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82. Ralph Merkle's Home Page I m also interested in molecular manufacturing (also called nanotechnology elements connected in complex patterns to form molecular computers, molecular robotic http://www.merkle.com/

Ralph C. Merkle Email: merkle@merkle.com Home page: www.merkle.com Distinguished Professor of Computing Georgia Tech College of Computing Director, GTISC (Georgia Tech Information Security Center) Vice President, Technology Assessment, Foresight Institute Recent News: I've joined the faculty of the College of Computing at Georgia Tech in Atlanta, Georgia. See the press release Research interests My current research focuses on computer security. We are increasingly dependent on computers for everything finances, communications, transportation, manufacturing, our health and even our lives and our dependence on computers is increasing exponentially. Yet today viruses and worms are rampant, we're flooded with spam, identity theft is common, and hackers can commandeer computers almost at will to disrupt and shut down vital services. This must and will change. A host of security methods are known, and new ones are being developed all the time. I have a broad interest in computer security and a particular interest in cryptography , having co-invented public key cryptography (for which I received the ACM Kanellakis Award , the IEEE Kobayashi Award , and the 2000 RSA Award in Mathematics). I also invented

83. ROAR.com Computer Parts Roar s best sites for computer Parts. IBM Corporation Leader in the manufacture and retail of both PC and highend computer systems. http://www.nano-technology.com/nanozine/OxfordNanotechnologyPLC.htm

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84. Implications Of Nanotechnology In short, nanotechnology has the potential to make as much difference as line, the colonization of America, electricity, the airplane, computers, and genetic http://cphoenix.best.vwh.net/nano-top.html

If technology proceeds at its current pace for a few more decades, we will have the ability to control the position and bonding of individual atomswith a lot more flexibility than current "wet" chemistry allows. This has significant implications. I know of no well-informed counter-arguments to anything I'm writing here. Here is a fictional interview I wrote recently that discusses the technology and some social issues in a more informal style. This is an awesome web site full of nanotech info! Nanotechnology and Life Extension is a chapter I wrote for Dr. Tandy's upcoming book. Cheap Fast Manufacturing If we can stick atoms together to make rigid structures such as diamond, we should be able to make atomically precise factories that can make copies of themselves. Bacteria can reproduce (double) in 15 minutes. Potatoes cost less than a dollar a pound. Now imagine a home appliance that can build a wide range of productsincluding a copy of itselfproducing its own weight in output every hour, building with a range of materials including diamond, at a cost of a dollar a pound. Improved Materials If you scale up this tabletop factory, you can produce construction equipment for the same low costbetter built and stronger than today's products, because diamond is 10 times stronger than steel. The manufacturing process should be a lot cleaner than today's processes. And if you need to build more stuff, you just take your factory off-line for one hour, have it build a copy of itself, and double your production capacity.

85. Advantages Of NanoTechnology! - What Are The Advantages Using NanoTechnology? - Dr. Smalley Although nanotechnology can be good or bad I start out with the earth as you and I live on Selfassembling consumer goods Computers billions of http://maxpages.com/nanotechnology/Advantages

Refer This Site To A Friend Home Computer AMD or Intel How Made AntiVirus ISP ... Links Microsoft Not Monopoly Marketing NanoTechnology Description Functions Economy Advantages ... Adv Reviews XBox GameCube Test A Plus Tips Tips 1 Tips 2 Tips 3 Tips 4 ... Tips 8 Advantages of NanoTechnology! What are the Advantages using NanoTechnology? var AdLoaded = false; var bsid = '11616'; var bsads = '6'; var bsloc = ''; var bswx = 468; var bshx = 60; var bsw = '_blank'; var bsb = 'FFFFFF'; var bsf = '0000FF'; var bsalt = 'off'; Cartoon Doll Maker and Doll Gallery! [Learn About Our Ecommerce] Graphics Gallery! Graphics Gallery and Search Animated GIFs Photos Icons Clip Art "Nanotechnology will reverse the harm done by the industrial revolution". Dr. Smalley Although NanoTechnology can be good or bad I start out with the Positive advantages. Things that will benefit the earth as you and I live on: Self-assembling consumer goods Computers billions of times faster Extremely novel inventions (impossible today) Safe and affordable space travel Medical Nano... virtual end to illness, aging, death

86. Institute Of Nanotechnology Ethical issues in merging with computers go beyond the weird factor into a whole Experts in this new field of nanotechnology promise a world in which very http://www.nano.org.uk/nano.htm

