81. Space Station | The Station | Living In Space The Continuing Challenge of microgravity. All the deleterious effects of living in microgravity disappear after an astronaut returns to ground. http://www.pbs.org/spacestation/station/living_microgravity.htm

living in space The Continuing Challenge of Microgravity Many of the problems that arise from living and working in space have been resolved. However, the physiological affects of weightlessness are still not completely understood. Among these are the leaching of certain minerals from bones; atrophy of muscles when not exercised; and space adaptation syndrome, a form of motion sickness found only in spaceflight. All the deleterious effects of living in microgravity disappear after an astronaut returns to ground. Some can be countered while in orbit by special diet and exercises. But even a vigorous exercise program does not appear to stop bone loss, or the decrease in the rate of normal bone formation. NASA is engaged in a long-term program to understand the causes underlying these changes, in order to develop ways to prevent them. This will be particularly important for the longer tours of duty on the Space Station, where crew members will be in orbit for three months or more at a time. back to the top *Click on images for captions Photo credits for all images: NASA.

82. BNSC BNSC Space Exploration - Space Projects - microgravity microgravity. What is microgravity? Objects microgravity’. What is microgravity used for? http://www.bnsc.gov.uk/index.cfm?pid=851

83. NASA Quest > Space Team Online microgravity. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of Life and microgravity Sciences and Applications microgravity Research Division. http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/space/teachers/microgravity/

Microgravity A Teacher's Guide with Activities in Science, Mathematics, and Technology National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications Microgravity Research Division Office of Human Resources and Education Educations Division Permission is not required for duplication An Adobe Acrobat version of the entire Teacher's Guide is available. This version preserves all formatting from the original hardcopy Guide; it will provide an easy source for downloading a printable version of the Guide. Table of Contents Introduction Microgravity Science Primer Combustion Science Fluid Physics ... Glossary Activities Activity Matrix - Standards and skills Microgravity In The Classroom 1 Microgravity In The Classroom 2 Accelerometers ... NASA Educational Materials This information on microgravity was developed by the NASA Education Division with the assistance of the many educators of the Aerospace Education Services Program, Oklahoma State University. Related Web Pages Visit the MSL-1 Ground Science Cyber-Laboratory and earn yourself a genuine Marshall LIFTOFF certificate of achievement!

84. Bizarre Boiling Merte, who some see as a kind of founding father of microgravity pool boiling research, devised the experiments featured in the video tape. http://spacescience.com/headlines/y2001/ast07sep_2.htm

Bizarre Boiling Watching liquids boil in low gravity is an out-of-this-world experience. It has plenty of entertainment value, but it's teaching scientists some important physics lessons, too. Listen to this story via streaming audio , a downloadable file , or get help September 7, 2001: The next time you're watching a pot of water boil, perhaps for coffee or a cup of soup, pause for a moment and consider: what would this look like in space? Would the turbulent bubbles rise or fall? And how big would they be? Would the liquid stay in the pan at all? Until a few years ago, nobody knew. Indeed, physicists have trouble understanding the complex behavior of boiling fluids here on Earth. Perhaps boiling in space would prove even more baffling.... It's an important question because boiling happens not only in coffee pots, but also in power plants and spacecraft cooling systems. Engineers need to know how boiling works. Above: Without buoyancy or convection, boiling fluids behave quite differently in space. Click on the image for a low-resolution QuickTime movie (400 kB) comparing boiling in space and on Earth. Also available in

85. Microgravity microgravity. Space is the laboratory of the next millennium. .. Astronaut more. Look here for international microgravity research programs. http://www.itaspace.com/microgravity.html

