1. Foreign Government/Middle East And North Africa Constitution, laws, treaties, and general political information; Inclusion of officialgovernment web sites Asian continent, Caucasus, middle east, and the http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/forme.html

FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS Middle East and North Africa Frames Index No-Frames Version Algeria Armenia ... Related Regional Web Sites Last updated on April 21, 2004 Algeria Algeria Government Structure of government; links to government web sites Text of some parliamentary reports and documents French version but primary interface is in Arabic Constitution Text in English Electoral Law Text in French Ministry of Foreign Affairs Text in French Office National des Statistiques Mission of the statistical office Text primarily in French with some English Parliament Text of laws and names of members Arabic and French with English under construction as of September 2000 Permanent Mission to the United Nations Armenia Embassy to the United States Excellent description of political system, names of executive and Parliamentary officials, statistics on Parliamentary Economic and demographic information Overall view of foreign policy as well as statements, speeches, and press releases since 1995 Text of Constitution Parliament Text in Armenia; English and Russian versions under construction as of October 1997 Non-functional as of December 1997 Azerbaijan Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan in the United States Directories of government officials Organization of the government History, geography, tourist information

2. MIDDLE EAST CONFLICTS Statements made to the general Assembly, 1997+, and Security Country Sources MiddleEast. Arab Net Overview, history, business, cultural, government, and tour http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/arabis.html

Middle East Conflicts Dr. Raymond Tanter Political Science 353 and 498 Compiled by Grace York Frames Index No-Frames Version COURSE SYLLABI 353 Winter 1998 Syllabus 498 Winter 1998 Syllabus BOOKS AND ARTICLES Books Indexes News Periodicals SUBJECT BACKGROUND: Arab-Israeli Conflict Conflict 2000 Conflict 2002 Desert Fox ... Wye Agreement COUNTRY INFORMATION: Background Biographies Economics Human Rights ... Political Parties PRIMARY SOURCES: Europe Middle East United States United Nations RELATED WEB PAGES Iraq War Debate War Against Terrorism TERM PAPERS: Citation Guides Course Information HTML Guides Reference Tools ... Winter 1998 Papers Last updated on April 9, 2004 Official Course Information UMich Only Web Links Available from Campus Ethernet Workstations and via Modem Using 489-2222 Books and Articles Books and Articles [Web and Library] Connect to MIRLYN MCAT lists books within the University of Michigan Library system. Useful subject headings include: Arab CountriesPolitics and Government1945- Islam and State Judaism and State Middle EastPolitics and Government1945- Jewish Arab Relations Persian Gulf War 1991 West Bank Periodical Indexes America: History and Life (UMich Only) Index and abstracts of 2000 journals in U.S. and Canadian history

3. The Keele Guide To Middle East Government And Politics On The Saudi Arabia from middle east Network Information government Ministry of Emigrants Affairs; Ministry of Parties general People s Congress; National Opposition http://www.keele.ac.uk/depts/por/mebase.htm

THE KEELE GUIDE TO MIDDLE EAST GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS ON THE INTERNET from Keele University Middle East-wide Sites and Sources Bahrein Egypt ... Yemen Latest Update 20 May 2004 Middle East-Wide Sites and Sources Regional Studies CEDARE Eurasia Research Center includes news and links relating to a number of countries in the Middle East Centre for Monitoring the Impact of Peace Debka - terrorism, military matters and analysis focussinh on the Middle East Arabist Middle East Directory and Search Engine (may be slow) Harvard Center for Middle East Studies International Journal of Middle East Studies Middle East bibliography (searchable database) Middle East Institute Middle East maps Middle East Network Information Center Middle East Research and Information Project with articles from Middle East quarterly Middle East Politics Middle East Research Institute Middle East Studies Information database from the University of Texas Middle East and Jewish Studies Internet Resources from Columbia Groups, Causes, Institutions EcoPeace - Egyptian, Israeli, Jordanian and Palestinian NGOs

4. Columbus World Travel Guide - Middle East - Oman - General Information general Information Area 309,500 sq km (119,500 sq miles Arab Emirates lies to thenorthwest of Oman and to the east lies the government Sultanate since 1744. http://www.travel-guide.com/data/omn/omn.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/MiddleEast/Oman/GeneralInformation'; document.write('Research Oman hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses General Information Passport/Visa Money ... Middle East /Oman OMAN General Information Area: 309,500 sq km (119,500 sq miles). Population: Population Density: 7.8 per sq km. Capital: Muscat. Population GEOGRAPHY: The Sultanate of Oman occupies the southeastern tip of the Arabian Peninsula with almost 1700km (1062 miles) of coastline stretching along the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Gulf. It is bordered by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to the west and the Republic of Yemen to the south. The United Arab Emirates lies to the northwest of Oman and to the east lies the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. Government: Sultanate since 1744. Head of State and Government : Sultan Qabus bin Sa’id since 1970. Language: Arabic is the official language. English is widely spoken. Swahili is also spoken by the population from East Africa. German and French are spoken by hotel staff. Religion: Predominantly Ibadi Muslim, with Shi’ite Muslim, Sunni Muslim and Hindu minorities. Time: GMT + 4.

