41. Curious Find On Confederate Sub Links North And South To date, the buttons recovered from the Hunley submarine as a whole representa diverse collection of both Confederate and union military units. . http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/04/0427_hunleyapril27.html

Sign up for our free e-mail newsletter Also see: Today's Top Stories This Story E-mail this story Sponsored in part by Curious Find on Confederate Sub Links North and South National Geographic News April 27, 2001 A "dog tag" worn by a Union soldier for identification was discovered inside the Confederate submarine H. L. Hunley, archaeologists said Friday. The find baffles researchers. Was it a war souvenir? Or did it belong to a defector or a spy? Perhaps a Union soldier asked a Confederate opponent on the battlefield to take the tag and send it to his family as an indication of his death. Hunley researchers say all these scenarios are possible. More News Kids News The Environment Travel National Geographic Channel Special Series Emerging Explorers TravelWatch National Geographic Out There Oceans ... Pulse of the Planet The Hunley sank on February 17, 1864, when it attacked the Union's Housatonic, becoming the first submarine to sink a warship. The sub and its crew of nine never returned from the mission. The remains of the sub were found 131 years later, in May 1995, in the mud of Charleston Harbor, and were raised in August 2000. Since then, scientists have been painstakingly recovering the bones of the crew and other artifacts from the sludge-filled submarine hull. At a news conference in Charleston on Friday, scientists said the name on the Union dog tag is Ezra Chamberlin. Records indicate he enlisted in the Union Army on September 6, 1861, and was a member of Company K, 7th Regiment, Connecticut Volunteers.

42. Doublespeak - Disinfopedia Reporters are absorbed into advancing military units, and may term interchangeablywith citizen the military is there Common Sense, National Taxpayers union. http://www.disinfopedia.org/wiki.phtml?title=Doublespeak

43. Alabama's Civil War Fighting Units 10,000 had already enlisted in the union army. regiment/battalion, and the artilleryunits, and their was taken from The Confederate military History, Volume 7 http://www.civilwarhome.com/alaunits.htm

Alabama's Civil War Fighting Units On January 11, 1861 Alabama became the fourth state to leave the Union, its secession convention calling for a meeting of delegates from all Southern states in Montgomery, the state capital, on February 4. At this meeting the new provisional government of the Confederate States of America was organized, with Montgomery selected as its temporary seat and Jefferson Davis elected president. The Confederacy went to war financed largely by a $500,000 loan from the state of Alabama. In one section of northern Alabama, where antie-slavery feeling was strong, there was a movement to form a pro-Union state. State Rep. Hugh Clay feared that an attempt would be made "to excite the people of North Alabama to rebellion vs. the state and we will have a civil war in our midst," but the movement failed. At the beginning of hostilities Alabama state troops forts at the entrance to Mobile Bay and the Union arsenal at Mount Vernon. There was no fighting in the state early in the war, but in `862 invading Federal forces held sizable areas. To resist the invasion, almost every white Alabamian old enough to carry a gun enlisted in the Confederate forces. Some 2,500 white men and 10,000 had already enlisted in the Union army. Alabama supplied most of the iron used by the Confederacy, with an average annual output of 40,000 tons during the 4 years of war. Not only did its 16 ironworks steadily produce iron for shot and shell, but the state's munitions plants manufactured the products.

44. New Page 1 Photos Courtesy US Army military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks Army and 25%(30,000) of the union Navy. of civilians served In service units as laborers http://www.bjmjr.com/aamh.htm

AFRICAN AMERICAN MILITARY HISTORY FROM THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR TO THE PERSIAN GULF Compiled by Bennie J. McRae, Jr. Captain B. O. Davis - 9th U. S. Cavalry L-R: Captain Ivan H. Harrison, Captain Irvin McHenry and 2nd Lieutenant James C. Lightfoot - 761st Tank Battalion Photos: Courtesy U. S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania For more than two hundred years, African Americans have participated in every conflict in United States history. They not only have fought bravely the common enemies of the United States but also have had to confront the individual and institutional racism of their countrymen. - Lt. Col. [Ret.] Michael Lee Lanning, author, "The African-American Soldier: From Crispus Attucks to Colin Powell." BLACK AMERICANS AND THE NATION'S DEFENSE REFERENCE: VFW Magazine - February 1992. Published by Veterans of Foreign Wars, 407 West 34th Street, Kansas City, MO 64111 For 217 years, Black Americans have made a vital contribution to defending America at home and abroad. That service has taken them around the globe and involved them in virtually every American war. The following brief statistical sketches provide a glimpse at the numbers of Black Americans who participated and died in the nation's defense.

