21. Mongolia History Genghis Khan formed one of the greatest empires in world history by uniting In the early 1920 s, Mongolia became a Marxist state, until its quiet democratic http://www.acts.edu/oldmissions/Mongoliahist.html

Mongolia Table of Contents: Christian History Scripture Translation Language / Ethnologue People Groups Current Church Growth Status Status of Religions Successful projects Challenges Responsiveness Political Atmosphere Strategies Redemptive Analogies Prayer Focus Area 1,565,000 sq.km. Grassland, forests in north, three major mountain ranges and the great Gobi Desert in the east. Known as Outer Mongolia before 1911. Population Ann. Gr. Density 1990 2,227,000 3.1 % 1.4/sq. km 1995 2,596,000 3.1 % 1.9/sq. km Foreigners 0.3%. Chinese, Westerners, Japanese, Korean, others. By 1993 all former USSR troops and dependents had left the country. Capital : Ulaan Baatar 650,000. Urbanization 58%. Editor's Note http://www.acts.edu website. Christian History As a People Movement to Christ Emerges,What Lessons Can We Learn? by Rick Leatherwood Mission Frontiers: July-August, '98 Like a land outside of time, Mongolia was one of the last political countries in the world to gain a Christian church of any kind. It is hard to imagine an entire nation as late as 1990, complete with membership in the United Nations, whose people had no knowledge that Jesus Christ had ever lived and walked on the earth. Mongolia was a closed country. It knew very little of the rest of the world, and the rest of the world knew very little of it. James Gilmore of the London Missionary Society went to Mongolia in 1872, and died there 21 years later. He could count his converts on one hand. The Mongols had nothing to count on but Buddhism and their own indigenous shaman. Yet, in some ways it was the most religious country in the world with the eldest son of every family being given to the monastery, just as Christians often did in the middle ages.

22. Mongolia Mongolia Overview mongolia history Mongolia Culture Mongolia Geography Mongolia Practical Info Mongolia Vacation Planner Mongolia Luxury Cruise Planner. http://www.travelwizard.com/asia/Mongolia_History.html

Site Index Asia Luxury Vacations: Call 1-415-662-2683 to book. Open Every day! Places in Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan ... Click here for our free Welcome to Paradise screen saver You'll love this! Mongolia: History Long a province of China, Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing. A communist regime was installed in 1924. During the early 1990s, the ex-communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) gradually yielded its monopoly on power. In 1996, the Democratic Union Coalition (DUC) defeated the MPRP in a national election and has attempted to establish a number of reforms to modernize the economy. However, many former communists retain key posts and implementation has been difficult. Mongolia Overview Mongolia History Mongolia Culture Mongolia Geography ... Asia Tour Vacation Packages Submit Free, Full Service Asia Vacation Planner Here Click here to save money, time and stress planning, making reservations, or booking your Asia vacation with our full service Virtuoso Travel Consultants We are recommended, authorized Virtuoso Asia Travel Consultants, and will arrange every little detail to make sure you have a wonderful, carefree vacation experience at no extra charge! You may call our Asia Travel Consultants, but first- we'd really appreciate it if you complete our

23. Mongolia History History. Country Studies main page Mongolia Country Studies main page Celebrity. http://www.country-studies.com/mongolia/history.html

History Country Studies main page Mongolia Country Studies main page Celebrity

24. Mongolia History & Mongolia Culture | IExplore mongolia historyThe name Mongolia has always stirred up visions of the untamed and exotic. And in 1989, an ELIC teaching team brought a new language http://iexplore.military.com/dmap/Mongolia/History