5. U.S. - Middle East Relations Political Science Political Freedom Security Terrorism International Relations- general government - general middle east - general History . http://topics.practical.org/browse/U.S._-_Middle_East_Relations

topics.practical.org U.S. - Middle East Relations Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 Steve Coll Afghanistan History ... Middle East - General

6. Middle East - General 19892001 United States US government - Intelligence Agencies US ForeignRelations History - general History middle east - general Conspiracy http://topics.practical.org/browse/Middle_East_-_General

topics.practical.org Middle East - General Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 Steve Coll Afghanistan History ... General

7. Middle East Spying Peace Making International • government Politics / History government(general) National Security / Secrecy • middle east • Asia east http://www.fairness.com/resources/by-geography?geography_id=740

8. Middle East Peace Process, General Assembly Resolution 50/21 Recalling general Assembly resolution 49/88 of 16 just and lasting peace in the MiddleEast;. of Principles on Interim Selfgovernment Arrangements, signed by http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/UN/unga50_21.html

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 50/21 December 4, 1995 The General Assembly Recalling General Assembly resolution 49/88 of 16 December 1994 and Economic and Social Council resolution 1995/52 of 28 July 1995, Stressing that the achievement of a comprehensive, just and lasting settlement of the Middle East conflict will constitute a significant contribution to strengthening international peace and security, Recalling the convening of the Peace Conference on the Middle East at Madrid on 30 October 1991, on the basis of Security Council resolutions 242 (1967) of 22 November 1967 and 338 (1973) of 22 October 1973, and the subsequent bilateral negotiations, as well as the meetings of the multilateral working groups, and noting with satisfaction the broad international support for the peace process, Noting the continuing positive participation of the United Nations as a full extra-regional participant in the work of the multilateral working groups, Welcoming the Declaration of the Middle East/North Africa Economic Summit, held at Casablanca from 30 October to 1 November 1994, as well as the Declaration of the Middle East/North Africa Economic Summit held at Amman from 29 to 31 October 1995, 1. Welcomes the peace process started at Madrid, and supports the subsequent bilateral negotiations;

9. The Middle East Peace Process, General Assembly Resolution 51/29 the convening of the Peace Conference on the middle east at Madrid on 30 in mind theDeclaration of Principles on Interim Self government Arrangements 1 http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/UN/unga51_29.html

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 51/29 December 4, 1996 The General Assembly, Recalling its resolution 50/21 of 4 December 1995, Stressing that the achievement of a comprehensive, just and lasting settlement of the Middle East conflict will constitute a significant contribution to strengthening international peace and security, Recalling the convening of the Peace Conference on the Middle East at Madrid on 30 October 1991 on the basis of Security Council resolutions 242 (1967) of 22 November 1967 and 338 (1973) of 22 October 1973 and the subsequent bilateral negotiations as well as the meetings of the multilateral working groups, and noting with satisfaction the broad international support for the peace process, Noting the continuing positive participation of the United Nations as a full extraregional participant in the work of the multilateral working groups, Bearing in mind the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self- Government Arrangements 1/ signed by the Government of the State of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, the representative

10. MidEast Web - Middle East Conflict And Peace Process Historical Background This general Assembly Resolution condemned the fence as 2003 Updated middle EastPeace Roadmap Official updated version published by the government of the http://www.mideastweb.org/history.htm

home news brief history books ... donations Middle East Historical and Peace Process Source Documents Subscriptions: About U Need JavaScript! U Need JavaScript! U Need JavaScript! e-dialog Daily News and Commentary Highlights See Also: A concise history of Islam and the Arabs A Brief History of Arabia IRAQ History and Resources IRAQ Timeline ... A Brief History of Egypt - A capsule history of Egypt since earliest times. A Brief History of modern Iran From the Qajars to present day. Inside Al-Qaeda Understanding the Middle East I - Finding the Truth Understanding the Middle East II - Words about Words In a nutshell: the Israeli-Palestinian conflict Peace Plans-An Overview Brief History of Israelis and Palestinians A capsule history of Palestine/Israel since early times. Israel-Palestine T imeline Population of Palestine before 1948 British support for restoration of the Jews ... 2004: Ariel Sharon's Disengagement Plan Exchange of letters between Israeli PM Ariel Sharon and US President George W. Bush regarding Sharon's proposal for unilateral withdrawal from the Gaza Strip and portions of the West Bank. 2003: UN Security Council Resolution 1515 This resolution, introduced by Russia, adopts the quartet roadmap for peace between Palestinians and Israel as UN policy, explicitly endorses a permanent two-state solution to the conflict and calls on the sides to implement their obligations under the roadmap.