45. AFC Birth Of The Federation - Content With the Detapa Council controlling both the military units of the Central Commandand the spy network of the Obsidian Order, the Cardassian union grew strong http://www.armadafleetcommand.com/botf/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=

46. FCIC: Gettysburg National Military Park GETTYSBURG National military Park. The units were to converge as they approachedthe union lines so that the final stage of the charge would present a http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/misc/gettysburg/e1.htm

GETTYSBURG National Military Park The Round Tops as they appear from Longstreet's battle line one mile away. The Third Day (continued) LEE AND MEADE SET THE STAGE. Late in the forenoon of July 3, General Meade had completed his plan of defense. Another Confederate attack could be expected: "Where?" was still the question. General Hunt, sensing the danger, placed a formidable line of batteries in position on the crest of Cemetery Ridge and alerted others in the rear for emergency use. As a final act of preparation, Meade inspected his front at the stone wall, then rode southward to Little Round Top. There, with General Warren, he could see the long lines of massed Confederate batteries, a sure indication of attack. Meade rode back to his headquarters. Lee, on his part, had spent the forenoon organizing his attack formations on Seminary Ridge. Having reached his decision to strike the Union center, he had ordered the movement of batteries from the rear to points of advantage. By noon, about 140 guns were in line from the Peach Orchard northward to the Seminary buildings, many of them only 800 yards from the Union center. To Colonel Alexander fell the lot of directing the artillery fire and informing the infantry of the best opportunity to advance. General Stuart, in the meantime, had been out of touch with Lee. Moving northward on the right flank of the Union Army, he became involved in a sharp engagement at Hanover, Pa., on June 30. Seeking to regain contact with Lee, he arrived at Carlisle on the evening of July 1. As he began shelling the barracks, orders arrived from Lee and he at once marched for Gettysburg, arriving north of the town the next day.

47. History & Culture Of Russia / The Path To Revolution military units were dispatched to enforce the authority of the new government, butthey were met By the end of the year the Soviet union had been voted out of http://www.geographia.com/russia/rushis07.htm

The Soviet Era T he first few years of Soviet rule were marked by an extraordinary outburst of social and cultural change. Although the Bolsheviks had maintained complete control of the economy during the civil war, Lenin decided at its end that a partial return to a market economy would help the country recover from the destruction of the previous three years. His New Economic Policy, or NEP, brought about a period of relative prosperity, allowing the young Soviet government to consolidate its political position and rebuild the country's infrastructure. This was also the period during which the Russian Avant-Garde reached its height, developing the radical new styles of Constructivism, Futurism, and Suprematism . Although the country still faced enormous challenges, there was a widespread sense of optimism and opportunity. As was the case with the Napoleonic Wars, the Soviet Union emerged from World War II considerably stronger than it had been before the war. Although the country suffered enormous devastation and lost more than twenty million lives, it had gained considerable territory and now ranked as one of the two great world powers along with the United States. Nonetheless, life in the country continued to suffer. Industrial production was once again concentrated on heavy industry, agricultural failures produced widespread famine, political freedoms were restricted even further, and another huge wave of purges was carried out. As the Cold War got underway, an increasing proportion of the Soviet Union's resources were funneled into military projects, further exacerbating the quality of life. Stalin remained in power until 1953, when he died of a cerebral hemorrhage.

48. AllAboutIrish - American Civil War almost sovereign states, they turned to those states to raise military forces callupon the States that remained loyal to the union to raise units that would http://allaboutirish.com/library/diaspora/ia-civilwar.shtm

AllAboutIrish Explore Irish Culture in the wonderful and engaging Irish world that lives not just in Ireland, but throughout the Irish Diaspora. Home About This Site Email AllAboutIrish.com My Other Site: ... Dance Free Newsletter Enter email address: Subscribe UnSubscribe History Interesting Places People Diaspora ... Site A-to-Z Index WWW AllAboutIrish.com Irish Units in the American Civil War by Pat Friend There were roughly 185,000 Irish-American immigrants who fought on both sides of the American Civil War. Of that number all but about 40,000 were in the Union forces. (The large total does also not include descendants of earlier immigrants who may have still held some affinity to their Irish heritage.) The bulk of the immigrants served in largely Irish units, though the organizational placement of those Irish units in the Union and Confederate armies was considerably different. Why separate Irish units? It helps to understand how the armies were formed but it is also impossible to ignore that there was a certain amount of distrust and discrimination against the Irish in the United States at the time the war broke out.