Microgravity Space is the laboratory of the next millennium Astronaut Joe Allen with his morning orange juice on an early Shuttle mission The microgravity environment of space offers a unique environment to perform research with the potential to lead to new products and technologies. Microgravity provides an opportunity for experimentation in a whole new quiescent environment: no thermally-induced convection no sedimentation/stratification no hydrostatic pressure reduced contact with vessel walls Microgravity has been a major area of research in the space programs of all space faring nations, and will revolutionize traditional Earth-bound processing methods. The potential scientific, technological and commercial benefits of microgravity research to humankind are substantial, especially in the biomedical and drug development sectors. Large (750 micron) urokinase protein crystal grown in ITA equipment on the STS-80 16-day shuttle mission, to be used in cancer research. Typical microgravity experiments that have been conducted in space using ITA equipment include: Cancer and AIDS research Cell biology Collagen polymerization Inorganic crystal growth Materials/Fluid sciences- t o enhance understanding of fluid dynamics and transport processes for use in non-toxic, environmentally compatible extraction methods, especially in biotechnology and free-fluid processing

86. The Center For Microgravity And Materials Research Welcome Welcome to. What is CMMR? Step bunching LMD experiment flown in space, Organization People Research Areas Projects Announcements Publications Opportunities. http://www.cmmr.uah.edu/

Welcome to CMMR in 2 minutes Research Areas Projects Announcements ... Opportunities Email comments to: peignit@email.uah.edu Last revised 12.Dec.2000.

87. Microgravity Combustion Laboratory, UC Berkeley microgravity COMBUSTION LABORATORY. It includes experiments in normal gravity and in microgravity the latter are being conducted in the Space Shuttle. http://www.me.berkeley.edu/mcl/

MICROGRAVITY COMBUSTION LABORATORY Part of The Combustion Processes Laboratories MCL is a NASA-funded research facility in the Department Mechanical Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley , aiming at studying the potential onset of fire in environments encountered in spacecraft. The research goals are to better understand and predict material flammability, combustion products, and other fire-safety related phenomena in reduced gravity environments. Research focuses on experimental investigation, theoretical analysis and computational simulations. Some of the experiments are conducted in microgravity facilities, including drop towers, parabolic flights, Space Shuttle and in the future in the International Space Station. Research Overview of our research in microgravity combustion (pdf file) Why Microgravity? Smoldering Combustion Current Projects: FIST F orced I gnition and Flame S pread T est): The project objective is to study the effect of low gravity on the flammability diagrams of combustible materials used in spacecraft's. The microgravity tests will be conducted in the International Space Station, with the first flight manifested for October 2004. COSMIC CO S oot in M icrogravity I nverse C ombustion): The objective of the research is to experimentally and computationally study CO and soot processes in laminar, inverse diffusion flames, which is a special case of underventilated combustion. An understanding of noxious gas formation and flame soot signatures during underventilated fires in spacecraft will be obtained.

88. Why Microgravity?. Microgravity Combustion Laboratory, UC Berkeley Why microgravity? Definition of microgravity microgravity Facilities. Apparatus, Icon (click for larger photo), Time, Drawback. Drop Tower (ie http://www.me.berkeley.edu/mcl/microg.html

MCL Main Microgravity Smoldering COSMIC ... STAF Why Microgravity? . The Webster dictionary defines microgavity as "a condition in space of virtual absence of gravity". Microgravity can also be attained on Earth and it refers to the condition of free-fall within a gravitational field in which the weight of an object is significantly reduced compared to its weight at rest on Earth (approaching weightlessness). There are five main microgavity facilities, with different characteristic times, ranging from a few seconds to several months (see next table). Microgravity Facilities Apparatus Icon (click for larger photo) Time Drawback Drop Tower (i.e. JAMIC) ~3 seconds Short duration Parabolic Flight (i.e. KC-135 aircraft) ~30 seconds g-jitter Sounding Rocket ~ minutes g-jitter Orbiting Spacecraft (i.e. Space Shuttle) ~ days Availability International Space Station ~ months Availability Why does gravity affect combustion? The large temperature gradients in the combustion flow due to the high exothermicity of the chemical reactions lead to significant density variations. In the presence of gravity, this density gradients lead to buoyant convection flows. In the absence of gravity, smaller effects, such as diffusion and thermophoresis, control the overall combustion process, altering it significantly (diffusion flames become spherical and less vigorous, hot air won't rise and paint will require much more time to dry). See Comparison of Candle Flames in Normal and Microgravity Why study combustion processes in microgravity?

