21. Igneous Rocks minerals commonly present include Olivine is dominant with centimeter to inch-scale gray to blue plagioclase crystals. Return to Physical geology Online page. http://www.dc.peachnet.edu/~pgore/geology/geo101/igneous.htm

Igneous Rocks Pamela J. W. Gore Georgia Perimeter College Objectives Contrast magma and lava. Describe how the rate of cooling influences the size of crystals in igneous rocks. List the different igneous rock textures (aphanitic, phaneritic, porphyritic, pegmatitic, vesicular, glass, and pyroclastic) and explain their origins. Discuss the contributions of N. L. Bowen to the understanding of igneous rocks. Be able to list the minerals of Bowen's Reaction series in order. Explain the significance of Bowen's Reaction Series to melting and crystallization. Discuss the various types of magma and how they relate to igneous rocks. List the various kinds of intrusive igneous bodies (dike, sill, laccolith, stock, batholith) and describe each in terms of the criteria used to classify plutons. Origin "fire-formed rocks" Crystallize from molten material: Magma - below the Earth's surface Lava - erupts onto the Earth's surface through a volcano or crack (fissure) Lava cools more quickly because it is on the surface. Cooling Rates Cooling rates influence the texture if the igneous rock: Quick cooling = fine grains Slow cooling = coarse grains Igneous rocks are classified on their texture and their composition.

22. Nearctica - Geology - Minerals And Gems You ll also find guides to collecting minerals, growing crystals, a bibliography, a A detailed glossary of geological terms, sometimes accompanied with http://www.nearctica.com/geology/mineral/mineral.htm

Geology - Minerals, and Gems Special Segments Butterflies of North America Conifers of North America Eastern Birds List of N.A. Insects Home Eastern Wildflowers General Topics Natural History Ecology Family Environment Evolution Home Education Home Conservation Geophysics Paleontology Commercial Organizations Return to Geology Main Page Photo courtesy of John Betts Fine Minerals Books About R ocks and Minerals I have always been slightly crazy about rocks and minerals. As a child my mother indulged me even though the suitcases on vacations always came back packed with rocks rather than clothes. Trying to collect rocks growing up in eastern North Dakota was an exercise in futility, however, and insects came to occupy me later in my professional life. However I still find myself poking around among the rocks and stones whenever I have the chance, and fossils and rocks seem to occupy every empty shelf in the house. This page is an introduction to the minerals section and contains links to web sites containing general information about mineralogy. Be sure to also check out the other pages in the mineralogy section of

23. Welcome To The Minerals And Geology Page and Oklahoma Table of presence of minerals with their Special Features Interesting geological features unique to our Mountain Find your own crystals on these http://www.fs.fed.us/oonf/minerals/welcome.htm

GREETINGS! Welcome to the Minerals and Geology web pages for the Ouachita and Ozark National Forests in Arkansas and Oklahoma, and to exciting minerals related sites and links to other National Forests across the Country. For any additional information, feel free to contact John C. Nichols, Forest Geologist for the Ouachita National Forest, at jcnichols@fs.fed.us These pages were updated August 2001 by Andrea Burton. Geology of the Ouachita and Ozark National Forests General information and descriptions of the geology of the two National Forests Quartz on the Ouachita National Forest Essay on quartz, from the beginning mines to current production Minerals Activities Procedures Information on how to get approval to prospect and mine on the National Forests begins with an understanding of the Mineral estate status Rockhounding and Our National Forests Answers to many questions ranging from aquiring lands to contract fees to rockhounding Mine Safety Guidelines designed to keep you safe while in and around mines on the Ouachita National Forest Rockhounding Photos A pictorial view of rockhounding at its finest Other Minerals of the Ouachita National Forest Some of the minerals of historic and present interest to this area, their description, and their photograph

24. Selected References On Rocks, Minerals, And Gemstones and minerals with discussions on basic geology and on background in crystallography to amateur mineral collectors. Harlow, GE, 1990, GEMS AND crystals FROM THE http://geology.er.usgs.gov/eastern/rock-min.html