49. Military History And Military Science: Wars - Alcove 9: An Annotated List Of Ref Here you can find instructions for locating the military records of There are searchabledatabases for union and Confederate army units and the http://www.loc.gov/rr/main/alcove9/military/wars.html

The Library of Congress Especially for Researchers Research Centers Home ... Alcove 9 Find in Alcove 9 Pages Main Reading Room Pages Researchers Web Pages All Library of Congress Pages Alcove 9: An Annotated List of Reference Websites Military History and Military Science: Wars War on Terrorism Digital Library Comprises scholarly analyses, newspaper and magazine articles, U.S. and foreign government reports, and links to other digital resources compiled by Academic Info, a private educational organization. Gulf War Debriefing Book Provides information on unit deployments, casualties, prisoners of war, and published resources about the Persian Gulf War. The Virtual Vietnam Archive Guide to the Korean War The e-journal Korea WebWeekly provides access to a wide range of historical materials about the Korean War. Hypertext History of the Second World War A collection of histories, primary sources, and bibliographic citations focusing on events in World War II. Reports in the database are listed under the following subject headings: general accounts, political, Pacific theater, European theater, China theater, American theater, country and service, bibliography, appendices (including glossary of terms and statistics), and other useful sources.

50. Civil War Research - Virginia Historical Society Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Blue Lives of the union Commanders (1964). that willhelp locate names of individual soldiers and the military units in which they http://www.vahistorical.org/research/cw_history.htm

Collections War came to Virginia shortly after its leaders voted to secede from the United States on 17 April 1861. For the next four years the Old Dominion was the major battleground of the Civil War. Its geographical location, being so near Washington, D.C., and the fact that Virginia's capital city of Richmond also served as the southern capital, guaranteed that Union armies would try to end the war quickly by capturing the seat of the Confederate government. By the end of the war in April 1865 Virginia had hosted over four hundred military engagements, including twenty-six major battles. The presence of so many soldiers marching and fighting across the state also devastated the economy of the Old Dominion. Farms and towns suffered under the weight of occupying armies. The war also ended slavery forever. Thus Virginia, home to the largest population of slaves in the country, experienced a difficult transition. Anyone conducting research on the Civil War in Virginia is faced with a daunting task. Thousands of books have been written about America's bloodiest war, and many of those focus entirely or at least in part on the war in Virginia. Almost every aspect of the state's wartime experience has been written about. Studies on the economic, military, social, and political effects of the Civil War fill the shelves of bookstores and libraries across the country. Biographies of major military and political leaders also account for a large portion of the Civil War library.

51. Arkansas History Commission & State Archives Preserves Arkansas History also Alabama Arizona units). union service records, Arkansas. Index to Arkansasunion service records (Herndon s). General index to US military pensions, 1861 http://www.ark-ives.com/selected_materials/index.php

Online Services Privacy Accessibility Security German POW Camp located at Camp Joseph T. Robinson, Arkansas, August-December 1943. W hile the only Arkansas History Commission materials you can access online are selected photographs available through the Stage One Digitization Project, selected bibliographies, research tip sheets and databases can help you better prepare for your trip to our Research Room. Online forms can enable you to order materials for which you have specific bibliographic information (i.e., specific name, specific record, specific record, exact page number, etc.). get acrobat reader Selected Bibliographies Native American Records on Microfilm access the PDF file Military Records on Microfilm access the PDF file ... Manuscript Collections Index Research Tip Sheets Little Rock Central High School Crisis Timeline and Source Materials access the PDF file Goodspeed's Histories of Arkansas access the PDF file ... access the PDF file Databases Arkansas Newspapers Arkansas County Records Arkansas Confederate Home Records Arkansas Photographs ... Small Manuscripts Collection Order forms Our facility is intended as a place for individuals to engage in research. The staff does not undertake research requests. Please use forms only to order copies of specific records for which you can provide complete citation.

52. Usolympicteam.com biathlon competitions were organized by Norwegian military units. 1978, The militaryrifle was replaced with a 1993, The International Biathlon union was founded http://www.usoc.org/sports2/bi/az_hist.html

- 30-Second History Timeline Full History 30-Second History Biathlon is one of the oldest Olympic sports. It can trace its origins to 3000 BC when early hunters used skis to travel across snow and ice. The modern birth of biathlon has military ties because northern European soldiers used cross-country skis to patrol borders. The first-ever biathlon competitions were organized by Norwegian military units. Biathlon appeared as an Olympic demonstration sport four times, but debuted as a full-medal sport in 1960. Women's biathlon was added in 1992. Timeline ~3000 BC Early hunters used cross-country skis to travel across snow and ice while hunting with bow and arrow. 1700 AD Cross-country soldiers were used in the Great Scandinavian War that lasted until 1718. The first recorded biathlon race was organized by Norwegian soldiers. The first rifle and ski club was founded to assist in the development of military ski patrols. Biathlon was held as a demonstration sport under the name "military patrol" at the Olympic Winter Games in Chamonix, France. The renamed event "biathlon" first appeared as an official International Olympic Committee sport.