89. Microgravity Research microgravity Research. In collaboration with NASA s Marshall Space Flight Center, microgravity applications in protein crystal growth http://www.newcenturypharm.com/microgravity.htm

N EW C ENTURY P HARMACEUTICALS , I NC Company Albagen Drug Design Contact Microgravity Research In collaboration with NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, microgravity applications in protein crystal growth provide further opportunity for scientific and commercial research available through an extensive and on-going flight series. Crystals produced in microgravity have augmented and enhanced macromolecular structure-oriented research for an international group of co-investigators, representing both academia and industry. Contact New Century Pharmaceuticals, Inc. for more information about these and other NASA programs.

90. Application Of Microgravity For Technological Innovations 1) Application of microgravity for Technological Innovations. It is impossible to obtain these unique circumstances such as microgravity on the ground. http://www.aist.go.jp/HNIRI/chap1/chap1_e.html

http://www.aist.go.jp/ webmaster@aist.go.jp ŒÂlî•ñ•ÛŒì http://www.aist.go.jp/ webmaster@aist.go.jp ŒÂlî•ñ•ÛŒì 1) Application of Microgravity for Technological Innovations No mass transfer by convection currents in gasses and liquids exists, an effect of surface tension becomes strong and substances having different specific gravity disperse homogeneously under microgravity. It is impossible to obtain these unique circumstances such as microgravity on the ground. The tools for microgravity circumstances are a drop tower, rocket, space shuttle, and so on. Our research purpose is to synthesize new and highly functional materials under microgravity. In order to reach the purpose mentioned above, we accumulate the information for the physical phenomena under microgravity such as diffusion, surface tension and heat transfer. At present, we are carrying out the microgravity experiments by two drop facilities mainly. One is the facility of the Japan Microgravity Center (JAMIC, Kamisunagawa, Hokkaido) obtained the microgravity circumstances of 10-5g for 10 sec. The JAMIC facility was constructed using a shaft of the abandoned underground coal mine having a depth of 710 m. Other is the HNIRI 10m drop tower obtained the microgravity circumstances of 10-3g for 1.2 sec attached linear motor braking system. The JAMIC underground microgravity facility The HNIRI 10m drop tower Control Processing of Material's Properties This research is carried out by taking advantage of computer simulation, to find radically new methods and design for manufacturing novel materials such as amorphous compounds, metal-based composites and porous materials under vacuum, high pressure and microgravity.

91. Microgravity Experiments microgravity Experiments. What is microgravity; What we do; microgravity Modules; Service Systems; Flight Options; What s New. http://www.ssc.se/ssd/mgexp/

Microgravity Experiments What is Microgravity What we do Microgravity Modules Service Systems ... What's New

92. Microgravity Platform K1 Missions microgravity Platform. microgravity conditions in orbit offer a unique environment for research in a variety of scientific fields. http://www.kistleraerospace.com/k1missions/microgravity.html

home about kistler /microgravity platform K-1 Missions: Microgravity Platform Satellite Delivery LEO Multi Satellite Rideshare Technology Testbed Microgravity Platform Space Station Resupply Customer Advantage Chairman's Message CEO's Message ... Kistler Team Microgravity conditions in orbit offer a unique environment for research in a variety of scientific fields. Flight opportunities for experiments in microgravity are in high demand in the fields of Biotechnology, Combustion Science, Fluid Physics, Fundamental Physics, and Materials Science. Researchers in such fields need low-cost, frequent access to and return from space. Repeat experiments are essential to accumulate enough data for peer review of their work. The availability and high cost of launch have been limiting factors. Affordability and routine flights are significant advantages for commercial operations such as the Kistler K-1 system. The K-1 provides a high-quality microgravity environment on every flight for secondary payloads. Every launch dollar saved is a research dollar gained to the scientific community. In these days of tight research budgets, Kistler's K-1 vehicle is an ideal alternative to existing platforms.