dateString = 1101729756; Keyword Search: Home Trip Finder Destination Guides Join / Sign-in ... Mongolia History E-mail this page Keyword Search Help Mongolia Travel Travel and Trips Mongolia Overview The Essentials Where to Go ... Health and Vaccinations Monthly Newsletter Sign-up for monthly travel specials Save up to 50% Privacy Statement Popular Trips to Mongolia Gobi desert Horseback riding in Mongolia Dalanzadgad Mongolia History Sandwiched between China and Russia in Central Asia, Mongolia is one of the world's oldest countries. Under the leadership of Genghis Khan and his successors, it was the It wasn't until the Soviet empire crumbled that the local system weakened. It is still not clear why communist leaders abdicated power in 1990, with no external pressures to do so. However, Mongolia's first free presidential elections, held in 1993, returned the old leaders to power - under a new name - with a large majority in Parliament. Since the collapse of communism, the country has experienced a renaissance of Buddhism and ancient tradition. Many younger Mongolians are also returning to the "old ways" - the kind of life their great-grandparents knew. Some things never changed: Almost 65% of the population still lives as nomads. It's possible to visit felt gers (circular tents also known by the Russian name, yurts) and to see nomads who wear traditional

25. Scouting Along The Silk Road: Mongolia History and organization of Mongolian scouts presented by the Pinetree Web. http://www.pinetreeweb.com/silk-mongolia.htm

Mongolia Mongoliyn Skautiyn Holbo Scout Association of Mongolia "Mongoliyn Skautiyn Holboo, the Scout Association of Mongolia , was officially declared a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement on 5 November 1994. Scouting started in the Republic of Mongolia after the fall of the communist regime in 1990. It began at the initiative of a group of young Mongol students who created the first Scout troops in Ulan Bator, the capital, in early 1991. Presently, the Scout Association of Mongolia has more than 4,500 members, in all regions of the country. The Scouts of Mongolia are presently involved in a national campaign to alleviate poverty, and are focusing their efforts on abandoned children and disabled youth, working in collaboration with the national authorities and with the United Nations agencies active in the country, notably, UNICEF. From: Eurofax #28, January, 1995 . Eurofax is the monthly newsletter of the European Region. It is produced by the European Scout Office and is distributed by fax to all member associations in the European Scout Region and the Europe Region WAGGGS, and others." Emblem of Mongoliyn Skautiyn Holboo The Scout Association of Mongolia Badge of the Scout Association of Mongolia Name in Ancient Khalka Mongol Script Badge of the First Mongolian National Encampment, 1992

26. Mongolia, Mongolian Civilization mongolia history A history of Mongolia from ancient times through the 20th century. The bulk of the material is about ancient times. http://www.archaeolink.com/mongolia_mongolian_civilization.htm

Mongolia Home Other Ancient Civilizations Ancient Africa Aztec ByzantineEmpire Cambodia ... Viet Nam CA 54: The Mongols: THE LEGACY "The Mongol Empire was the largest continental empire of medieval and modern times. Their conquests have to be most singular in the history of conquests, not just from a military aspect, which was formidable indeed, but from an administrative viewpoint. To build an empire this size was one thing, but to govern it was quite another." Read about the legacy of this empire and find out what the Kuriltai was. - From Catriona Macpherson - http://members.tripod.com/~whitebard/ca7.htm Chinese history: Yuan Dynasty This is the Mongol era of Chinese history. "During the 13th Century a great leader, Temujin, was to emerge from among the nomadic tribes of the Mongolian steppes. These tribesmen occupied the area between the northern Daxing'an Mountains and the eastern bank of the Argun River." Learn about China and the Mongol Empire. - From Travelchinaguide.com - http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/yuan.htm

27. History Of Mongolia 20th Century History History of Mongolia. Lonely Planet mongolia history An indepth history of the country from Lonely Planet, the travel guidebook company. http://history1900s.about.com/library/world/blxmongolia.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About History 20th Century History Home ... Free, Email Newsletter zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Decade By Decade Great Events of the Century Horrible Disasters Quiz Yourself ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About 20th Century History newsletter. Search 20th Century History History of Mongolia Background Notes: Mongolia Historical information from the United States Department of State. Britannica.com: Mongolia A nice history from Britannica.com. Country Study: Mongolia This comprehensive book-length information from the Library of Congress includes a fantastic section of history of the country. Flags of the World: Mongolia Information, images, and available history of the current and past flags of the country. Geography and Maps of Mongolia A plethora of geographical information and online maps from the About Geography site. Infoplease.com: Mongolia A fantastic short historical overview, contemporary data, and a map from Infoplease.com Lonely Planet: Mongolia History An in-depth history of the country from Lonely Planet, the travel guidebook company.