Nanotechnology What is it? The Institute azonano the A to Z of nanotechnology Nanotechnology-What is it? Nanotechnology can best be considered as a 'catch-all' description of activities at the level of atoms and molecules that have applications in the real world. A nanometre is a billionth of a metre, that is, about 1/80,000 of the diameter of a human hair, or 10 times the diameter of a hydrogen atom. An early promoter of the industrial applications of nanotechnology, Albert Franks, defined it as 'that area of science and technology where dimensions and tolerances in the range of 0.1nm to 100 nm play a critical role'. It encompasses precision engineering as well as electronics; electromechanical systems (eg 'lab-on-a-chip' devices) as well as mainstream biomedical applications in areas as diverse as gene therapy, drug delivery and novel drug discovery techniques. Because nanotechnology has opened up new worlds of possibility, it has spawned a proliferation of new terminology - a kind of nanospeak to the uninitiated. For example, the two fundamentally different approaches to nanotechnology are graphically termed 'top down' and 'bottom up'. 'Top-down' refers to making nanoscale structures by machining and etching techniques, whereas 'bottom-up', or molecular nanotechnology, applies to building organic and inorganic structures atom-by-atom, or molecule-by-molecule. Top-down or bottom-up is a measure of the level of advancement of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology, as applied today, is still in the main at what may be considered the more primitive 'top-down' stage.

87. Small Times: News About MEMS, Nanotechnology And Microsystems Researchers in the burgeoning field of nanotechnology hope to someday create computers small enough to be sprinkled like dust, embedded in materials or perhaps http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=2976

88. NanoInvestorNews - COMPUTERS COULD RUN COOLER AND FASTER WITH NEW NANOTECHNOLOGY COMPUTERS COULD RUN COOLER AND FASTER WITH NEW nanotechnology Posted on Tuesday, October 29 @ 163228 PST by calin. PRs A new cooling http://www.nanoinvestornews.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=939

89. NanoBusiness Alliance - Overview we have developed telephones, computers, and the internet, and most of our lives would be impossible without it). Unlike these examples, nanotechnology is not http://www.nanobusiness.org/overview.html

NanoBusiness Alliance 244 Madison Avenue Suite 485 New York NY 10016 The NanoBusiness Alliance...creating a collective voice for the emerging small tech industry. About The Alliance Membership About Nano Industry Information ... Personnel Services Home What's New Newsletter Sign-up Directory Sign-up ... Online Marketplace Contact: info@nanobusiness.org Overview nanotechnology n The ability to do things - measure, see, predict and make - on the scale of atoms and molecules. Traditionally, the nanotechnology realm is defined as being between 0.1 and 100 nanometers, a nanometer being one thousandth of a micron (micrometer), which is, in turn, one thousandth of a millimeter. NANOTECHNOLOGY: THE TINY REVOLUTION Nanotechnology will change the world, the pundits tell us, and people are racing to become a part of the new craze, launching web sites, special reports, companies, and products with the nano prefix. Two billion dollars of government money has been pumped into nanotechnology worldwide over the last two years. Yet few of the pundits seem to have much of a grasp of what nanotechnology encompasses or how it is going to achieve these supposed dramatic effects. Reporting, both from the popular press and respected business sources, all too often mixes up nanotechnologies that are just around the corner with those that are highly speculative or very long-term. At the root of the confusion is an important aspect of nanotechnology that differentiates it from earlier revolutions such as the internet.

90. Thinking Robots: Roberta Wallis AK Dewdney, nanotechnology Wherein Molecular Computers Control Tiny Circulatory Submarines, Scientific American 258100104 (January 1988). http://www.cni.org/pub/LITA/Think/Wallis.html

Nanotechnology: The Library of Congress in Your Pocket Roberta Wallis Research Libraries of the New York Public Library Once upon a time, back in the technological dark ages of 1965, a ten year old girl was taken on a tour of the campus computing center of a major university. She was witness to an amazing sight: a large room filled floor to ceiling and wall to wall with a mainframe computer, with lights and knobs and dials, cooling systems and screens, printers and keyboards. She had no way of knowing then that the rudimentary accounting that huge machine was capable of would turn out to be quite primitive a short while after. Ten years later, in 1975, she was a student at the same university, taking a course in computer programming. She struggled with writing code in gibberish that only the computer could understand, producing a stack of punched cards to turn in at the counter, and then waiting interminably to receive the results of her efforts from a line printer, only to find out that somewhere in that stack of cards there was an error in her code, and she had to start the process over again. She bought her first pocket calculator about that time for $85; three months later the same model cost $20. She doesn't yet know what she will be using in 1995, but chances are it will be a descendant of what is available to her now in 1992: hard drive storage in small boxes with capacities of hundreds of megabytes, RAM in the tens of megabytes, speeds approaching 50 megahertz. She now has access to laptop computers that have many, many times more power and storage capacity than that huge mainframe of twenty-seven years ago. She can do complicated accounting or financial analysis, statistical analysis, desktop publishing, multimedia, databases, hypertext, animation, telecommunications, and more. And while the power of computers has increased exponentially, the ease of use has also increased. Now there is no need to know programming languages or cryptic commands: the graphical interface found on a Macintosh or a DOS-based PC running Windows 3.0 makes the computer accessible to almost anyone.