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. Geological Survey Reston, Virginia 20192 Selected References On Rocks, Minerals, And Gemstones October 1994 Items on this list have been selected for scientific accuracy, general interest, and availability. They emphasize geology, location, and identification of rocks, minerals, and gemstones. Many can be found in public or school libraries, or can be ordered from the publisher or from book dealers. Some of the older publications may no longer be in print and can only be obtained through libraries on interlibrary loan. Further information on availability and price can be obtained from the publisher listed or from book dealers. The list consists of four sections: I. Guidebooks and reference books for collectors II. Educational references for all ages, elementary school to adult. III. Audiovisual - videos, computer software, and posters. IV. Periodicals. I. Guidebooks And Reference Books For Collectors Anderson, B.W., 1990, GEM TESTING (10th ed., revised): Stoneham, Massachusetts, Butterworths Heinemann, 384 p. (Advanced)

25. FACTS ABOUT ROCK AND MINERALS geology. Facts about rocks and minerals. Fact 11 Rocks are formed of minerals. Millions of crystals bonded together to form a solid mass. http://www.loelem.santacruz.k12.ca.us/classrooms/room16/projectsfieldtrips/facts

Geology Facts about rocks and minerals Fact 1 Everything in the natural world that is not plant or animal, liquid or gas, is MINERAL. Fact 2 Fact 3 Even the rocks at the bottom of the ocean and on the moon are made of minerals. Fact 4 Fact 5 Each mineral is a natural substance with a definite chemical composition and specific physical characteristics. Fact 6 Manufactured materials - steel, bronze, brick, plastic, tungsten, soap, plaster, cement - are not minerals because they are not natural in origin. Fact 7 Fact 8 Water is also a special case: as naturally frozen ice, it too, is considered a mineral. Fact 9 Fact 10 Fact 11 Rocks are formed of minerals. Millions of crystals bonded together to form a solid mass. A single rock unit may be an entire mountain range or an entire layer that continues for hundreds of miles. Fact 12 Most rock is composed of a limited amount of minerals, and most of these minerals are silicates. Silicates are composed of one or more metals. Fact 13 Four elements alone make up 90% of the earth. The four elements are iron, magnesium, silicon, and oxygen. Fact 14 The next four most common elements - nickel, sulfur, calcium, and aluminum - when added to the first four in Fact 13, bring the total close to 99%.

26. Rocks And Minerals By Name Mineral s from the geology Museum The A Fixed and Definite Shape Many minerals are capable crystals are formed when a mineral solidifies under force in http://www.fi.edu/tfi/units/rocks/rocks.html

At one time or another, you have probably held a rock in your hand. Recall the texture. Was it smooth, polished by the force of sand and salt water pounding it onto the beach? Was it rough and cragged, left exposed for centuries to the wind and sun of a canyon wall? Recall the color. Was it coral and pink, like the colors of Bermuda's sand? Was it fiery red, like the colors of Arizona's canyons? Recall the size. Was it a handful, heavy with the weight of being worn? Was it a tiny pebble, a small fragment broken off from what it once was? Rocks are our world. The planet Earth is, essentially, just one big interesting rock, sometimes called "the third rock from the sun." The multi-faceted rock we live on supports life in many ways. The deep oceans, the vast deserts, and the high mountains, are just a few of the ways rock emerges and supports life. Rocks remember. Geology is the science and study of the earth and its life, especially as recorded in rocks . Rocks, then, keep record of the passage of time and the evolution of living things. The word rock refers to solid mineral deposits. Rocks are minerals, but not all minerals are rocks. Minerals are all substances that can't be classified as "animal" or "vegetable." Metals ores found in the earth, like gold and silver, are minerals. Crystalline substances, like salt and quartz, are minerals. Homogeneous natural substances, like water and gas, are also minerals. These non-solid minerals, however, are not considered "rock."

