81. Inner Mongolia Was Never Part Of China Chinese people didn’t have their own state or government, and China, justlike mongolia, was part of the Empire established by the Manchu people. http://www.innermongolia.org/english/inner mongolia was never part of China.htm

Inner Mongolia was Never Part of China By Oyunbilig Inner Mongolia, as a part of the Great Mongol Empire, had never been part of China. From the day Genghis khan founded the Great Mongol Empire in 1206 to the death of the last Grand Khan of the Mongols, Ligdan Khan in 1634, the Mongol nation had been an independent state for more than 400 years. During the Ming Dynasty of China (1368-1644), the Mongols and the Chinese wared each other and tried to rule over each other, but the China's dominance had never reached beyond the Great Wall. Once the Mongols even captured an Emperor of China. (In 1449, Esen Taiji defeated Chinese army near Peking and took Chinese emperor Ying-tsung (or Ying Zong) prisoner). Also during the Ming dynasty, Fearing from the Mongol’s invasion, China took great efforts to rebuild the Chinese ancient fortification -the " Ten thousand miles of " Great Wall. The Mongol Empire lasted outside of the Great Wall until the Jorchid (later known as Manchu) people took over the entire Inner Mongolia in 1634. During the Manchu rule, the Mongols had never given up their effort to reestablish an independent Mongolia. Galdan Boshogtu (1645-1697) of Dzungar Mongol once succeeded to unite all the Dzungar Mongols (or western Mongols) and the Khalkha Mongols (Outer Mongols) and almost seized Peking, the Capital of the Manchu Empire.

82. An European Parliament Resolution On Inner Mongolia in the political and economic treatment actuated by the Chinese government whendealing with the occupied populations of Inner mongolia, Eastern Turkistan http://www.innermongolia.org/english/an_european_parliament_resolutio.htm

An European Parliament Resolution on Inner Mongolia The European Parliament adopted the following resolution on Inner Mongolia, thanks to the great effort of the European Radical Alliance. Also the European People Group, the Liberal group, the Green group and the Union for Europe Group supported the resolution. PE/Inner Mongolia: Resolution Resolution concerning the present situation in Inner Mongolia and the conviction of the founder of the "Southern Mongolian Democracy Alliance," Sig. Hada. The European Parliament, - in light of its preceding resolutions on the violation of human rights in the People's Republic of China and its annexed territories; a. in consideration of the fact that the People's Republic of China has, beginning with its occupation in 1947 and through today, through the continued exercise of a politics of repression towards the population of Inner Mongolia, caused the disappearance of over 150,000 Mongols and the imprisonment of another 800,000 Mongols during the 50 years of Chinese administration; b. in consideration of the arrest, on the accusation of fomenting separatist activity, deprivation of political rights for four years, and conviction to 15 years imprisonment of Sig. Hada, who is the founder of the "Southern Mongolian Democracy Alliance" (SMDA);

83. Web Directory: Regional/Asia/Mongolia/Government Internet Resources on government in Regional/Asia/mongolia/government. Yourare here Web Directory Regional/Asia/mongolia/government. http://web.politinfo.com/dir/Regional/Asia/Mongolia/Government/

the entire directory only in Government Web Directory Regional Asia Mongolia : Government Web Directory offers listings of web sites, site previews, plus links to detailed information such as traffic rankings, user reviews and related sites. Get the Free Alexa Toolbar Categories Embassies and Consulates Web Sites Government of Mongolia The official site with information about departments, presidency and news. url: www.pmis.gov.mn/indexeng.php Get Site Info The Amarjargal Foundation Established by the chairman of the Mongolian National Democratic Party. Introduction to the body, details of its activities and brief news items. url: www.amarjargal.org/ Get Site Info Ministry of Foreign Affairs Texts of the constitution and other documents, information on the country's foreign policy and the activities of its foreign minister and consular and visa information. url: www.extmin.mn/ Get Site Info Ministry of Infrastructure Official site with mission, history, structure, agencies, and location. url: gate1.pmis.gov.mn/mid/

84. PERMANENT MISSION OF MONGOLIA TO THE UNITED NATION 6 East 77th Street The government of mongolia is now preparing a detailed timetable for essentialreform measures that we hope to take as quickly as possible. http://www.un.int/mongolia/refprog.htm