91. Faster, Lighter Computers Possible With Nanotechnology Faster, lighter computers possible with nanotechnology. Orlando Auciello uses this unique system, developed at Argonne, to understand http://www.eurekalert.org/features/doe/2001-07/dnl-flc060602.php

Text-Only Privacy Policy Site Map Faster, lighter computers possible with nanotechnology Orlando Auciello uses this unique system, developed at Argonne, to understand ferroelectric thin film growth and interface processes critical to fabrication of smart cards based on ferroelectric random access memories. Individual atoms can be detected as they land on a substrate surface. Smaller, lighter computers and an end to worries about electrical failures sending hours of on-screen work into an inaccessible limbo mark the potential result of Argonne research on tiny ferroelectric crystals. "Tiny" means billionths of a meter, or about 1/500th the width of a human hair. These nanomaterials behave differently than their larger bulk counterparts. Argonne researchers have learned that they are more chemically reactive, exhibit new electronic properties and can be used to create materials that are stronger, tougher and more resistant to friction and wear than bulk materials. Improved nano-engineered ferroelectric crystals could realize a 50-year-old dream of creating nonvolatile random access memory (NVRAM). The first fruits of it can be seen in Sony's PlayStation 2 and in smart cards now in use in Brazil, China and Japan. A simple wave of a smart card identifies personnel or pays for gas or public transportation.

92. Opinion:Speakout nanotechnology could, in the future, be used to rapidly identify and block stronger, and smarter materials controlled by powerful molecular computers would let http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/WEBONLY/resource/speakm.html

'); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); // End Hide > Home Table of Contents Opinion: Speakout SITE INDEX Search Member ToC Guest ToC IEEE Job Site Editorial Staff Advertising MediaKit Press Releases Back Issues Direct Mail List Nanotechnology: What Will It Mean? By Ralph C. Merkle, Zyvex Corp. Nanotechnology will make us healthy and wealthy though not necessarily wise. In a few decades, this emerging manufacturing technology will let us inexpensively arrange atoms and molecules in most of the ways permitted by physical law. It will let us make supercomputers that fit on the head of a pin and fleets of medical nanorobots smaller than a human cell able to eliminate cancer, infections, clogged arteries, and even old age. People will look back on this era with the same feelings we have toward medieval timeswhen technology was primitive and almost everyone lived in poverty and died young. Besides computers billions of times more powerful than today's, and new medical capabilities that will heal and cure in cases that are now viewed as utterly hopeless, this new and very precise way of fabricating products will also eliminate the pollution from current manufacturing methods. Molecular manufacturing will make exactly what it is supposed to make, no more and no less, and therefore won't make pollutants. When nanotechnology pioneer Eric Drexler first dared to publish this vision back in the early 1980s, the response was skeptical, at best. It seemed too good to be true, and many scientists pronounced the whole thing impossible. But the laws of physics care little for either our hopes or our fears, and subsequent analysis kept returning the same answer: it will take time, but it is not only possible but almost unavoidable.

93. New Scientist nanotechnology may create new organs. Now, researchers from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard Medical School have used computers to design http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99993916

94. $5.4 Million Awarded For Nanotechnology Research - Electrical And Computer Engin them, for possible use in devices such as cell phones and computers. space in the National Research Council s National Institute for nanotechnology, now being http://www.engineering.ualberta.ca/ece/nav02.cfm?nav02=24986&nav01=24985

95. Science Show - 24/02/01: Nanotechnology nanotechnology Broadcast Saturday 24/02/01. In the future the question may not how many angels can dance on the top of a pin, but how many computers can we fit http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ss/stories/s250676.htm

Earthbeat Health Report Ockhams Razor In Conversation ... Quantum Nanotechnology Broadcast Saturday 24/02/01 Summary: How much more can we continue to shrink the existing microelectronics? In the future the question may not how many angels can dance on the top of a pin, but how many computers can we fit on the top of a pin. Transcript: James Ellenbogen: How do you do, I’m James Ellenbogen, Principal Scientist from the Nanosystems Group at the Mitre Corporation and we all work together in this global enterprise of figuring out how we’re going to get beyond Moore’s Law in the 21st Century by shrinking electronic computers literally down to the molecular scale. What would such a future nanometre-scale electronic computer look like? And to some extent that is dictated by how much further and how long can we continue, to shrink the existing microelectronics which is the basis for the marvellous industrial revolution we have been enjoying up to this point. As best we can tell there is some type of a transitional event that’s going to occur, at least because fabrication is getting much, much more costly. But also there’s some problems with operating principles also, and so this transistor structure, which is the fundament of today’s information technology, although we’ve been shrinking it progressively, to the point where today we really have about 500 nanometre transistors, half a micron, it’s going to be very much more difficult to do that, and the basis for investment in information technology is planned improvement. That’s going to be much harder.