27. Introduction To Sylcol Gallery Of Gems, Minerals And Crystals From Worldide Loca Fine minerals and crystals are available from and protecting your favourite minerals, gems, fossils Information on geology, minerals, gems, fossil, museums http://www.openallday.au.com/sylcol1956axl/introsylcol.html

NEW MINERALS FOR SALE From an old collection This collection has not been added to for at least 25 years and has some excellent examples of specimens from famous localities worldwide. The following 5 pages show pictures of a small but significant part of this collection. The collection is for sale as a lot or individually as priced. All prices are negotiable and offers will be considered on individual specimens or as a complete collection. You will find the price and sizes on the pages. Minerals of specific importance are: anglesite pseudomorphing cerussite from Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia, duftite and calcite from Tsumeb, South West Africa, azurite from Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia, native copper from Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia, mottramite and calcite from Tsumeb, South West Africa, rhodochrosite from Hotazal, South Africa, Emerald from Brazil, calcite paramorph from Tsumeb, South West Africa, wulfenite from Tsumeb, South West Africa, several miniature

28. Manchester Minerals Books (Geology/Mineralogy) colour illustrations descriptions of all the typical fossil plants and animals of the major geological eras Book Handbook of minerals and crystals Ref 28 http://www.manchesterminerals.co.uk/acatalog/Books__Geology_Mineralogy_.html

var actinic_ignored = true; actinic_ignored = false; document.write(getCartItem(3)); document.write(getCartItem(1)); Quick search Online Catalogue Click here to see a section of a sample page. Price(GBP) Quantity: Price(GBP) Quantity: Price(GBP) Quantity: Price(GBP) Quantity: Price(GBP) Quantity: Price(GBP) Quantity: Price(GBP) Quantity: Price(GBP) Quantity: Price(GBP) Quantity: Price(GBP) Quantity: Price(GBP) Quantity: Price(GBP) Quantity: Price(GBP) Quantity: Price(GBP) Quantity: Price(GBP) Quantity: Price(GBP) Quantity: Gold Panning Instruction Booklet Price(GBP) Quantity: Price(GBP) Quantity: Price(GBP) Quantity: Online Catalogue

29. GEOLOGY, ROCKS, MINERALS, CRYSTALS GUIDE Extract from crystals, Gemstones, minerals The exclusive Living Designs introductory guide with brief information about the geology of many varieties. http://www.livingnet.co.uk/info/mineralsguide.htm

Living net 'CRYSTALS, GEMSTONES, MINERALS' GUIDE Extract from 'Crystals, Gemstones, Minerals' The exclusive Living Designs introductory guide with brief information about the 'geology' of many varieties. (c)Living Designs 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 The number after the name is the approximate hardness of the stone on Mohs scale from (softest) to 10 (hardest). For comparison your fingernail is about 2.5 on the scale! ABALONE a mollusc (source of Mother of Pearl) with a sheen on the inside of the shell. ACTINOLITE 5 A green silicate with magnesium, iron etc forming radiating crystals (name is Greek for ray stone) AGATE 7 a variety of Chalcedony (quartz family) found in a huge range of colours. It is quite porous and therefore dyed specimens are common. Many different Agates including Moss Agate (with flecks of oxides), Dendritic (fern like markings), Onyx and others. ALBITE 6 an Aluminium silicate. ALEXANDRITE 8 of the Chrysoberyl family. Appears to change colour in different lighting (also sometimes at different angles of view) - reddish in candlelight and blue-green in fluorescent. Effect caused by chromium content. Named after Czar Alexander. ALMANDINE 7 or Almandite, a red-orange Garnet

30. Essentials Of Geology : Chapter 3 : Overview a discussion of crystal formation and crystals’ unique internal author pursues the fact that minerals are the chapters deal with the very geologic topics of http://www.wwnorton.com/earth/egeo/overview/ch3.htm

Overview Guide to Reading Key Terms Self-Test ... Glossary Crystals formed by precipitation from a solution may grow inward from the walls of a container. Geodes are a spectacular example of this phenomenon. Credit Stephen Marshak Guide to Reading Most of Chapter 3 is devoted to the scientific approach to mineral study, but woven throughout the chapter are consumer-type topics such as the questionable magical powers of crystals and the beauty and legends of gemstones (diamonds and more). Mineral identification is the next topic. How do you tell one kind from another when there are so many? Fortunately there are few enough common ones that examination of a few physical properties generally allows identification of specimens in either the field or the lab. Silicates Sulfates Oxides Halides Sulfides Carbonates top of page Key Terms anhedral grains industrial minerals cleavage luster ... top of page W.W. Norton and Company :

