61. Mongolia history testifies that when mongolia was faced with the question of choosing its state structure and path of development, many mongolian intellectuals put http://www.un.int/mongolia/histdoc.htm

PERMANENT MISSION OF MONGOLIA TO THE UNITED NATION 6 East 77th Street, New York, NY 10021 tel: (212) 861 9460, (212) 737 3874 fax: ( 212 861 9464 E-mail: mongolia@un.int Business info Visa and Travel Links Online news More about Mongolia ... For Mongolians in USA Historical Path of Mongolia's Statehood and Independence (Excepts from the statement made by H.E.P.Ochirbat, President of Mongolia on the occasion of the 790th anniversary of the foundation of the Mongolian State and the 75th anniversary of Peoples revolution. Ulaanbaatar, July l,1996 ) ...The Mongolian history of the 20th century has been a history of long struggle of the Mongolian people for independence, renaissance and democracy. Let us briefly review our independence, renaissance and democracy. Let us briefly review our history. We, Mongolians, have been able to record in the 20th century a progress which was not possible during the last three centuries. Specifically, we have first of all safeguarded and consolidated our national freedom and independence. At the same time, while orienting ourselves toward the common values of human civilization, we have been able to make great strides in the fields of culture, education and health care. The 1990 democratic revolution could not have been possible without the victory of the 1911 and 1921 revolutions. And it would be difficult to describe the fate of the state to be perfected, of the society to be reformed, as well as of the country to be developed. It would be pertinent to remember the price that we had to pay to safeguard our freedom.

62. Mongolian Timeline mong_tline.htm Having problems printing this page? MONGOLIAN TIMELINE. principal events in early Mongolian history. other Footprints pages. http://www.greenkiwi.co.nz/footprints/mongolia/mong_tline.htm

revision 18 Mar 2001 http://www.greenkiwi.co.nz/footprints/mongolia/mong_tline.htm Having problems printing this page? MONGOLIAN TIMELINE principal events in early Mongolian history other Footprints pages Footprints Mongolia tour site map To the top To the top ... To the top other Footprints pages Footprints Mongolia tour site map To the top

63. Mong_hist_facts.htm MONGOLIAN history and FACTS. a history of Ghengis Khan A detailed history of his life. Timeline of Mongolian history Major events in early Mongolian history. http://www.greenkiwi.co.nz/footprints/mongolia/mong_hist_facts.htm

revision 18 Mar 2001 http://www.greenkiwi.co.nz/footprints/mongolia/hist_facts.htm Having problems printing this page? MONGOLIAN HISTORY and FACTS a History of Ghengis Khan A detailed history of his life. the Geneology of the Great Khans A geneological chart of the great Mongols. Music of Mongolia With emphasis on the role of singing. Timeline of Mongolian history Major events in early Mongolian history. Links about Mongolia Other website sources. other Footprints pages Footprints Mongolia tour site map

64. A Short History Of Mongolia facts, maps, flags and pictures from countries around the world. A Short history of mongolia. Search Google for another short history of mongolia. http://www.abacci.com/atlas/history.asp?countryID=270

65. TDS; Passports, Visas, Travel Documents Chronology of mongolian history 1921Present. March 13, 1921 Provisional People s Government declares independence of mongolia. http://www.traveldocs.com/mn/history.htm

Mongolia Asia HISTORY In 1203 AD, a single Mongolian state was formed based on nomadic tribal groupings under the leadership of Genghis Khan. He and his immediate successors conquered nearly all of Asia and European Russia and sent armies as far as central Europe and Southeast Asia. Genghis Khan's grandson Kublai Khan, who conquered China and established the Yuan dynasty (1279-1368 AD), gained fame in Europe through the writings of Marco Polo. The Russian revolution and civil war afforded Chinese warlords an opportunity to re-establish their rule in Outer Mongolia, and Chinese troops were dispatched there in 1919. Following Soviet military victories over White Russian forces in the early 1920s and the occupation of the Mongolian capital Urga in July 1921, Moscow again became the major outside influence on Mongolia. The Mongolian People's Republic was proclaimed on November 25, 1924. Between 1925 and 1928, power under the communist regime was consolidated by the Mongolian Peoples Revolutionary Party (MPRP). The MPRP left gradually undermined rightist elements, seizing control of the party and the government. Several factors characterized the country during this period: Tthe society was basically nomadic and illiterate; there was no industrial proletariat; the aristocracy and the religious establishment shared the country's wealth; there was widespread popular obedience to traditional authorities; the party lacked grassroots support; and the government had little organization or experience.