93. CORDIS: Ireland: Irish Council Presidency R&D Information Service: Ireland In EU A team of Irish researchers is involved with a European Space Agency project to carry out such microgravity research, on board the International Space Station. http://www.cordis.lu/ireland/rd_4.htm

Spotlights UCD Research on Materials in Space Solidification of Alloys in Space Introduction Many items of use in modern society are castings. That means that they are produced via melting a metal alloy and pouring it into a mould where it solidifies. Examples include turbine blades in aircraft engines, pistons in car engines, hip replacements, camcorder casings, door handles, right down to street furniture and manhole covers. Developing improved castings can therefore result in significant benefits, both socially and economically. As an alloy solidifies, the liquid flows within the mould due to the effect of gravity. Such natural convection is due to differences in temperature and composition across the liquid. This flow affects the microstructure of the casting. An ability to control it will help us to optimise such as-cast microstructure, and improve the properties and lengthen the life of cast metal components. But the only place in which natural convection can effectively be zero for any appreciable time is in the near zero gravity conditions on board an orbiting spacecraft. A team of Irish researchers is involved with a European Space Agency project to carry out such microgravity research, on board the International Space Station.

94. Microgravity Science At Astra's microgravity Science on the Web. After I hope you find MuG as interesting as I do! microgravity LINKS. Just the Basic Facts . Facts http://www.astras-stargate.com/microg.htm

Microgravity Science on the Web After I began working in the Microgravity Science Division at NASA Glenn Research Center , I was inspired to work up this page of Links to Microgravity Science on the World Wide Web. Please check out Microgravity Fluid Physics page. I also helped develop a web site for Combustion Module-1 a fascinating facility capable of being re-used on the shuttle Columbia many times. I hope you find Mu-G as interesting as I do! MICROGRAVITY LINKS Just the Basic Facts.... (great if you are just getting into it!) References on Microgravity STS-78 Press Kit: Microgravity Science Investigations LeRC - Educational Info on MicroG Space Science Microgravity Center ... Microgravity from Spacelink NCMR National Center for Microgravity Research from USRA Zero Gravity Research Facility The International Space Station Facility Microgravity Science and Applications ... Drop Tower "Bremen" - Click Here for ZARM/FAB index Microgravity for Tech Innovations - Describes the Facilities at The Japan Microgravity Center - AND - The HNIRI 10M Drop Tower. Sponsored by the

95. OUP USA: Polymer Research In Microgravity: James Patton Downey to cart. Polymer Research in microgravity. Polymerization and Processing. Edited by James Patton Downey and John A. Pojman. 0841237441 http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Chemistry/PolymerChemistry/?ci=084

96. Life And Microgravity Science Life and microgravity Science. European Low Gravity Research Association; NASA Office of Life and microgravity Science and Applications ISS and Mir Reports. http://www.ssl.umd.edu/space/microgravity.html

Acronyms Activism Agencies Amateur Radio ... Space Hotlist Index E-mail me at: bjr@po.cwru.edu Life and Microgravity Science Books Microgravity Research in Support of Technologies for the Human Exploration and Development of Space and Planetary Bodies Combustion Marshall Space Flight Center - Fire in the Sky Conferences Joint Meeting of the US Sections of the Combustion Institute Workshop on Research Needs in Fire Safety for the Human Exploration and Utilization of Space Microgravity Combustion Science Organizations Center for Commercial Applications of Combustion in Space (Colorado School of Mines) description official site European Low Gravity Research Association NASA Office of Life and Microgravity Science and Applications ISS and Mir Reports Life Sciences Aerospace Medicine 101: Adaptations to Spaceflight "Artificial Gravity: Current Concerns and Design Considerations" Life Sciences Data Archive History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics at the U.S. Air Force Missile Development Center; Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico; 1946 - 1958 Human Physiology in Space "Introduction to Space Life Sciences" (University of Colorado class) KSC Life Sciences Flight Program NASA/ARC Space Physiology Laboratory contains information and data from space flight experiments funded by NASA Life Support NASA's Advanced Life Support Plan Biosphere 2 Books Life Support and Biospherics - Peter Eckart Closed Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) Lab-Scale CELSS Project (NASA/ARC) Designing for a Human Presence in Space: An Introduction to Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (NASA RP-1324)

97. Microgravity microG - micro-G microgravity advances research in space. Gravity is one of the four fundamental physical forces. In this case we speak of microgravity . http://www.spazio.galileoavionica.com/C53_co.htm