28. History & Culture Of Mongolia: Annotated Internet Resources the history culture of Mongolia, including its art music, shamanism, the nomadic way of life. mongolia history Culture. http://newton.uor.edu/Departments&Programs/AsianStudiesDept/mongolia-cul.html

Baldan Baraivan: Rebuilding a Monastery in Mongolia A Cultural Restoration Tourism Project restoring an 18th century Tibetan-style temple The Buryat Home Page An extensive site "about the shamanism, folklore, history, & poetry of the Buryats," a Mongolian people living in Buryatia, Mongolia & Inner Mongolia Buryat Mongolian Shamanism Carleen's Mongolia Home Page Genghis Khan - NGS Hua-I ih-yu ... Introduction to the Art of Mongolia Terese Tse Bartholomew's essay in conjunction with the 1995 Mongolian Exhibition at the Asian Art Museum Knowledge Web Site Educational resources of Mongolia on the Web The Legacy of Genghis Khan Modern Mongolia: Reclaiming Genghis Khan The Mongol Empire History; Legacy of the Mongols; Map of the Mongol Empire; List of Great Khans; Selected Timeline; The Mongol War Machine Mongolia: The Legacy of Chinggis Khan Exhibition of Asian Art Museum, San Francisco

29. Mongolia Locator Map And Information Page mongolia history here Mongolia Photos here Mongolia Today (news) here Mongolia Tourism here Click for Forecast In Affiliation with AllPosters.com Posters and http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/mn.htm

Africa Antarctica Asia Australia/Oceania ... South America NOTE: All Asian pages are currently being revised, so check back often for new maps, and more. Facts and Figures Official Name Mongolia Population Capital City Ulaanbaator (808,000) Languages Khalkha Mongolian, Turkic, Russian Official Currency Togrogs/Tugriks Currency Converter here Religions Buddhism, Muslim, others Flag here Land Area 1,565,000 sq km (604,247 sq miles) Latitude/Longitude Time and Date in Ulan Bator //document.write('Papua New Guinea(240)'); ServerClock(240); (''); // end javascipt section Contact Us Privacy Statement All maps, graphics and original descriptions created by Graphic Maps, a d/b/a of the Woolwine-Moen Group, unless otherwise noted and/or directly linked to the source, and use of same for any application whatsoever (with the exception of outline maps) requires written permission. CIA World Factbook , as well as numerous public domain reference materials. Every effort is made to be as accurate as possible when disseminating information on any worldwide destination. We are not responsible for unintentional data entry errors or omissions. If you would like to submit an addition, change or correction, or suggest a new link, please forward it to our map department and we will give it our immediate attention.

30. Mongolia History - Mongolia Picture Read about mongolia history in relation to China, and see a famous Mongolia Picture from one of the most famous chinese movies ever. mongolia history. http://www.hansinchina.com/Mongolia-History.html

Mongolia History - Mongolia Picture Mongolia History - Mongolia Picture By the mid-thirteenth century, the Mongols had subjugated north China, Korea, and the Muslim kingdoms of Central Asia and had twice penetrated Europe. With the resources of his vast empire, Kublai Khan (1215-94), a grandson of Genghis Khan (1167-1227) and the supreme leader of all Mongol tribes, began his drive against the Southern Song. Even before the extinction of the Song dynasty, Kublai Khan had established the first alien dynasty to rule all China - the Yuan (1279-1368). Mongolia History Although the Mongols sought to govern China through traditional institutions, using Chinese (Han) bureaucrats, they were not up to the task. The Han were discriminated against socially and politically. All important central and regional posts were monopolized by Mongols, who also preferred employing non-Chinese from other parts of the Mongol domain - Central Asia, the Middle East, and even Europe - in those positions for which no Mongol could be found. Chinese were more often employed in non-Chinese regions of the empire. Mongolia History Mongolia History Certain key Chinese innovations, such as printing techniques, porcelain production, playing cards, and medical literature, were introduced in Europe, while the production of thin glass and cloisonne became popular in China. The first records of travel by Westerners date from this time. The most famous traveler of the period was the Venetian Marco Polo, whose account of his trip to "Cambaluc," the Great Khan's capital (now Beijing), and of life there astounded the people of Europe. The Mongols undertook extensive public works. Road and water communications were reorganized and improved. To provide against possible famines, granaries were ordered built throughout the empire.