66. A History Of Russia, Central Asia And Mongolia, Vol. 1 A history of Russia, Central Asia and mongolia Volume 1 Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire by Professor David Christian http://www.angelfire.com/ct/halevi/eurasia.html

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "angelfire.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia Volume 1: Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire by Professor David Christian of Macquarie University Published by Blackwell, 1998 472 pages, with 21 plates, 17 figures, 23 maps, and 9 tables In this excellent survey of the history of Inner Eurasia, covering the entire period up to and including the 13th century, David Christian explores the political, social, and economic development of many nations and peoples. The author presents Inner Eurasia as a coherent region with an underlying unity in geography and history despite its cultural and ecological variety. Various sections investigate the Scythians, Hsiung-nu, Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, Kievan Rus', Saljuks, and other civilizations. The sections are written in an objective style, utilizing a variety of source documents and secondary sources. There are many quotes from historical documents by Greek, Chinese, Armenian, and other writers. The text itself is easy to understand and well-reasoned, incorporating recent research from the 1980s and 1990s. The footnotes and bibliography are comprehensive and useful. Also valuable are the numerous illustrations and maps in the book. Without a doubt, this is the most important guide to the history and culture of Inner Eurasia that has been published in recent years.

67. VIRTUAL MONGOLIA mongolia has a prominent history of minting coins in the country since the Tureg reign (VIVIII century), Uighur reign (VIII-XI century), Khitan reign (X-XI http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/virtualmongolia/currency.htm

Virtual Mongolia Home Mongolia Traveler Magazine Gobi Magazine Kara Korum Magazine ... Takhi Magazine MONGOLIAN NATIONAL CURRENCY HISTORY By Ch.Sumya MONGOLIA has a prominent history of minting coins in the country since the Tureg reign (VI-VIII century), Uighur reign (VIII-XI century), Khitan reign (X-XI century), and the Mongol imperial reign (XII-XIV century). Soon after Chinggis Khaan established the United Mongolian State in 1206, the country started minting the first national form of payment, which were coins. The coins had the image of a warrior on a horse imbedded into the metal substance. In addition, the first paper currency was introduced in 1227. They were called bank-notes and they were also the first form of paper currency in the world. Following the manufacturing of bank-notes, the first bank of Mongolia was established in 1253. Unfortunately however, Mongolia had a devastating money reform. During this reform, several rebel organisations destroyed Mongolia's banking successes such as bank-notes and other forms of currency that contributed to the welfare of human civilisation.

68. WHKMLA : History Of Mongolia, ToC i Norge Article mongolia, from Catholic Encyclopedia, 1911 edition; from Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 edition history of mongolia, from Oyunbilig s Great http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/centrasia/xmongolia.html

First posted on June 7th 2002, last revised on March 27th 2004 Mongolia 1911-1924 Mongolia 1924-1945 Mongolia 1945-1966 Mongolia 1966-1992 ... Mongolia since 1992 EXTERNAL FILES CIA World Factbook Mongolia BBC Country Profile : Mongolia ; World Reference Desk : Mongolia Virtual Library Mongolia , from Indiana Univ., unsorted; Links on Mongolian History, from Eurasia Net ; from University of Oregon Library of Congress Country Studies : Mongolia Timeline Mongolia, from BBC News ; from timelines.ws ; Timeline : Major Events relevant to Central Asian History (since 1600), from oxuscom Chronology of Catholic Dioceses : Mongolia, from Kirken i Norge Article Mongolia, from Catholic Encyclopedia , 1911 edition; from Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 edition History of Mongolia, from Oyunbilig's Great Mongol Home Page , from Discover Mongolia (very brief); from Lonely Planet Mongolia Today , English language online magazine; Mongolia on the Web Mongolian Religion : A Course in Mongolian Shamanism from Golomt Center for Shamanist Studies, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; Tibetan Buddhism, the Mongolian Religion

