Cindy O'Hora The Problem: Your school has won a technology grant. You are to use it to create online resources that provide information about an issue for Native Americans. The goal is to provoke change by providing facts, opinions and potential solutions. Which issue/problem do you think should be covered? Step 1 Each member of the group identifies what they know about Native American issues. Step 2 Identify what you do not know about the life, history and problems of Native Americans . Be specific. Make a list. Assign who will find the answers/info. Everyone will be researching info. Step 3 Discuss your findings on individual issues/problems. Decide on one and list the reasons for its selection. Step 4 Create a project/report to explain your choice and support its selection. Once you have chosen the issue/problem, create a report to explain the selection to your class/school. Be sure to show the relevance and importance of the issue/problem. Online Resources: I have collected a set of valuable sites for researching Native Americans. I suggest you use them first. Surf the web to fill in the missing facts. You may also use print resources and video based info. If you use a resource not listed here, document it in your cited works (bibliography) at the end of your report.

76. Internet Public Library: Native American text columns on american Indian/Alaska native education from also links to many otheramerican Indian Education Standardization Project http//www.edu.gov.on.ca http://www.ipl.org/div/subject/browse/soc40.55.00/

dqmcodebase = "/javascript/" Subject Collections Business Computers Education ... Native American This collection All of the IPL Advanced Sub-headings: Native American History Resources in this category: You can also view Magazines Associations on the Net under this heading. Aboriginal Digital Collections http://collections.ic.gc.ca/E/adc.asp Describing itself as a "gateway to outstanding web sites of Canadian Aboriginal images and information" this site provides original content and links to other related sites. Information on Canadian Aboriginal art, business, culture, history, language, and more is provided. Alaskan Native Knowledge Network http://www.ankn.uaf.edu/ "The Alaskan Native Knowledge Network is designed to serve as a resource for compiling and exchanging information related to Alaska Native knowledge systems and ways of knowing. It has been established to assist Native people, government agencies, educators and the general public in gaining access to the knowledge base that Alaaska Natives have aquired through cumulative experience over millennia." American Folklife Center, Library of Congress: Omaha Indian Music

77. EDSITEment Calendar 2 1972—500 native Americans conclude the Trail of Broken treaties march to Washington,DC native Americans From the Land from Teacher Serve (W) Mexico and http://edsitement.neh.gov/calendar_November.html

EDSITEment Calendar for November: Native American History Month A collection of peer-reviewed websites and EDSITEment lesson plans covering holidays and special events. LEGEND: (W) = Website Feature (LP) = Lesson Plan (ALA) = Additional Learning Activity = This Month's Feature M TU W TH F SA/SU 79—Mt. Vesuvius buries Pompeii In Old Pompeii (LP) 1986—First National War Monument for Native Americans dedicated Native Americans From the Land Teacher Serve (W) Not 'Indians,' Many Tribes: Native American Diversity (LP) 1972—500 Native Americans conclude the "Trail of Broken Treaties" march to Washington, DC Native Americans From the Land from Teacher Serve (W) Mexico and Portugal celebrate Dia de los Muertos /Day of the Dead Casa de Joanna: Dia de los Muertos (W) 1922—Howard Carter discovers tomb of Tutankhamen in Egypt Exploring Ancient World Cultures (W) 1813—Chilpancingo congress declares Mexico independent of Spain Conquistadors (W) 1917—Bolshevik Revolution in Russia Bucknell Russian Studies Department (W) 1811—Battle of Tippecanoe: Gen. William Henry Harrison routes Indians

78. HSU Library - Subject Guides Native American Studies Tribe (http//www.hoopansn.gov) This is of important documents, eg, the 1850 unratifiedtreaties. www.humboldt.edu/~jmg2) native american Studies Professor http://library.humboldt.edu/~berman/nas.htm

Humboldt State University Library Subject Guides: Native American Studies Comprehensive Web Pages Special Topics Northwestern California Humboldt State University Resources ... Publishers/Distributors See also: HSU Library Collections on North American Indians Sources on North American Indians in the HSU Library Native American Children's Literature in the Classroom: An Annotated Bibliography Comprehensive Web Pages Index of Native American Resources on the Internet (http://www.hanksville.org/NAresources) Karen Strom maintains this extensive site. Do read the Frequently Asked Questions! Lisa Mitten's Home Page (http://www.nativeculture.com/lisamitten/indians.html) This is an extremely well-maintained directory of Indian resources. Sections include: Information on Individual Native Nations; Native Organizations and Urban Indian Centers; Tribal Colleges, Native Studies Programs, and Indian Education; Languages; The Mascot Issue; Native Media (organizations, journals and newspapers, radio and television); Powwows and Festivals; Sources for Indian Music; Native Arts Organizations and Individuals (artists, performers, celebrities, actors, actresses, storytellers, authors, activists); Indians in the Military; Native Businesses; and General Indian-Oriented Home Pages. NativeWeb (http://www.nativeweb.org)

79. Special Assignment - Native Americans Commission http//www.nwifc.wa.gov/tribes/ Western flash.net/~kma/treaty.htm Chicasawtreaties from 1782 native american Lore Index Page http//www.ilhawaii.net http://www.noblenet.org/saugus/nativeamericans.html

SAUGUS PUBLIC LIBRARY Special Assignment Native Americans ABOUT THE LIBRARY ONLINE RESOURCES HOMEWORK ZONE SAUGUS CATALOG Native Americans Online Native American Megasites Individual Tribes Native American Megasites American Indians and the Natural World http://www.carnegiemuseums.org/cmnh/exhibits/north-south-east-west/ This site from the Carnegie Museum of Natural History illustrates how native people are connected to the natural universe. The museum selects a few specific tribes to illustrate this. Compact History: A Geographic Overview http://www.dickshovel.com/up.html History, location, names, language, sub-tribes, culture and population and more on many tribes throughout the United States. More Northeast tribes are covered at this site. Stones Unturned http://www.civilization.ca/aborig/stones/engfrm.htm This site from the Canadian Museum of Civilization presents Native American clothes, toys, and musical instruments and also highlights seven native tribes of Canada. First Nations Histories http://www.tolatsga.org/Compacts.html

80. Native American Resources E98.C3 P35 1993 Main, GREF http//www.census.gov/apsd/wepeople/we5.pdf A descriptiveprofile of american Indian and native Alaskan populations. http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/doemoff/gov_ntvam.html

var treename = "Tree1"; tree = new COOLjsTreePRO(treename, GOVTREE_NODES, GOVTREE_FORMAT); Catalogs Find... Collections Services ... Government Information: US Federal General Resources Presidency Congress Judiciary ... Statistics International Organizations General Resources United Nations European Union Non-Govt Organizations ... Statistics Foreign Governments General Resources Europe Latin America Africa ... Canada Native American Resources Contents Tips for Searching Bibliographies /Directories Guides and Handbooks Law / Civilrights / Treaties / Federal programs ... Internet Resources The following describes certain basic resources for finding source materials on Native Americans in the UC Berkeley Libraries. Tips for Searching MELVYL lists more than 3,300 subtopics under the Library of Congress Subject Heading, "Indians of North America" at UCB. Subtopics include: region (nation, state/province, county, other locality); general fields (history, ethnology, folklore, economics, government relations); tribe/group; etc. Government documents can be searched in the Author field by the name of the government organ overseeing or studying Indian affairs. Government organs include Congress; Congressional committees and subcommittees (Congress. House. Committee on Public Lands. Subcommittee on Indian Affairs, e.g.); administrative agencies (Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior, e.g.); or specific topics (Freedom of religion, gambling, legal status, laws, etc., e.g.).

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