PERMANENT MISSION OF MONGOLIA TO THE UNITED NATION 6 East 77th Street, New York, NY 10021 tel: (212) 861 9460, (212) 737 3874 fax: ( 212 861 9464 E-mail: mongolia@un.int Business info Visa and Travel Links Online news More about Mongolia ... For Mongolians in USA The Reform Agenda of the Mongolian Government The Government of Mongolia is now preparing a detailed timetable for essential reform measures that we hope to take as quickly as possible. The main components of our economic reforms are as follows: 1.Urgent Fiscal and Pricing Measures The current budget situation is critical. In the run-up to the election the previous government approved overly generous legislation on pensions and social security, built up substantial wage and payments arrears, and postponed needed increases in key price. This has jeopardized sound fiscal management and urgent measures are required. For almost two years the government held prices for electricity, heating and gasoline constant, while costs rose sharply as inflation continued. As a result these enterprises built up large losses which had to be financed by the budget and through the banking system. In the nearest future we will raise prices of these key services to levels which reflect long run costs of production. Further, in order to ensure that prices keep up with costs in the future, within six months we aim to create an independent regulatory authority which will be responsible for ensuring that these prices are adjusted on a regular basis to match costs of production.

85. WorldSwitch.com - Mongolia - Cities, Government, Reference government, Cities, Global Gazeteer mongolia, http://www.worldswitch.com/Countries/Mongolia/Reference.html

Select a Country The WorldSwitch.com family of Web Sites Back to Mongolia Mongolia Reference CIA World Fact Book U.N. in Mongolia Government Cities Global Gazeteer - Mongolia

86. MongoliaOnline - MONGOLIA: Rural Media Almost In A Deadlock Of Government Censor And according to the Law on mongolian government, the Secretariat of the governmentof mongolia, where the Media Office Staff works, will be the financing http://www.mol.mn/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=8613

87. Agenda 21 - Mongolia On the basis of partnership relations, the government of mongolia provides varioustypes of reports on issues related to trade, investment and economic growth http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/mongolia/eco.htm

Click here to go to the following issues: Economic Aspects Natural Resource Aspects Institutional Aspects Social Aspects ... Mongolia ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN MONGOLIA Click here to go to these sections: International Cooperation Trade Changing Consumption Patterns Financing ... Sustainable Tourism INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION No information available. Mongolia All Countries Home TRADE Decision-Making: Coordinating Bodies The integration of trade and environment policies at high decision-making levels is discussed in Standing Committees of the Mongolian Parliament. The Nature and Environment Protection and Monitoring Agency at the Ministry of Nature and Environment is responsible for identifying "hot spots" in the integration of trade and environment issues. Decision-Making: Legislation and Regulations In 1999, Parliament modified the Law on Export Tariffs. According to this decision, tariffs on some of the export raw materials were increased, including wood materials. The main purpose of this decision is to protect the forest. Decision-Making: Strategies, Policies, and Plans

88. Mongol Tibet Network: Inner Mongolia Was Never A Part Of China Chinese people didn’t have their own state or government, and China, justlike mongolia, was a part of the Empire established by the Manchu people. http://www.ibiblio.org/mongol-tibet/mongolia/never.html