69. Visit Mongolia - Photo Gallery - History 77k) photo Kikutake Yuji. A statue of Natsagdorj, the greatest literary in Mongolian history (79k) photo Kikutake Yuji. A statue of http://www.visitmongolia.com/gallery_history.htm

history The opening ceremony of the Naadam Festival -1 (122k) photo Kikutake Yuji The opening ceremony of the Naadam Festival -2 (97k) photo Kikutake Yuji One of the three competitions of the Naadam Festival, Wrestling (98k) photo Kikutake Yuji One of the three competitions of the Naadam Festival, Archery (81k) photo Kikutake Yuji One of the three competitions of the Naadam Festival, Racing (62k) photo Kikutake Yuji A statue of Sukhbaatar, the hero of independence (77k) photo Kikutake Yuji A statue of Natsagdorj, the greatest literary in Mongolian history (79k) photo Kikutake Yuji A statue of Lenin in front of the Ulaanbaatar Hotel (82k) photo Kikutake Yuji The Bogd Khan Palace Museum -1 (161k) photo Kikutake Yuji The Bogd Khan Palace Museum -2 (103k) photo Kikutake Yuji A stone sculpture picture in which ancient animals in the Stone Age were drawn (113k) photo Kikutake Yuji The remains of the ancient Turkish people (111k) photo Kikutake Yuji

70. WorldRover - Country History A To Z Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritius Mexico Moldova Monaco mongolia Morocco Mozambique Namibia home, guides, history, stats, culture, embassies. http://www.worldrover.com/historymain.htm

Country History Welcome! Click on a country link below to find a brief history for your selected country. Check out the other country liks for more info including, travel guides, embassy addresses, and vital statistics. Free Internet Access A to G Afghanistan Albania Andorra Antigua and Barbuda ... Guyana H to P Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary ... Portugal Q to Z Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda ... embassies

71. Mongolia - Government, History, Population, Geography And Maps Search the Net history; 100% Free Clip Art including world flags and 1000 s more images and photos! mongolia source CIA World Factbook 1998, mongolia. Geography. http://www.worldrover.com/vital/mongolia.html

Search the Net: History 100% Free Clip Art including world flags and 1000's more images and photos! Mongolia source: CIA World Factbook 1998 Mongolia Geography [Top of Page] Location: Northern Asia, between China and Russia Geographic coordinates: 46 00 N, 105 00 E Map references: Asia Area: total: 1.565 million sq km land: 1.565 million sq km water: sq km slightly smaller than Alaska Land boundaries: total: 8,114 km border countries: China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 km Coastline: km (landlocked) Maritime claims: none (landlocked) Climate: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) Terrain: vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in southeast Elevation extremes: lowest point: Hoh Nuur 518 m highest point: Tavan Bogd Uul 4,374 m Natural resources: oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold Land use: arable land: permanent crops: permanent pastures: forests and woodland: other: 10% (1993 est.) Irrigated land: 800 sq km (1993 est.)