53. PHMC: Governors Of Pennsylvania bickered about certain state prerogatives attached to the massive units the statefed into the overall union Army. In Harrisburg, more military units for the http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/dam/governors/curtin.asp?secid=31

54. Maldives - Foreign Military Assistance numerous nations, including Tanzania, India, the former Soviet union, North Korea InJune 1979, Seychellois military units participated in a joint exercise with http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-8447.html

Country Listing Maldives Table of Contents Maldives Foreign Military Assistance India has been one of René's oldest military allies. On June 5, 1982, India gave Seychelles two Chetak helicopters as a Liberation Day gift for the people's air force; after one crashed, Bombay provided another. By the early 1990s, the Indian presence in Seychelles included a colonel who managed the Seychelles Defense Academy, and two police advisers. Between 1979 and 1990, the former Soviet Union provided an array of military aid to Seychelles, including small arms, ammunition, SA-7 surface-to-air missiles, artillery, patrol boats, and petroleum. Additionally, the former Soviet Union deployed an unknown number of Soviet military and technical advisers to Seychelles. By December 1990, changing political conditions in Moscow forced the former Soviet Union to terminate its military aid program and withdraw all its advisers from Seychelles. In exchange for aid provided, the former Soviet Union hoped to gain access to Seychelles naval ports. However, although he allowed Soviet warships to make port calls, René never signed a formal access agreement with Moscow. By 1983 North Korea had deployed a fifty to sixty-member military advisory team to Seychelles. These personnel assumed responsibility for training the SPLA. Unconfirmed reports also indicated that the North Koreans instructed the Presidential Guard. By 1988, according to Michel, the North Koreans had departed Seychelles.

55. Pravda.RU Uzbek Presidential Press Secretary Claim There Are No American Units I Are No American units In Uzbekistan There are no American military units in Uzbekistan 1442European union Expresses Concern Over Situation In Georgia The http://english.pravda.ru/cis/2001/10/15/18094.html

Oct, 15 2001 In Russian Em Portugues Russia World ... About Pravda.RU:Former USSR:More in detail Uzbek Presidential Press Secretary Claim There Are No American Units In Uzbekistan "There are no American military units in Uzbekistan but the air field maintenance personnel provided by the USA for humanitarian and rescue missions." The number of the American personnel at the air field is limited to a thousand. This information was provided to RIA Novosti by Uzbek Presidential Press Secretary Rustam Jumayev who commented on the allegations of the American Time journal that Uzbekistan and the United States had signed an agreement on a long-term stay of American troops and aircraft on the Uzbek territory. On Monday morning, the journal reported that more than 2,000 American servicemen from the US 10th Mountain Division had been already deployed in the Uzbek Air Force base of Khanabad and that this very base was used by American and British commandos for their operations in Afghanistan. Jumayev stated that Uzbekistan provided the US Air Force with its air space and granted the US transport aircraft and helicopters the right to land on one of Uzbek military air fields. He also said that "it was forbidden to conduct bombing or storm raids, as well as land military operations against Afghanistan from the Uzbek territory." According to him, "this is the position of Uzbekistan concerning struggle against international terrorism."

56. California State Milita And National Guard Unit Histories: The Sacramento Hussar Even before California became a state, her citizens had formed several informal,volunteer military units. With admission to the union this process was http://www.militarymuseum.org/SacramentoHussars.html

California State Military Department The California State Military Museum Preserving California's Military Heritage California State Milita and National Guard Unit Histories The Sacramento Hussars By Captain Michael Fellows California Center for Military History Dress Uniforms Circa 1877 Even before California became a state, her citizens had formed several informal, volunteer military units. With admission to the Union this process was formalized in the State's 1849 Constitution. Even after legalization these units still maintained their informal flavor. By 1880, when almost all of the units had been incorporated into the state's National Guard, more than 400 had been organized. Some of the groups lasted a matter of weeks or months, Some the whole period. Some were organized around a common occupation, some a common ethnic background, and many were an extended group of friends. Almost all performed functions beyond purely military ones. A local unit, the Sacramento Hussars, was one of the longer lasting and more colorful of these. The following story is of a unique and successful adaptation by an ethnic group, to a potentially hostile environment These expenses alone would have limited membership in the unit to those relatively prosperous and a study of the muster roles confirmed this The incorporation into the state's militia forces on June 11, 1863 saw the first extent 'Bye' Laws and Constitution written and signed by the membership. This fascinating document, which is actually a book and contains a second set of By Laws and Constitution (1868) is in the possession of the California Center for Military History's archival collection. This book contains the minutes of many of the organization's meetings.