31. Shop Rocks And Minerals Geology Earth Sciences minerals Rock and mineral kits, fossil kits, rock hammers and other geological supplies, as The Crystal Cave Fossils, minerals and crystals from Falmouth http://earth-sciences.designerz.com/earth-sciences-geology-rocks-minerals-shop.p

Map.Designerz.com Science.Designerz.com Earth Sciences News Earth Sciences Chat ... Earth Sciences Site Map Channels Visited Clear Featured Links Web Hosting Designerz Portals Store Science.Designerz.com Sign up for our mailing list ... Earth Sciences A comprehensive resource on Earth Sciences Geology Rocks Minerals Shop Show Earth Sciences (Earth Sciences Geology Rocks Minerals Shop) content on your web site Reach Earth Sciences (Earth Sciences Geology Rocks Minerals Shop) Audience Save on Earth Sciences Geology Rocks Minerals Shop books, magazines and software See which Earth Sciences Geology Rocks Minerals Shop domain names are available Search Earth Sciences Geology Rocks Minerals Shop on other search engines Press Releases, Stories and Articles on Earth Sciences Geology Rocks Minerals Shop Ecology Services Consultant Ecologists Ecology Services Limited is an environmental consultancy, based in Lancashire, North West, UK. ... Press Release by Ecology Services View all press releases Submit your press release View all articles Submit your article Featured Results (opens in a new window) Cumberlandite Cumberladite bowenite state rocks for sale.

32. Smithsonian Education - Minerals Crystals And Gems Grades38 Subjects Science geology Technology In the game and precious gems cut from mineral crystals give us minerals are our most valuable and widely used http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/minerals/

For Educators Field Trips Professional Development Lesson Plans ... Labs Select Subject: All Subjects African American Art African American Culture African American History African Art African Culture African History Air and Space American Art American Art Culture American Art History American Culture American History American Indian Art American Indian Culture American Indian History Ancient Art Ancient Culture Ancient History Animals Anthropology Architecture/Design Art (general) Asian Art Asian Culture Asian History Asian Pacific American APA Art APA Culture APA History Careers Earth Science Environment Experimentation Folklife Fossils Gems and Minerals Health Hispanic (see Latino) History (general) Investigation Language Arts Latino Art Latino Culture Latino History Geography and Maps Mathematics Music Multiculturalism Mythology Native American Art Native American Culture Native American History Performing Arts Plants Science (general) Spanish Language Special Needs Technology Visitor Guides Visual Arts Women's History World History/Culture Writing/Literacy World Art World Culture World History Select Grade: All grades General audience Enter Keyword: Please email us with any comments or suggestions Getting Started Standards: This lesson matches Mid-Continent Regional Educational Laboratory (McREL) educational standards.

33. History Of Kamloops, British Columbia. Fossils, Minerals,Crystals geology http://www3.telus.net/bc_eocene_tours/geology.htm

Short History of Kamloops, BC Geology ~ Fossil Tours Your Host ~ John Ratcliffe "As you stand atop a bluff overlooking the Thompson River, it's not difficult to imagine a world without traffic, noise, and all other human beings. As you crack open a rock and look inside at the shape of a tiny leaf, it's not difficult to close your eyes and imagine the sweetness of the breeze the tiny leaf might have created in this piece of paradise." (Thank you Danna Jackson from Kamloops This Week) I invite you to join the many local and International travelers who have explored the mountains surrounding Kamloops, BC with Kamloops, Geology ~ Fossil Tours. You could buy a Mineral or Fossil while visiting the area. But, if someone asks you where you got that Mineral or Fossil specimen, wouldn't it be great to say, " I found it myself in the mountains around Kamloops, BC." CALCITE STILBITES VESUVIANITE GARNETS If you are really into stone craftsmanship, just click. HOME PROJECTS Informative: LINKS Home On With The Tour

34. Geol101 that will be useful for studying geology in East crystals individual grains of a mineral or chemical minerals are naturally occurring chemicals, which may be http://www.horne28.freeserve.co.uk/geol101.htm