72. Mongolia : Arts And Humanities of Genghis Khan treasures and ancient artifacts from the steppes of Inner mongolia to the Royal British Columbia Museum. A collection of art and history. http://search.asiaco.com/Mongolia/Arts_and_Humanities/

Home Add Site Change URL Search A S I A C O , T H E A S I A S E A R C H E N G I N E Mongolia : Arts and Humanities Home Mongolia : Arts and Humanities Categories Architecture History Humanities Literature ... Music Malaysia, Singapore. Search Mobile content click here: Sites Bios: Genghis Khan hot biographical information, background and user submitted research material. URL: http://despina.advanced.org/17120/data/bios/khan/ Bios: Genghis Khan hot biographical information from World Domination. URL: http://despina.advanced.org/17120/data/bios/khan/ Mongol Empire hot Genghis Khan,The Mongol Empire URL: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/2532 Article: Mongolia in the 1990s - from Commissars to Capitalists? Article on modern history by Morris Rossabi. URL: http://www.soros.org/mongolia/rossabi.html Efren Ordoñez Contemporary Mexican Artist 1927- Virtual Gallery of paintings, sculptures and murals made by Ordoñez. Biography, Interview, links. URL: http://www.web-mex.com/efren/index.html Empires Beyond the Great Wall: The Heritage of Genghis Khan exhibit at the Royal British Columbia Museum. URL: http://vvv.com/khan/

73. Mongolia : Arts And Humanities : History mongolia Arts and Humanities history, mongolia Arts and Humanities history homepage, mongolia Arts and Humanities history web, mongolia Arts and http://search.asiaco.com/Mongolia/Arts_and_Humanities/History/

Home Add Site Change URL Search A S I A C O , T H E A S I A S E A R C H E N G I N E Mongolia : Arts and Humanities : History Home Mongolia Arts and Humanities : History Malaysia, Singapore. Search Mobile content click here: Sites History of Buryatia This site contains informations regarding the history of Mongolian people, the mythology, poetry, clothing and much more. URL: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/8226/history.html Mongolian Resource Page A collection of materials for the medieval recreationist. URL: http://members.tripod.com/Mongolian_Page The Land Of Genghis Khan A completed detail info about Genghis Khan's path in Mongolia from National Geographic Society. URL: www.nationalgeographic.com/features/97/genghis/index.html The Mongol Khans This site consists of the history of Khans, Mongolian web ring, Islamic index and others. URL: http://www.friesian.com/mongol.htm The Mongolian Empire - The Yuan Dynasty This site featuring detail stories about the Mongols people, Genghis Khan the universal ruler, Kublai Khan, Yuan philosophy and the fall of Yuan Dynasty. URL: http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/CHEMPIRE/YUAN.HTM

74. MOGOLIA HISTORY A BRIEF history OF mongolia. mongolia s history is extremely long; it spans over 5,000. The Mongols has little inclination to ally http://tps.dpi.state.nc.us/connectasia/mongolia/mogolia_history.htm

A BRIEF HISTORY OF MONGOLIA Mongolia's history is extremely long; it spans over 5,000. "The Mongols has little inclination to ally with other nomadic peoples of northern Asia and, until the end of the 12th century, the Mongols were little more than a loose confederation of rival clans, It was in the late 12th century that a 20-year-old Mongol named Temujin emerged and managed to unite most of the Mongol tribes. In 1189 he was given the honorary name of Genghis Khan, meaning 'universal king'. No Mongolian leader before or since has united the Mongolians so effectively." China controlled Mongolia from the year 1691 to 1911. Thanks to the fall of the Manchu dynasty that controlled stopped. A group of Mongol princes "proclaimed" the living Buddha of Urga to be ruler. "Mongolians have always taken wholeheartedly to Tibetan Buddhism and the links between Mongolia and Tibet are old and deep." In 1921 there were 110,000 lamas or monks in Mongolia living in 700 monasteries. In the 1930s thousands of monks were arrested. Some believed that by the year 1939 3% of Mongolia's population, at the time, was executed or out of 27,000; 17,000 were monks. In the year 1990 the freedom of religion returned. Since then a revival of Buddhism and other religions has occurred. Mongolia won its independence in 1911. In 1921 the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party government started. "When the last living Buddha died in 1924( "with the rise of Tibetan Buddhism in the 16th century, a living Buddha would be named"), the Mongolian People's Republic was established." It took 22 years for China to recognize this. All subsequent Monolian texts were written in script until Stalin forcibly replaced it with Russian Cyrillic in the 1940s. The text was written in scripts named SECRET HISTORY scripts. Since 1944 the Russian Cyrillic alphabet has been used to write Mongolian.