Inner Mongolia was Never a Part of China By Oyunbilig Inner Mongolia, as a part of the Great Mongol Empire, was never a part of China. From the day Genghis khan founded the Great Mongol Empire in 1206 to the death of the last Grand Khan of the Mongols-Ligdan Khan in 1634, the Mongol nation had been an independent state for more than 400 years. During the Ming Dynasty of China (1368-1644), there were many wars between the Mongols and the Chinese trying to rule over each other, but the China's dominance had never reached beyond the Great Wall. Once the Mongols even captured an Emperor of China. (In 1449, Esen Taiji defeated Chinese army near Peking and took Chinese emperor Ying-tsung (or Ying Zong) prisoner). Also during the Ming dynasty, Fearing from the Mongols' invasion, China took great efforts to rebuild the Chinese ancient fortification -the " Ten thousand miles of " Great Wall. The Mongol Empire lasted outside of the Great Wall until the Jorchid (later known as Manchu) people took over the entire Inner Mongolia in 1634. During the Manchu rule, the Mongols never had given up their effort to get rid of the Manchu domination to reestablish an independent Mongolia. Galdan Boshogtu (1645-1697) of Dzungar Mongol once succeeded to unite all the Dzungar Mongols (or western Mongols) and the Khalkha Mongols (Outer Mongols) and almost seized Peking, the Capital of the Manchu Empire. In 1644, Manchu people succeeded in controlling China and Emperor Shuen-chih (or Shun-Zhi) proclaimed the Great Ching Empire (Tai Ching). So we have enough reason to say that Mongolia was not a part of China during this historical period because Mongolia (Including Inner, Outer, Dzungar Mongols) and China were both ruled by a foreign nation during the time of Manchu Empire. Chinese people didn’t have their own state or government, and China, just like Mongolia, was a part of the Empire established by the Manchu people.

89. NKChosun.com government to Support NK Refugee Camp in mongolia Deputy Ministerof Foreign Affairs and Trade Kim Hangkyung said Thursday that http://nk.chosun.com/english/news/news.html?ACT=detail&res_id=6518

90. Mongolia - Government And Politics Summary Summary government And Politics Summary Summary mongolia. Share travel photos mongolia- government And Politics Summary Summary. Party and government http://www.exploitz.com/Mongolia-Government-And-Politics-cg.php

Government And Politics Summary Summary - Mongolia Share travel photos on the Exploitz.com website, the leading travel photography site on the Internet! Mongolia Hotels Mongolia Hostels Mongolia Sights Mongolia Posters Customize your home,school or office with a Mongolia poster! Mongolia Index Previous Page Next Page Mongolia - Government And Politics Summary Summary Party and Government: Communist, modeled on Soviet system; limited degree of private ownership permitted by 1960 Constitution. Unicameral People's Great Hural with 370 deputies elected in June 1986 for four-year term; 328 were members or candidate members of ruling Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. Council of Ministers with highest executive power. Political processes guided in theory by People's Great Hural, which enacts basic laws of country, but real power vested in tenperson party Political Bureau. Central Committee appoints and removes Political Bureau members and is itself appointed by National Party Congress. Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party only legal party in 1989. Land, natural resources, factories, transport, and banking organizations are state property. Cooperative ownership of most public enterprises, especially livestock herding. Administrative Divisions: Eighteen provinces (aymags), three municipalities (hots), and counties (somons), each with own Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party organization, which directs work of local assemblies, cooperatives, and government on its level.

91. Mongolia Conforming to Diamond’s first criterion, mongolia’s Ih Hural, or Parliament,makes laws that are enforced by other branches of government. http://www.erpic.org/perihelion/wps/mongolia.htm

EUROPEAN RIM POLICY AND INVESTMENT COUNCIL PERIHELION WORKING PAPERS MONGOLIA: DOES DEMOCRACY HAVE A FUTURE? Dr Paula L.W. Sabloff January 2003 Less than a month after Germans destroyed the Berlin Wall (November 1989), Mongolians began protesting at the tight political control of the Communist Party, or MPRP (Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party). Starting with a rally on December 10, International Human Rights Day, thousands of people in towns and villages ( soum centers) began marching for multi-party elections and human rights. At first the demonstrators wanted an open, reformed government (a combination of glasnost’ and perestroika ) coupled with a Socialist economy. However they soon wanted to replace the centrally planned economy with capitalism and membership in the international market economy. On March 7, 1990, a small group representing the Mongolian Democratic Union – leaders of the demonstrations – began hunger strikes in Sukhbaatar Square outside Parliament. The MPRP capitulated within days, agreeing to an open national election in June. Those elected would be responsible for writing a new democratic, capitalist constitution. Within one and one-half years of the June 1990 election, the new constitution was written and ratified by the citizenry. It established a one-chamber, parliamentarian government and independently elected president. Liberal Democracy in Mongolia Since adopting the 1992 Constitution, Mongolia has met most of the criteria of a liberal democracy as listed by Larry Diamond in the