An introduction to some basic principles of geology that will be useful for studying geology in East Yorkshire without too much jargon Tutor: Mike Horne, Hull University Crystals - individual grains of a mineral or chemical with well defined flat faces meeting at angular edges. Minerals are naturally occurring chemicals, which may be single elements or compounds, most are inorganic and solids. The "rock forming" minerals are the ones that make up common rock types and are mostly silicates (containing Silicon and Oxygen with some metals). Ores are rarer minerals that are commercially important for processing into metals etc. Gems are even rarer minerals valued because of their appearance. Rocks - rocks are made up of grains or crystals of one or more minerals. They can be divided into three main groups - Igneous Rocks - have crystallised from magma (a very hot melt of minerals) and are characterised by being made up of interlocking crystals of minerals. Large crystals can grow if the magma cools slowly: the rock will be coarse grained and is known as a plutonic rock (platonic rocks are just being friendly!). An example is Granite. If it cools rapidly, as is the case with a volcanic rock, the crystals will be small or the rock may even be glassy. Basalt is an example of a fine grained, volcanic rock. Sedimentary Rocks - rocks made of grains of sediment that have been eroded away from previously existing rocks. The grains (or clasts) may be rounded and will probably be cemented together by a mineral that has precipitated out of mineral rich water. They form on the surface of the earth in the sea, lakes, rivers and deserts. And so they may contain the preserved remains of plants and animals (fossils). They will probably show some layering (bedding) and other depositional patterns.

35. UNB GEOLOGY 1001 Lecture 4 - Minerals UNB geology 1001 Lecture 4 minerals. Consequently, crystals of minerals can be very large (individual MINERAL crystals up to 10 meters long have been found http://www.unb.ca/courses/geol1001a/lec-4.htm

UNB GEOLOGY 1001 Lecture 4- Minerals Last lecture we talked about very large scale phenomena such as the origina dnevolution of the Universe. This lecture deals with the other end of the size spectrum - minerals and their constituent atoms. In previous lectures I described the parts of the Earth ( i.e. , the core, mantle and crust). I also indicated that the core is thought to consist primarily of Iron and Nickel with a little Sulfur or Oxygen. The Mantle and Crust are made up of rocky material rich in Silicon, Oxygen, Magnesium, Iron, Calcium, aluminum, etc. The obvious question then is: What are rocks made of? The answer to that question depends on what scale you are talking about. At the smallest scale, rocks are made up of various chemical elements. However, on a macroscopic scale ( i.e. , things you can see in hand specimen), rocks are made of MINERALS . That leads to the question: What is a MINERAL A MINERAL is: A Naturally Occurring Chemical Element or Inorganic Compound Formed as a Product of Inorganic Processes, which has an Orderly Arrangement of its Constituent Atoms (i.e., It has a Crystal Structure). A mineral may be of fixed chemical composition or its chemical composition may be variable within defined limits. This definition differs from that given in your text (p. 47) in that I recognize that, with a few exceptions

36. Rocks And Minerals This site provides information on how to design a rocks and minerals field trip in an urban area using Growing crystals, Department of geology, College of http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/rocksminerals.html

Rocks and Minerals Web Sites Rocks and Minerals , Kentucky Geological Survey. Shortened, on-line version of the publication "Rocks and Minerals of Kentucky" by Warren Anderson. Provides information on rocks and minerals of Kentucky, including methods of identifying minerals, crystal descriptions, hardness tests, streak tests, and other methods that can be used in the classroom to identify rocks and minerals in Kentucky. A list of museums that display Kentucky rocks and minerals is also provided. Mineral Information Institut e, is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to educating youth about the science of minerals and other natural resources, and about their importance in our every day lives. This site provides a wealth of information for the classroom including lessons, activities, and guides for all grades. Some of the activities include information about the minerals in toothpaste, pencils, light bulbs, and other common objects. The Homework Help for Students section contains information about common minerals and their uses (and pictures), more than 45 photographs of minerals, and summaries of the rocks and minerals mined in each State. Poster packets are also for sale at a minimal price. This Rock is Your Rock, This Rock is my Rock

37. GLY 220 Physical Geology Notes GLY 220 Physical geology, Paul Howell, University of but not all characteristics of minerals (ex 7. crystals - Chemical compounds that have atoms arranged in http://www.uky.edu/AS/Geology/howell/220/notes03-minerals-s04.html