75. Plate-Tectonic History Of Mongolia MONGOLIAN PLATE TECTONIC history. CARBONIFEROUS PERMIAN 1. C-Tr collisions produce and deform foreland basins. (section as young http://www.pam.mn/tectonic_history.htm

western basin southern basin east gobi basin central basin ... contact us MONGOLIAN PLATE TECTONIC HISTORY CARBONIFEROUS - PERMIAN 1. C-Tr collisions produce and deform foreland basins. (section as young as J2 heavily deformed) 2. Collisions N to S with widespread volcanic activity. 3. Sequences show transition from marine to non-marine (i.e. shoaling and emergence) coupled with more localized depocentres. LATE CRETACEOUS (K2) 1. Continental rift sedimentation - alluvial and lacustrine sequences. 2. Rift distribution governed by basement structure and earlier structures. 3. Localized volcanism LATE JURASSIC - EARLY CRETACEOUS (J3-K1) 1.Mid Cretaceous thrusting and inversion. 2. "Post-Rift?" subsidence and passive infill of depocentres. 3. K2 alluvial and aeolian clastic veneer in Gobi-Tamsag TERTIARY - RECENT 1. Tertiary thrusting and local transtension 2. Neogene - Quaternary plateau basalt extrusion. 3. Widespread erosion local red-bed deposition.

76. Brochure Of The Mongolian Exhibition Landlocked and strategically located between Russia, China, and Tibet, mongolia has played a significant role in Inner Asian history. http://www.asianart.com/mongolia/intro.html

back to Mongolia: The Legacy of Chinggis Khan main exhibition Introduction to the Mongolian Exhibition In the West, Mongolia evokes the name of Chinggis Khan (also known by the Persianized spelling of his name, Genghis Khan) and his thirteenth century conquest of the most of the known world. His empire extended from the Mediterranean Sea to the Pacific Ocean, and the reputation of Chinggis' ruthless hordes of soldiers has endured until today. This exhibition presents a different picture of Mongolia. A nomadic people who have for centuries managed to survive in an unforgiving environment, the Mongols are also followers of Tibetan Buddhism who were first converted in the late thirteenth century. In this exhibition, little-known secular and religious works of art from Mongolia's museums will be seen in America for the first time, an event made possible by Mongolia's recent emergence Soviet control in 1990. Landlocked and strategically located between Russia, China, and Tibet, Mongolia has played a significant role in Inner Asian history. After the death of Chinggis, his grandson Khubilai Khan was the first ruler in the Yuan dynasty, a period of Mongol rule of China which lasted nearly one hundred years. Following the Yuan dynasty, various Mongolian khans attempted to recreate Chinggis's empire and dreamt of a new Mongolian age. In the sixteenth century, the Buddhist-based relationship between Tibet and Mongolia created by Khubilai was reestablished, giving rise to a renaissance in the arts, literature, political and religious structures of Mongolia. The period of this Mongol renaissance, from the seventeen through eighteenth centuries, and its aftermath, are the concern of this exhibition.

77. History Of Mongolia (country) history of mongolia (country). This article is part of the history of mongolia series. Mongols before Chinggis Khan. Mongol Empire Chagatai Khanate. Golden Horde. http://www.fact-index.com/h/hi/history_of_mongolia__country_.html