92. ZapMeta Directory > Regional > Asia > Mongolia > Government . government of mongolia * Editor s Choice! . mongolian government StateProperty Committee (SPC) open this site in a new window Past Versions http://www.zapmeta.com/search/meta/db.pl?dir=85115

93. Case Studies data on adolescents health and sexuality; Responsibilities of government organisationsto and parents toward adolescents in relation to the laws of mongolia. http://www.unescobkk.org/ips/arh-web/demographics/mongolia3.cfm

Demographic Characteristics Programme Responses to ARSH Problems Lessons Learned Guidelines Success/Failure Factors for Advocacy Strategies Success/Failure Factors for IEC Strategies Overall Listing of Lessons Learned Lessons Learned Bangladesh Cambodia China India ... Malaysia Mongolia Nepal Philippines Sri Lanka Thailand ... Viet Nam Mongolia - Lessons Learned Success/Failure Factors for Advocacy Strategies 1. Support of public and private sectors The major success is evident from the fact that both the government and NGOs are paying considerable attention to adolescent reproductive and sexual health, implementing projects and giving their support. When the popular telephone hotline service of "Adolescent - Future Centre" faced financial difficulties, international organisations paid attention to the problem and decision-makers were made to understand the importance of the service. 2. Limited support from decision-makers

94. Travel-Directory.org: Destinations/Asia/Mongolia/Government Embassies and Consulates (0). LINKS government of mongolia, government of mongoliaThe official site with information about departments, presidency and news. http://www.travel-directory.org/Destinations/Asia/Mongolia/Government/

TRAVEL-HOME ADD A LINK MODIFY A LINK NEW LINKS ... LOGIN Looking for something in particular? the entire directory only this category More search options Home Destinations Asia ... Mongolia : Government CATEGORIES: Embassies and Consulates LINKS: Government of Mongolia The official site with information about departments, presidency and news. http://www.pmis.gov.mn/indexeng.php Rate It Review It Details Ministry of Foreign Affairs Texts of the constitution and other documents, information on the country's foreign policy and the activities of its foreign minister and consular and visa information. http://www.extmin.mn/ Rate It Review It Details Ministry of Infrastructure Official site with mission, history, structure, agencies, and location. http://gate1.pmis.gov.mn/mid/ Rate It Review It Details Mongolia Security Summaries of works on the country's security and foreign policy by Tsedendambyn Batbayar of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. http://www.geocities.com/mongolsec Rate It Review It Details Mongolian Government State Property Committee (SPC) Legislative and company information related to the country's privatisation programme. http://www.spc.gov.mn/

95. IREX > Publications & Resources > Mongolia Resource Page gov.mn/president/; government of mongolia http//www.pmis.gov.mn/-includes government ministries organizations; Constitution of http://www.irex.org/pubs/resources/mongolia.asp

/***************************************************************************** Linked js file with all the menucreation code inside ******************************************************************************/ Search: sitemap Home Publications Resources ... United States Mongolia Resource Page Contents Mongolia History Law Travel Information Health ... Reference Maps http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/mongolia.html Topographical map- http://userpage.fuerlin.de/ ~corff/im/Landeskunde/Mongolia.jpg CIA World Fact Book - http://www.odci.gov/cia/ publications/factbook/geos/mg.html Weather NASA - http://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov /eclipse/970309/text/weather-mongolia.html Third World Traveler - http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/ Weather/weather_Mongolia.html Wunderground.com/global/MO.html - http://www.wunderground.com/global/MO.html Yahoo Weather - http://weather.yahoo.com/regional/Asia/Mongolia.html Weather Online - http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/Mongolia.htm Prime Minister’s Office, Mongolia - http://www.pmis.gov.mn/men/weathernew.htm

96. Mongolia To United Nations 58TH SESSION OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE UNITED NATIONS, POSITION OF mongolia. Peace and security mongolia's contribution. Advancing social development, consolidating human rights and democracy http://www.un.int/mongolia

Business info Visa and Travel Business info Visa and Travel ... Site index

97. The Parliament Of Mongolia The summary for this Russian page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set. http://www.parl.gov.mn/