57. Index To Militia Units Of The State Of California 1847-1881 California State military Museum. Preserving California s military Heritage. Histories.Index to Militia units of the union Guard, 1861; union Guard, 1864. CONTRA http://www.militarymuseum.org/Militia Units.html

California State Military Department The California State Military Museum Preserving California's Military Heritage California State Militia and National Guard Unit Histories Index to Militia Units of the State of California 1850-1881 ALAMEDA COUNTY Alvarado Guard, 1863 Brooklyn Guard, 1865 Hayward Guard, 1864 Jackson Guard, 1865 Live Oaks Zouaves, 1870 Oakland Home Guard, 1861 Oakland Light Calvary, 1870 ALPINE COUNTY Alpine Rifles, 1864 Markleville Guard, 1864 AMADOR COUNTY Amador Hussars, 1861 Amador Mountaineers, 1861 Amador Rangers lone City Guard, 1863 Jackson Guard, 1863 Sutter Creek Guard, 1864 Sutter Creek Volunteers, 1861 Volcano Blues, 1861 Volcano Guard , Volcano, 1858 BUTTE COUNTY Bangor Guard, 1864 Butte County Dragoons, 1861 Butte Mounted Rifles, 1861 Chico Light Infantry, 1863 Oroville Guard , Oroville, 1856 CALAVERAS COUNTY Angels Guard, 1862 First Calaveras Guard, 1852 Calaveras Light Guard , Moklumne Hill, 1852 Jesus Maria Guard , Jesus Maria, 1854 Mokelumne Hill Rifles, 1863 Union Guard, 1861 Union Guard, 1864

58. German Military Units And Field Post Numbers Connected To Norway German military units and Field Post Numbers Connected to Norway units that werebased in Norway, units that attacked the Soviet union from northern http://www.scc-online.org/SCC book reviews/book review 12.htm

German Military Units and Field Post Numbers Connected to Norway 1940-1945 loreri@c2i. net The major parts of this book are devoted to listings of the fieldpost numbers in numeric order (yellow pages), unit designation in alpha order (green pages), and unit locations in alpha order (pink pages). The tables include fieldpost number, location, unit designation, and inclusive usage dates (from/to). The explanatory text is presented in Norwegian, English, and German, thus bringing the information to a wide audience. To provide a clearer picture of the material there are a number of illustrations of covers, post cards, propaganda stamps and labels, registration labels, fieldpost cancels and handstamps, censor marks and resealing tape, and SS handstamps for mail entering the civil post. Abbreviations are listed and there is a bibliography showing additional sources. The English language portion of the text is quite good. There was a correction to one of the illustrations slipped into the book on a separate piece of paper. This is a very useful book for those interested in postal history of the German units in Norway during the Second World War. Alan Warren

59. NATO Handbook: The Western European Union (WEU) their preparedness to make available military units from the their conventional armedforces for military tasks under the Treaty of European union) occurred in http://www.nato.int/docu/handbook/2001/hb1504.htm

Updated: 04-Nov-2002 NATO Publications Info Chapter 15: The Wider Institutional Framework for Security The Western European Union (WEU) The Western European Union has existed since 1954 and today includes 10 European countries Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom. It has a Council and Secretariat formerly located in London and based in Brussels since January 1993, and a Parliamentary Assembly in Paris. The WEU has its origins in the Brussels Treaty of Economic, Social and Cultural Collaboration and Collective Self-Defence of 1948, signed by Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. With the signature of the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949, the exercise of the military responsibilities of the Brussels Treaty Organisation or Western Union was transferred to the North Atlantic Alliance. Under the Paris Agreements of 1954, the Federal Republic of Germany and Italy acceded to the Brussels Treaty and the Organisation was renamed the Western European Union. The latter continued in being in order to fulfil the conditions and tasks laid down in the Paris Agreements. The Western European Union was reactivated in 1984 with a view to developing a "common European defence identity" through cooperation among its members in the security field and strengthening the European pillar of the North Atlantic Alliance.

60. Ajc.com Opinion Military Reservists Even On Front Lines union to an expeditionary force that deployed to small trouble spots around the world.The role of the reserves changed as well. Support units such as military http://www.ajc.com/opinion/content/opinion/1003/26reserve.html

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