Main Page See live article Alphabetical index History of Mongolia (country) This article is part of the History of Mongolia series. Mongols before Chinggis Khan Mongol Empire Chagatai Khanate Golden Horde Ilkhanate Yuan Dynasty Northern Yuan Oyirad Jüün Ghar Empire ... Qing Dynasty Modern History Independent Mongolia Inner Mongolia Buryat Republic Kalmykia Outer Mongolia was a Manchu outerland ( ), an autonomous state under Russian protection ( ), and again a Chinese province ( ). As Manchu authority in China waned, and as Russia and Japan confronted each other, Russia gave arms and diplomatic support to nationalists among the Mongol religious leaders and nobles. The Mongols accepted Russian aid and proclaimed their independence of Chinese rule in 1911, shortly after a successful Chinese revolt against the Manchus. By agreements signed in 1913 and 1915, the Russian Government forced the new Chinese Republican Government to accept Mongolian autonomy under continued Chinese control, presumably to discourage other foreign powers from approaching a newly independent Mongolian state that might seek support from as many foreign sources as possible. The Russian revolution and civil war afforded Chinese warlords an opportunity to re-establish their rule in Outer Mongolia, and Chinese troops were dispatched there in

78. Mongolia history. The Mongol ethnic groups are nomads from northern Asia. They inhabit mongolia, Russia, Inner mongolia (China), Tibet and Nepal. http://www.gaminggeeks.org/Resources/KateMonk/Orient/Mongolia/History.htm

Kate Monk's Onomastikon (Dictionary of Names) Mongolia Capital : Ulan Bator Size: 605 000 sq m Popn: 2 310 000 History The Mongol ethnic groups are nomads from northern Asia. They inhabit Mongolia, Russia, Inner Mongolia (China), Tibet and Nepal. During the C13th, the Mongol horsemen conquered a huge amount of land under Genghis Khan who became khan of the Mongol tribes in 1206. He extended the Mongol domains from Russia to northern China and built a capital city, Karakorum. Kubilai, his grandson, was also a powerful ruler, conquering China and using foreingers as well as subjects to administer his empire. It was his court that the Venetian traveller, Marco Polo, visited and which formed the basis for the poem 'Kubla Khan'. In 1367, the Mongols lost China and after suffering defeats in the west in 1380, the empire began to break up. Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal dominated the country from 1958 until he was deposed by Jambyn Batmuntch 1984. Mongolia began to develop urban industries and settled agricultural collectives. During the 1970s, it was politically isolated but after Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of the USSR, it was encouraged to make outside contacts, increasing contact with China, and establishing relations with the USA. In 1990, the number of Soviet troops in the country was reduced from 80 000 to 15 000. After the wave of anti-communism in in Eastern Europe, an illegal opposition group, the Mongolian Democratic Union, was formed to demand greater democracy. This collection of names

79. World History - The Mongols - Women Of The Mongol Court of Mongol women during the conquest, and the significance of the Mongol conquest in world history. It is good to keep in mind that modern mongolia is three http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/world-history/teaching/mongol/women.html

Women of the Mongol Court Morris Rossabi These edited notes were taken from a lecture by Morris Rossabi, presented as part of the lecture series in conjunction with Mongolia: The Legacy of Chinggis Khan , an exhibition at the Denver Art Museum. This material includes reasons for successful Mongol expansion, the role of Mongol women during the conquest, and the significance of the Mongol conquest in world history. It is good to keep in mind that modern Mongolia is three times the size of France and has a population of 2.2 million people. Professor Rossabi teaches at Queens College and Columbia University and is on the Editorial Board of the Journal of World History . He reads thirteen langauges and does research in nine of them. These notes were transcribed by Heidi Roupp from his lecture. Inaccuracies are hers, not Professor Rossabi's. The most important accomplishment of Chinggis Khan was uniting the Mongols not so much by conquest but by bringing together Mongols who were scattered throughout the country in the desert of the south, in the steppe lands of Central Mongolia, and in the forested and mountainous regions along the northern frontier. How were the Mongols able to establish the largest contiguous land empire in world history?

80. UNFPA - Mongolia history of UNFPA mongolia. UNFPA has provided assistance to mongolia since the late 1970s.The assistance consisted of equipment and http://www.un-mongolia.mn/unfpa/history.htm

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