GLY 220 - Physical Geology, Paul Howell, University of Kentucky. Notes 3 Minerals Read Chapter 5! Here are some key concepts (terms) to study for lecture: Rock, Mineral, Element, Atom, Proton, Neutron, Electron, Nucleus, Energy Level Shell, Ion, Isotopes, Compounds, Bonding (covalent, ionic, metallic, van der waals) Crystals, Polymorphism, Ionic substitution, Elemental abundances. Mineral families: #1 Silicates, what is a silica tetrahedron ? how do they bond? how many different ways? why is this mineral family so darn important? Other families: Carbonate, Halide, Sulfide, Oxide, Sulfate, Phosphate, Hydroxide, Elemental... Silicate Family Groups: know the different groups of silicates and how their tetrahedrons are bonded. Know this! Here are some key concepts to study for lab: Mineral Properties (brief notes at the bottom of this page) Cleavage, fracture, luster, hardness, Mohs scale, color, crystal form, streak, density, taste, solubility in acid Rock = aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids Mineral = naturally-occurring solid with a characteristic chemical composition and a crystalline structure.

38. Physical Geology Links, Cochise College Planet Earth Chapter 2 Atoms, crystals, minerals and Gems Chapter 3 - Igneous minerals and Rocks 10 - Metamorphic Rocks Chapter 11 - Geologic Time, Mass http://geo.cochise.edu/physical.php?cat=chapter&item=Chapter 2

39. Physical Geology - Silicate Minerals Physical geology 01C. Olivine is one of the earth’s most abundant minerals and a crystals of pure Mg olivine (forsterite) are cut into the gemstone peridot. http://people.hofstra.edu/faculty/j_b_bennington/1cnotes/silicate_minerals.html

Physical Geology 01C J Bret Bennington Silicate Minerals Updated 10/00 Silicate Minerals There are over 3000 different minerals known. However, only about 20 of them are very common. Likewise, of the or so naturally occuring elements , only 12 are found greater than 1% . These twelve make-up 99% of the mass of the crust. Oxygen and Silicon make-up more than 70% of the crust. Oxygen is very reactive with other elements? needs two extra electrons? and it bonds as an O2- anion (ion with a ? charge) to form compounds called oxides The silicate complex anion (SiO4)4- Four oxygen atoms tightly bonded to a silicon atom. The oxygens arrange themselves around the central silicon to form a four sided pyramid - a terahedron The four oxygen ions each share an electron with the silicon, leaving each oxygen looking to share one additional electron. How silicate anions can bond 1. Bonding with cations (ions with a + charge) The oxygen ions can share their extra electrons by bonding with cations e.g. two Mg2+ cations can combine with an SiO4 to give Mg2SiO4 (olivine) 2. Bonding with other tetrahedra

40. Physical Geology - Mineral Properties Physical geology 01C. Crystal form is the characteristic shape that minerals have when they crystals are flat sided geometric figures (the flat sides are called http://people.hofstra.edu/faculty/j_b_bennington/1cnotes/MineralProperties.html

Physical Geology 01C J Bret Bennington Mineral Properties Updated 10/00 What is a mineral? Solid Distinct elemental composition ? types and proportions of elements are constant, but some substitution is possible. Characteristic crystal structure ? an ordered, repeating arrangement of atoms. All minerals have distinctive physical properties. In addition to sometimes being useful to us, these properties allow us to identify different minerals. A mineral example: Diamond Diamonds are solid Diamonds have a definite elemental composition - carbon Diamonds have a distinct crystal structure - network of bonded carbon Some diamond properties: Diamond is transparent and glassy in appearance. Diamond is the hardest naturally occuring substance in the earth. This makes diamond useful as a cutting tool in industry. Diamond has a very high index of refraction . This means that light entering a diamond is bent at a high angle. If the diamond is cut correctly, most of the light entering the stone will be reflected back out the top of the stone. This is what gives diamonds their unusual brilliance. Pure carbon can also form another mineral - graphite . If both diamond and graphite are made of the same element (carbon) why are they different minerals?

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