A PROGRAMMES A EMEC MITE FAST BDPU ... Programmes micro-G Microgravity advances research in space Gravity is one of the four fundamental physical forces. Gravity affects all physical, chemical and biological process on Earth. Gravity is not only existing on the Earth, it is a property of the whole universe. After all, it is gravity which forces the Moon to fly around the Earth and keeps the Earth on an orbit around the Sun. However, the effects of gravity can be undesirable if we want to understand certain physical, chemical or biological phenoma or study complex interaction of different forces involved in a process, for example, in liquids and gases. Gravity can mask our view on the full set of parameters that influence a physical, chemical or biological process. Gravity can also be undesirable in certain industrial production processes. For example, capillary effects, multiphase flow, diffusive transport processes or crystal growth from melt and solutions can be under normal gravity conditions on Earth be dominated by effects such as buoyancy, thermal convection and sedimentation. Gravity cannot be simply "switched off", but its effects can be compensated. In this case we speak of "microgravity".

98. NASAexplores 9-12 Lesson Plant Growth In Microgravity (Teacher Plant Growth In microgravity. Teacher Sheet(s). Supporting NASAexplores Article(s) microgravity Always A Bad Hair Day. PreLesson Instructions http://www.nasaexplores.com/show_912_teacher_st.php?id=030108140229

99. The Chronology Of A Microgravity Spaceflight Experiment: IDGE The Chronology of a microgravity Spaceflight Experiment IDGE. Figure 2. Measured dendritic growth velocities under microgravity and terrestrial conditions. http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/9508/Glicksman-9508.html

The following article appears in the journal JOM 47 (8) (1995), pp. 49-54. JOM is a publication of Overview The Chronology of a Microgravity Spaceflight Experiment: IDGE Martin E. Glicksman Matthew B. Koss , and Edward A. Winsa INTRODUCTION DEVELOPING THE FLIGHT EXPERIMENT PREPARING FOR THE FLIGHT EXPERIMENT ... SIDEBAR: PRE-IDGE DENDRITE RESEARCH The evolution of the Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment (IDGE), which was performed aboard the space shuttle Columbia, provides an example of how a space flight experiment is proposed, developed, built, and operated. To illustrate this example, this article traces the key developments of the IDGE from the initial concept to the actual space flight mission. INTRODUCTION On March 4, 1994, 8:53 A.M., the space shuttle Columbia STS-62 ) lifted off from the Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida, into a low- Earth orbit (LEO) of approximately 300 kilometers. On board, as part of the second United States Microgravity Payload (USMP-2), was the Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and NASA's Lewis Research Center , was ten years in development as a space flight program; for five years prior to that, it was a ground-based

100. International Space Station - Microgravity Science » microgravity SCIENCE. microgravity doesn t usually grab the headlines, but microgravity science headlines the research agenda http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/spacestation/science/microgravity.html

Microgravity doesn't usually grab the headlines, but microgravity science headlines the research agenda on the International Space Station. With gravity kept at one-millionth of its force on Earth for lengths of time that cannot be attained there, researchers see life and matter in ways that suggest new approaches to old problems. Microgravity puts the science camel's nose under the gravity force's tent and lets it sniff out hidden properties and processes that allow deadly viruses, for example, to survive despite efforts to kill them. And it provides an oasis of opportunity to develop solutions that cannot be imagined without the knowledge microgravity research spawns. More specifically, microgravity on the ISS will be the key asset for research conducted in: Materials Science Fluid Physics Combustion Science Biotechnology Fundamental Physics. Materials Science . Research on the invisible structures of materials, as well as their thermal, magnetic and other properties, seeks to develop improved production methods and better materials on Earth. Scientists essentially investigate phenomena normally masked by gravity. Among the results that will be sought: better electronic devices, improved telecommunication, and stronger, more durable artificial limbs. Fluid Physics . Physicists in this field define as fluid anything that flows when force is applied, namely: liquid, gas and plasma. Studies of these fluids in microgravity are aimed at helping engineers design safer buildings in earthquake-prone areas, improving the stability and performance of power-generating stations, increasing productivity in materials processing and other practical applications.

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