31. SCOUTING IN MONGOLIA History of Scouting and current status of national Scouting organizations. http://n2zgu.50megs.com/MONG.htm

Ecommerce Solution Free Web Space Free Web Site Web Hosting ... Dial up $14.95 or NetZero Internet Service $9.95 SCOUTING IN MONGOLIA MONGOLIYN SKAUTIYN HOLBOO SCOUT ASSOCIATION OF MONGOLIA Mongolia is the largest landlocked nation bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. The population is 2.5 million people. Since 1990 and a peaceful democratic movement, the country is now open for all to see its mysteries and witness its' unspoiled natural beauty. The Scouting movement started in 1991, yet has grown rapidly and in 1998, there were 5,311 members. Scouting has spread to all provinces. The Mongolian Scout Association is active in the community and focuses on a variety of charitable causes, in particular, at risk youth and street children. The Scouts are committed to assisting with the growth of the country during this historic time. Mongolia is a country that is almost perfect for Scouting with many picturesque places to camp and take part in traditional Scouting activities. In 1991, the first Scout Troop was organized and 39 Scouts took the oath. In 1992, the Scout association of Mongolia was officially founded on April 16. The first Scout Camp was organized near Ulaanbaatar City and 200 Scouts participated.

32. Witness - Juggling Dreams Watch a Promo from Juggling Dreams FOR MORE INFORMATION mongolia history AsianInfo.org Travel Mongolia Mongolia News. History of Mongolia. http://www.tv.cbc.ca/witness/circus/circushistory.htm

Some Mongolians are returning to their nomadic roots. A sketch of Genghis Khan WHO IS GENGHIS KHAN? The man who became Genghis Khan was born in the early 1160's as Temujen. Legend states that he was born with a blood clot in his hand; a sign which destined him to be a hero. His early life was full of hardship after his father was poisoned by an enemy. He was elected leader of Kiyat tribe in 1189 and went on to unite all of the Mongolian tribes. In 1206 he was given the title of Genghis Khan which meant the 'emperor of all emperors'. His campaigns lead to the creation of an immense empire that stretched from Hungary to Korea , the largest empire the world had ever known. At the height of Mongol's glory his grandson was the emperor of the Yuan dynasty in China. Watch a Promo from Juggling Dreams FOR MORE INFORMATION: Mongolia History AsianInfo.org Travel Mongolia Mongolia News NOTE: The CBC does not endorse and is not responsible for the content of external sites History of Mongolia The name Mongol was first recorded by the Chinese during the Tang dynasty. At the time Mongolia was controlled by a Turkic people called Uighurs.

33. Mongolia Homepage mongolia history, language, government, and culture. http://www.indiana.edu/~mongsoc/mongolia.html

Let us Welcome you with the Traditional Mongol Greeting We are pleased to offer the latest versions of the effective laws of Mongolia, adopted for the purpose of strengthening democracy and developing market economy, as well as information on history and culture of the Mongolian people. Mongolia Law Library This is a co-operative project maintained by: badrals@magicnet.mn Surenguin Badral has been a foreign service officer of Mongolia. mitch@bloomington.in.us Mitch Rice is a student of Central Asian music, history, and culture. Rated Top 5% on the Web by the POINT SURVEY Since August 1995 * Last revised June 28, 1999 Back to the Start WWW Virtual Library

34. Mongolia Page Culture, history Images. history. CULTURE. IMAGES. Back to the Start. mongolia Homepage Economy. mongolia Homepage - Politics. mongolia Web Links WWW Virtual Library. Copyright © 1995-9 by Badral/Rice Introduction to the history of mongolia. Mongol Empire Chronology and Map. Cultural Heritage of mongolia. R. Tserendorj. mongolia's first Prime Minister http://www.indiana.edu/~mongsoc/mong/cult.html