Ìîíãîë Óëñûí Yíäñýí õóóëèàñ Ívvð õóóäàñ Àñóóëò, ñàíàë õvñýëò Õýëýëövvëýã Ëèíêvvä ... English version here

98. Mongolia Profile: Government government type parliamentary. Party or Civil Courage Party) Sanjaasurengyn OYUN;Democratic Party or DP D. DORLIGJAN; Mongolian People s Revolutionary http://www.nationmaster.com/country/mg/Government

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Factoid #38 Ethopians are by far the most agricultural people on earth (both men and women Interesting Facts Make your own graph: Hold down Control and click on several. Compare All Top 5 Top 10 Top 20 Top 100 Bottom 100 Bottom 20 Bottom 10 Bottom 5 All (desc) in category: Select Category Agriculture Crime Currency Democracy Economy Education Energy Environment Food Geography Government Health Identification Immigration Internet Labor Language Manufacturing Media Military Mortality People Religion Sports Taxation Transportation Welfare with statistic: view: Correlations Printable graph / table Pie chart Scatterplot with ... * Asterisk means graphable. Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Populous Most Militaristic ... More Stats Categories Agriculture Background Crime Currency ... Welfare Regions Africa Asia Europe Middle East ... Mongolia : Government Scroll down to view statistics. Note: Click on the link to view the graph for each statistic. This shows the current country compared to others where data was available for the variable. View this page with sources or definitions listed for each statistic Sponsored links: Administrative divisions provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1

99. EurasiaNet Human Rights - Mongolian Government Rebuts Charge That Privatization Mongolian government Rebuts Charge that Privatization Law is Discriminatory news and analysis about Central Asia and the Caucasus. http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/rights/articles/eav122002a.shtml

Eurasia Insight Analysis of current affairs Deals, Developments, and Trends Environment Hazards and Solutions Expert and Observer Interviews Culture News, Book Reviews, and Photo Essays Human Rights Monitoring and Actions Recaps Summaries of Expert Meetings Election Watch Results and Analysis East of Magnum An Online Photo Exhibition EurasiaNet Partners Contributing Sites Grants and Employment Opportunities in Central Eurasia Search EurasiaNet Eurasia Policy Forum Drug Policy, HIV/AIDS and the Public Health Crisis in Central Asia Caspian Revenue Watch HUMAN RIGHTS MONGOLIAN GOVERNMENT REBUTS CHARGE THAT PRIVATIZATION LAW IS DISCRIMINATORY Tsolomon Bold: 12/20/02 A EurasiaNet Commentary I would like to express my opinion about the story entitled Pro-Democracy Activists in Mongolia Worry About Potential Roll Back of Reforms , by Oyungerel Tsedevdamba, that was posted on EurasiaNet on November 22. When describing the protest organized by the so-called Movement for Fair Privatization of Land, Oyungerel asserts that farmers would be adversely affected in case a recently adopted land privatization law takes effect. First of all, let me tell you that the author does not seem to know the law she is criticizing.

100. Mongolian Alphabets Cyrillic alphabet in 1937. In 1941 the Mongolian government passed alaw to abolish the Mongolian alphabet. Since 1994, the Mongolian http://www.omniglot.com/writing/mongolian.htm

Writing systems: alphabetic syllabic logographic ... A-Z index Mongolian alphabets Origin The Mongolian alphabet was adapted from the Uighur alphabet in the 12th Century. The Uighur alphabet was a derivative of the Sogdian alphabet, which ultimately came from Aramaic. Between the 13th and 15th Centuries, Mongolian was also written with Chinese characters , the Arabic alphabet and a script derived from Tibetan called Phags-pa As a result of pressure from the Soviet Union, Mongolia adopted the Latin alphabet in 1931 and the Cyrillic alphabet in 1937. In 1941 the Mongolian government passed a law to abolish the Mongolian alphabet. Since 1994, the Mongolian government has been trying to bring back the Mongolian alphabet and it is starting to be used more widely and is now taught in schools. In Inner Mongolia, a part of China, the traditonal Mongolian alphabet is still used. Notable features This is a phonemic alphabet with separate letters for consonants and vowels. Written vertically from top to bottom and from left to right. This is very unusual as all other scripts that are written vertically (

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