11. Sources On The Middle East Sources on the middle east; WWW Virtual Library Sources on the middle east.Egypt. general. Egypt s Yellow Net; Guardian s Egypt Page. government. http://www.hri.org/nodes/mideast.html

Compact version Today's Suggestion Browse through our Interesting Nodes on Telecommunications in Greece Thursday, 10 June 2004 News Latest News (All) From Greece From Cyprus From Europe From Balkans ... PNP-Online User ID: Sources on the Middle East Search the HR-Net Interesting Nodes Collection for: Check our weekly Nodes Update Report or receive it by email via our PNP service Please e-mail us at nodes-submit@hri.org or use the online form to suggest additions, request corrections or report outdated links, keeping in mind our policy on linked sites. General Middle East Sources Egypt Israel Jordan ... Syria General Middle East Sources AME Info Al-Bawaba Arabia Online Arab.net ... Middle East Map (Virtual Tourist) Middle East Network Information Center (MENIC) Middle East Studies Program Online Reports (CSIS) Middle Eastern Resources Yahoo! Sources on the Middle East WWW Virtual Library Sources on the Middle East Egypt General Egypt's Information Highway Egypt Tourism Authority Egypt Summary Egyptian Healthcare Network ... Guardian's Egypt Page Government Egyptian Consulate in Chicago IL (USA) Egyptian Emigration Sector Egyptian Presidency The People's Assembly (Parliament) Social Fund for Development Mass Media Egyptian Gazette Elshaab Source List Excite Sources on Egypt Yahoo! Sources on Egypt

12. MEMRI: The Middle East Media Research Institute CULTURAL AND UNION ASSOCIATIONS ARE LEADING A general STRIKE THURSDAY TO PROTESTAGAINST THE INCREASE IN GASOLINE PRICES AND THE government S TAX POLICY. http://memri.org/

pageload = 1; Jun 11 SD# 730 - Educators and Parents Protest Against 'The Culture of Death' Taught In Saudi Schools Jun 10 IA# 178 - The New Leaders of Iraq (1): Interim President Sheikh Ghazi Al-Yawer Jun 09 SD# 729 - An Interview with the Director of the Islamic Association of China Jun 08 SD# 728 - Satirist Ali Salem to Arab League: There's Light at the End of the Tunnel ... Jun 04 SD# 727 - Iranian Leader: 'The Source of Human Torment and Suffering is Liberal Democracy'; Iranian President: 'The Root of All Terrorist Activity is the Violence of the Superpowers' UKRAINIAN FORCES IN EASTERN IRAQ ARRESTED 40 HEAVILY ARMED IRANIANS WHO TRIED TO INFILTRATE INTO IRAQ TO CARRY OUT TERRORIST ACTIVITIES. (AL-ZAMAN, IRAQ, 6/9/04) MISSILE ENGINES FOR PROPELLING LONG-RANGE IRAQI MISSILES CAPABLE OF CARRYING NUCLEAR OR CHEMICAL WEAPONS WERE RECENTLY FOUND IN ROTTERDAM AS IRON SCRAPS. (AL-ZAMAN, IRAQ, 6/9/04) DR. AHMAD CHALABI SAID HE HAS DOCUMENTS THAT WILL CONFIRM THAT IRAQ POSSESSED WMD. HIS AIDE ASKED FOR A PUBLIC HEARING TO SHOW THE DOCUMENTS. (AL-YAWM AL-AAKHER, BAGHDAD, 6/7/04) A HIGH LEVEL BRITISH OFFICIAL AT THE CPA REVEALED THAT FORMER SENIOR IRAQI OFFICIALS UNDER ARREST ARE NOT WILLING TO TESTIFY AGAINST SADDAM. (AL-ZAMAN, IRAQ, 6/9/04)