HISTORY Introduction to the History of Mongolia Mongol Empire: Chronology and Map Cultural Heritage of Mongolia R. Tserendorj Mongolia's first Prime Minister Artistic Portrait of Chinggis Khan by G. Radnaabazar Diplomatic Passport issued by Khubilai Khan CULTURE Introduction to the Mongolian Language by T. Shagdarsuren Art and Music of Mongolia Daily Life in Mongolia Anthropology and Mongolia Naadam, and other Festivals of Mongolia IMAGES Currency of Mongolia Golden Soyombo - Symbol of Independance Yak Boy Camelbreeder's Family Ensemble Sunset, Camels, and Gobi (photo by M. Tserenjamts) A new capitalist is born Mongol Ladies Dancing (photo) Mongol Lady (photo) Mongolian Stamps From Collection of S.Badral Back to the Start Mongolia Homepage - Economy Mongolia Homepage - Politics Mongolia Web Links WWW Virtual Library

35. INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF MONGOLIA INTRODUCTION TO THE history OF mongolia. It would be no exaggeration to say that mongolia is the only Specialists on the history of mongolia from many countries have proved that http://www.indiana.edu/~mongsoc/mong/history.htm

INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF MONGOLIA It would be no exaggeration to say that Mongolia is the only one of the ancient nomad states to retain the tenets of its original nomadic civilization, including the classic migration of livestock and closeness to nature. If you visit Mongolia you will feel the beauty of nature, where forest-covered mountain ranges and hills meet desert and steppe. You will also meet Mongols just like those who have been building traditional 'ger' since olden times, hospitable cattle-breeders breeding throughout four seasons traditional kinds of livestock (horse, camel, cow, sheep, goat), as well as the half-settled inhabitants of cities, who develop the industry and culture of the country. Specialists on the history of Mongolia from many countries have proved that it goes back over 2000 years. In 1991 Mongolia celebrated the anniversary of the establishment of the first Hun State in 209 BC. Mongolian archaeologists have discovered 500,000 year-old stone implements that are the remains of Mongolia's earliest inhabitants. Since the early primitive communal era, Mongols had lived independently in the neighborhood of such nomadic tribes as Turk and Khamnigan. In 209 BC, the Huns, who were by origin from ancient nomadic tribes such as Xianyu, Xianyung, Hun yi and Di, set up the first state in Central Asia. The Hun State was equal in power to the Chinese states of Tsin and Han. Khan, the sovereign of the State of Han Xiao Wendi wrote to Shan Yu of the Hun State in Laoshan: "in accordance with the decree of his Majesty, the state situated to the north of the Great Wall shall be governed by the decrees of Shan Yu, and the territory situated to the south of the Great Wall, peopled by those who wear tushmed belts and caps, shall be governed by me. Both the State of the Huns and the State of Han are powerful neighbor states".

36. The History Of Mongolia history of mongolia. Hartford Web Publishing (Haines Brown) is not the author of the documents in World history Archives and does not presume to http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/55/index-h.html

The history of Mongolia Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World History Archives The history in general of East Asia World History Archives index home page The retrospective history of Mongolia ... Resources for the study of Mongolia

37. Countries Of The World Countries around the world. Midway Islands. Moldova. Monaco. mongolia. Montserrat. Morocco. Mozambique. Namibia Flags of Countries. Current Weather. history of Countries. Online Discussion http://www.emulateme.com/history/mongohist.htm

CountryReports.org 2004 Edition Countries profiled from around the world. Here you will find over 6,600 pages and 6,400 related links on over 260 countries! Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Arctic Ocean Aruba Atlantic Ocean Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Baker Island Bangladesh Barbados Bassas da India Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Clipperton Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo Congo, Democratic Rep. Cook Islands Coral Sea Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Europa Island Falkland Islands Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia Gabon Gambia Gaza Strip Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guernsey Guinea Guinea-Bissau

38. Discover Mongolia Extensive information on the country and its history, travel, hotels and tourism. http://www.discover.mn/