96. Technology Review: MIT's Magazine Of Innovation to run out of steam,” says John Rogers, director of nanotechnology research at the industry’s best hope for building faster, cheaper computers well into http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/stateofinnov40602.asp

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97. The Nanotechnology (Macro) Book Site a thorough analysis of several systems, including nanomechanical computers and molecular This brilliant work heralds the new age of nanotechnology, which will http://www.a-ten.com/z/nanotech.html

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98. Nanotechnology Is BIG At NIST a funding increase of $5.2 million to further NIST’s nanotechnology efforts. and to pave the way for enormously powerful quantum computers and perfectly http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/nanotech.htm

Nanotechnology Is BIG at NIST Consider work under way at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), where research truly is pushing the limits of technology. Here, scientists and engineers are building atom and electron counters, single-photon turnstiles, ultracold ion and atom traps, and lasers that generate uniform pulses of light that last only a few trillionths of a second. For NIST, the quest to design, manipulate, manufacture, and assemble at the molecular and atomic levels translates into a full agenda of demanding measurement jobs and related tasks. Already, more than 1,700 companies in 34 nations reportedly are pursuing the commercial promise of nanotechnology. Mastery of the almost infinitesimally small, however, will require an underlying technical foundation. Just like gage blocks (standardized sets of hardened steel blocks of accurately determined thicknesses) and other widely adopted measurement tools that enabled the rise of mass production and interchangeable parts, exceedingly accurate measurement tools and other underpinning generic technologies will be essential to realizing the anticipated bounty of nanotechnology products and services.

99. Whither Nanotechnology Besides computers, molecular nanotechnology should let us make inexpensive materials with a strengthto-weight ratio similar to that of diamond. http://itri.loyola.edu/nano/us_r_n_d/08_06.htm

WHITHER NANOTECHNOLOGY? Ralph C. Merkle Xerox PARC 3333 Coyote Hill Road Palo Alto, CA 94304 Introduction A new manufacturing technology looms on the horizon: molecular nanotechnology (http://nano.xerox.com/nano) . Its roots date back to a 1959 talk by Richard Feynman (http://nano.xerox.com/nanotech/feynman.html) in which he said, "The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom. It is not an attempt to violate any laws; it is something, in principle, that can be done; but in practice, it has not been done because we are too big." http://www.foresight.org/EOC/EOC_References.html#0025 ) would be unstable unless all its pieces were in place. The final result would be stable, but all synthetic pathways leading to this result would have to pass through an unstable state, making synthesis impossible. While the broad objective has gained acceptance, as a community we have still not agreed on how best to proceed, nor on what this future technology will look like, nor on how long it will take to develop. The purpose of this paper is not primarily to focus on specific technical approaches, but to ask, "What do we need to do, as a community, to speed the development of this new technology?" The Goal Besides computers, molecular nanotechnology should let us make inexpensive materials with a strength-to-weight ratio similar to that of diamond. These would have wide ranging applications in structural and load bearing applications. Manufactured with precisely the desired shape and structured at the molecular scale to optimize material properties, we should be able to make a jet, a rocket, a car or even a chair that would, by today's standards, be remarkably light, strong, and cheap.

100. Nanotechnology And Future Supercomputing computers will surely be faster, molecular mechanical computers are easier to to the performance of supercomputing systems in the coming era of nanotechnology. http://www.aeiveos.com/~bradbury/Authors/Engineering/Drexler-KE/NaFS.html

Nanotechnology and Future Supercomputing K. Eric Drexler CS Department, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305 from Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Supercomputing , International Supercomputing Institute (1988) Abstract . The advance of technology in chemistry, biochemistry, and micromanipulation is carrying us toward the ability to build complex molecular structures, including molecular machines and molecular electronic devices. Although molecular electronic computers will surely be faster, molecular mechanical computers are easier to design and analyze. Their capabilities set lower bounds to the performance of supercomputing systems in the coming era of nanotechnology. 1. INTRODUCTION Nanotechnology is a projected technology based on a general ability to build objects to complex atomic specifications [ ]. It takes its name from the nanometer scale of the structures it can produce; a cubic nanometer of material typically contains over a hundred atoms ( Figure 1 ). Size alone does not define nanotechnology, however. Nanotechnology will not be limited to making small structures [ ]; further, just as cigarettes and bubble pipes (which make micron-scale smoke particles and soap films) are not tools of microtechnology, so not all processes that make nanometer-scale products (which include simple molecules, ultrathin films, and submicron lines) are examples of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology implies atom-by-atom control of complex structures; microtechnology implies the fabrication of complex, microscopic structures without this control.

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