13. Middle East/Persian Gulf: General Background and Web resources for finding general information about the More middle east/PersianGulf Links More links dealing with media, government, civil society http://globalization.about.com/cs/middleeastgeneral/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Globalization Issues Home Essentials ... Covering Globalization zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); What Is It? Pro-Globalization Anti-Globalization Offshoring ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About Globalization Issues newsletter. Search Globalization Issues Middle East/Persian Gulf: General Backgr Guide picks The best background and Web resources for finding general information about the Middle East and Persian Gulf. 2000 Calendar The Bulletin of Regional Cooperation in the Middle East maintains this list of upcoming political events. Altapedia Political map of the Persian Gulf region. ASSR Virtual Library The Arab Social Science Research center has a great index of regional links. Encyclopedia of the Orient A rich source of basic information on the Middle East. Geography The About Guide to Geography has links to maps and information on each country in the region. Gulf 2000 The Gulf 2000 Project at Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs is one the richest sites on the web for background and analysis of Persian Gulf issues.

14. Government Cyprus Middle East Regional Audit Office of the Republic of Cyprus www.audit.gov.cy/ middle east Cyprus government.Outlines the responsibilities of the Auditor general ( Audit Office http://www.interactiva.org/Dir/I/English/Regional/Middle_East/Cyprus/Government/

www.interactiva.org English Deutsch Espa±ol ... Government Government : Middle East Cyprus Government: Embassies and Consulates Legislature Politics: English Regional Middle East Cyprus Society and Culture Politics English Regional Europe: Government English Regional Middle East: Government Republic of Cyprus www.pio.gov.cy/ Middle East Cyprus Government. The official homepage for the Government of Cyprus. Links to news ( Republic of Cyprus ) foreign policy positions, government documents, and other information. Planning Bureau of the Republic of Cyprus www.planning.gov.cy/ Middle East Cyprus Government. Provides information on services ( Planning Bureau of the Republic of Cyprus ) publications, economic forecasting and Cyprus-EU relations. Ministry of Finance www.mof.gov.cy/ Middle East Cyprus Government. Provides information on the Cyprus Economy ( Ministry of Finance ) the Socio-economic policy of the Government, Government Budget, Financing Requirements, Taxation Policy and the Accession Course to the EU. The Department of Merchant Shipping www.shipping.gov.cy/

15. Government Turkey Middle East Regional Directorate general of Press and Information www.byegm.gov.tr/ middle east TurkeyGovernment. Information about press in Turkey ( Directorate general of Press http://www.interactiva.org/Dir/I/English/Regional/Middle_East/Turkey/Government/

www.interactiva.org English Deutsch Espa±ol ... Government Government : Middle East Turkey Government: Embassies and Consulates Military Politics: English Regional Middle East Turkey Society and Culture Politics English Regional Europe: Government English Regional Middle East: Government Grand National Assembly of Turkey www.tbmm.gov.tr/eng/index.htm Middle East Turkey Government. Historical information on the Turkish Congress and the Turkish Constitution. Ministry of Foreign Affairs www.mfa.gov.tr Middle East Turkey Government. Information about Turkey ( Ministry of Foreign Affairs ) news from the country, as well as documentation on the foreign policy of Turkey. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs www.tarim.gov.tr/english/english.htm Middle East Turkey Government. Information about the ministry's activities ( Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs ) publications, services, and agricultural statistics. Turkish State Meteorological Service www.meteor.gov.tr/indexmaster_eng.htm Middle East Turkey Government. Provides forecasts ( Turkish State Meteorological Service ) satellite images, maps, and data from resorts.

16. GeographyIQ - World Atlas - Middle East - Jordan - Government Facts And Figures of the monarch, born 29 March 1980) head of government Prime Minister and leadersAlUmma (Nation) Party Ahmad al-HANANDEH, secretary general; Arab Land http://www.geographyiq.com/countries/jo/Jordan_government.htm

Home World Map Rankings Currency Converter Countries from A to Z A B C D ... Jordan (Facts) Jordan - Government (Facts) Country name: conventional long form: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan conventional short form: Jordan local short form: Al Urdun local long form: Al Mamlakah al Urduniyah al Hashimiyah former: Transjordan Government type: constitutional monarchy Capital: 'Amman Administrative divisions: 12 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Ajlun, Al 'Aqabah, Al Balqa', Al Karak, Al Mafraq, 'Amman, At Tafilah, Az Zarqa', Irbid, Jarash, Ma'an, Madaba Independence: 25 May 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration) National holiday: Independence Day, 25 May (1946) Constitution: 8 January 1952 Legal system: based on Islamic law and French codes; judicial review of legislative acts in a specially provided High Tribunal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: chief of state: King ABDALLAH II (since 7 February 1999); Crown Prince HAMZAH (half brother of the monarch, born 29 March 1980) head of government: Prime Minister Faisal al-FAYEZ (since 25 October 2003) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister in consultation with the monarch elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch

17. GeographyIQ - World Atlas - Middle East - Turkey - Government Facts And Figures 2003; Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN was given a mandate to form a new government electionresults to be held NA 2007); note a special rerun of the general Election in http://www.geographyiq.com/countries/tu/Turkey_government.htm

Home World Map Rankings Currency Converter Countries from A to Z A B C D ... Turkey (Facts) Turkey - Government (Facts) Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Turkey conventional short form: Turkey local long form: Turkiye Cumhuriyeti local short form: Turkiye Government type: republican parliamentary democracy Capital: Ankara Administrative divisions: 81 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Igdir, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mersin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak Independence: 29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire) National holiday: Independence Day, 29 October (1923)

18. MEI: What's New? is released from prison and the British government comes under for its uncriticalsupport of US middle east policy The UN secretarygeneral appoints a panel to http://www.meionline.com/

Advanced Search What's New? Electronic Archive MEI Issue 727 requires subscription June 10th, 2004 Editorial No easy answers From MEI in London June 10th, 2004 Many Iraqis seem prepared to give the newly formed government that is to assume nominal sovereignty at the end of the month a chance to prove itself. Many reservations were voiced about its composition and formation. Whatever their individual qualities, an administration headed by someone previously best known as the CIA’s man in the offshore opposition, with the formerly Saudi-based nephew of a tribal shaykh holding the presidency, is not every Iraqi’s idea of a dream team. News Analysis Iraq's new government From Steve Negus in Baghdad June 10th, 2004 Iraq’s first sovereign post-invasion leaders have been named, and the reaction so far is relatively positive. That said, the Iraqi Governing Council was received reasonably well at first, only to become widely unpopular (as an institution, anyway — many members retained personal popularity) when it showed itself ineffective and subordinate to the Coalition. Features Sudan: a farewell to arms?

19. Middle East general Information from US government Sites Background Notes middle east andNorth Africa US Department of State middle east North Africa US State http://internet.ggu.edu/university_library/mideast.html

Search the Library Web Site: Online Catalog Library Home Reference Resources Searching for Information ... Citing Sources Middle East : Internet Resources Resources for The Middle East as a Whole Guides to Many Sources Directories General country information Maps ... Arab World Related GGU Library Web Pages Africa - including North Africa Development International Relations Central Asia Israel ... Yemen Guides to Many Sources Middle East Studies via University of Texas in Austin and the WWW Virtual Library. Asian Studies via the WWW Virtual Library. Includes coverage of the Middle East. Middle East Studies via Yahoo! General country information General Information from US Government Sites Background Notes: Middle East and North Africa U.S. Department of State Middle East- North Africa U.S. State Department Africa and the Middle East - USGS Minerals Yearbook Energy Resources See also energy information under each country Caspian Sea Country Analysis Brief from the Energy Information Administration, U.S. Dept. of Energy Middle East and North Africa Country Analysis Briefs from the Energy Information Administration, U.S. Dept. of Energy

20. Columbus World Travel Guide - Middle East - Israel - General Information general Information Area 22,145 sq km (8550 sq miles Population (including EastJerusalem) 758,300 (2000 The Israeli government has designated Jerusalem as the http://www.worldtravelguide.net/data/isr/isr010.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/MiddleEast/Israel/GeneralInformation'; document.write('Research Israel hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses Overview General Information Passport/Visa ... Middle East /Israel ISRAEL General Information Area: 22,145 sq km (8550 sq miles; includes East Jerusalem and the Golan sub-district). Population: 6,433,500 (official estimate 2001). Population Density: 290.5 per sq km. Capital: Jerusalem. Population: (including East Jerusalem) 758,300 (2000). The Israeli government has designated Jerusalem as the capital, although this is not recognised by the UN, and most foreign embassies are based in Tel Aviv. GEOGRAPHY: Israel is on the eastern Mediterranean, bordered by Lebanon and the Syrian Arab Republic to the north, Jordan to the east, and Egypt to the south. The autonomous Palestinian Authority Region lies mostly on the west bank of the River Jordan. Part of the Gaza strip, in the south of the country, is also administered by the Palestinians. The country stretches southwards through the Negev Desert to Eilat, a resort town on the Red Sea. The fertile Plain of Sharon runs along the coast, while inland, parallel to the coast, is a range of hills and uplands with fertile valleys to the west and arid desert to the east. The Great Rift Valley begins beyond the sources of the River Jordan and extends south through the Dead Sea (the lowest point in the world), into the Red Sea, continuing on into Eastern Africa. Government: Republic. The state of Israel was founded in 1948.

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