Home Sitemap Reservation form Contact us ... Gallery Tours UB-Terelj-UB UB-BayanGobi-Khara Khorum UB-Khara Khorum-UB Gobi tour ... Mongolian New Year Special tours Gobi by jeep Khubsugul-Arkhangai by jeep Horse riding tour Places to visit Ulaanbaatar Undur dov Karakorum The gobi desert ... Yoliin am All way: Duration: more click here SPECIAL JEEP TOUR Duration: All way: Description: Take an adventure to enjoy real Mongolian nomadic lifestyle click here HORSEBACK RIDING TOUR Duration: Description: KARAKHORUM more HUVSGUL LAKE more UNDUR DOV Undur Dov is a half an hour drive from Ulaanbaatar not far from Manzushiri Monastery. Visitors can stay in Mongolian gers. The surrounding aria is a typical steppe zone and horse back rides can be easily arranged. more ULAANBAATAR CITY Ulaanbaatar is to mark its 360th anniversary of foundation on October 26, 1999. Its cornerstone was laid first nearby current Burd soum, Uvurhangai aimag. more

39. Mongolia's History And Background Back to mongolia. mongolia s history and Background. During the 15th century, mongolia was torn apart with dissension and strife. http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/mongolia/pro-history.htm

Home About Us Search Back to Mongolia Mongolia's History and Background During the 15th century, Mongolia was torn apart with dissension and strife. With the rise of Tibetan Buddhism in the 16th century, a Living Buddha would be named. It was the son of the Mongol khan of Urga (Ulaanbaatar). Although the Qing Dynasty had dominion over Mongolia, the ruling groups of the country were the Buddhists and the Mongol aristocracy who were allies at this time. When Mongolia declared it's independence from China during the 1911 Chinese revolution, the Living Buddha still ruled. By 1920, a puppet government was established by a Russian general but the next year the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party began a government, with help from Russian Communists, that usurped the general and those who supported him. When the last Living Buddha died in 1924, the Mongolian People's Republic was established, but was not recognized by China until 1946. Due to Mongolia's alliance with Russia, when China separated itself from Russia, trade relations were greatly reduced between China and Mongolia. Russia's influence in Mongolia remained strong through the 1990's. In January 1992, a new constitution was instituted by Ponsalmaagiyn Ochirbat, Mongolia's president. In 1993, a new treaty was signed by Boris Yeltsin, Russia's president and Ochirbat, and that same year Ochirbat was reelected as president. With all the changes involved with reforming to a free-market system, the economy floundered. High inflation and unemployment caused President Ochirbat to lose the 1997 election to Natsaglin Bagabandi. Bagabandi had promised slower economic reforms and increased social services.

40. MapZones.com History mongolia, history, Back to Top. Modern mongoliathe mongolian People s Republiccomprises only about half of the vast Inner Asian http://www.mapzones.com/world/asia/mongolia/historyindex.php

Country Info Mongolia Introduction Mongolia General Data Mongolia Maps Mongolia Culture ... Mongolia Time and Date Mongolia History Back to Top Until the twentieth century, most of the peoples who inhabited Mongolia were nomads, and even in the 1980s a substantial proportion of the rural population was essentially nomadic. Originally there were many warlike nomadic tribes living in Mongolia, and apparently most of these belonged to one or the other of two racially distinct and linguistically very different groupings. One of these groupings, the Yuezhi, was related linguistically to the ancient nomadic Scythian peopleswho inhabited the steppes north and northeast of the Black Sea and the region east of the Aral Seaand was therefore Indo-European. The other grouping was the Xiongnu, a nomadic people of uncertain origins. Within this pattern, the Xiongnu eventually expelled the Yuezhi, who were driven to the southwest to become the Kushans of Iranian, Afghan, and Indian history. In turn, the Xiongnu themselves later were driven west. Their descendants, or possibly another group, continued this westward migration, establishing the Hun Empire, in Central and Eastern Europe, that reached its zenith under Attila. The pattern was interrupted abruptly and dramatically late in the twelfth century and throughout the thirteenth century by Chinggis and his descendants. During the consolidation of Mongolia and some of the invasions of northern China, Chinggis created sophisticated military and political organizations, exceeding in skill, efficiency, and vigor the institutions of the most civilized nations of the time. Under him and his immediate successors, the Mongols conquered most of Eurasia.

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