41. H-Net Review: Elizabeth Akingbola On Fiona Macdonald, Ed., Peoples Of Africa The chapters separate indigenous African beliefs from Christianity and of beliefs, values, and customs in people s lives A mende man in Sierra Leone who becomes http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=40801012584859

42. Worldstats: Providing Information About Our World! limited to literate minority), mende (principal vernacular university in western SubSaharan africa. The indigenous people mounted several unsuccessful revolts http://www.worldstats.org/world/sierra_leone.shtml

Home Countries Big Cities World ... Useful Links Sierra Leone Quick Overview: The indigenous population is made up of 18 ethnic groups. The Temne in the north and the Mende in the South are the largest. About 60,000 are Krio, the descendants of freed slaves who returned to Sierra Leone from Great Britain and North America and slave ships captured on the high seas. In addition, about 4,000 Lebanese, 500 Indians, and 2,000 Europeans reside in the country. In the past, Sierra Leoneans were noted for their educational achievements, trading activity, entrepreneurial skills, and arts and crafts work, particularly woodcarving. Many are part of larger ethnic networks extending into several countries, which link West African states in the area. However, the level of education and infrastructure has declined sharply over the last 30 years. Geography: Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea and Liberia Area: total: 71,740 sq km land: 71,620 sq km water: 120 sq km Land boundaries: total: 958 km border countries: Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km

43. 3. People: Diversifying The Innovation Framework: International Development Rese That indigenous peoples inhabit the most diverse fields and between the uses made by people of biological The mende farmers of Sierra Leone, independent of http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-28299-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html

var static_ko="28299"; var static_section="201"; var static_langue="en"; IDRC.CA Publications Books Online Topic Explorer Books Online Economics General Health ... Nat. Res. Participate Owner Bill Carman ID: Added: 2003-04-24 11:53 (Ottawa) Modified: 2003-09-19 12:19 (Ottawa) 3. People: Diversifying the Innovation Framework Document(s) 6 of 12 We cannot conserve the world's biological diversity unless we also nurture the human diversity that protects and develops it. We need diversity in the innovation processes related to biomaterials. Policymakers must find a way to stimulate innovation at the community, national, and international levels — in formal and informal, public and private sectors. The challenge of Agenda 21 is to find equitable mechanisms that allow these diverse forms of innovation to collaborate for the benefit of humanity. COMMUNITY INNOVATION In the aftermath of the Rio Earth Summit, the contribution of indigenous and rural communities as innovators has been recognized but not necessarily understood. That indigenous peoples inhabit the most diverse fields and forests of the world is sometimes viewed as both coincidental and unfortunate. That a correlation could exist between the uses made by people of biological diversity and the availability of that diversity is seldom considered. Obviously, much of the innovative activity of farmers lies in their fields. The Mende farmers of Sierra Leone, independent of foreign experts, conduct field trials, test new seeds against different soil types, and compare results (Davies and Richards 1991). In the Horn of Africa, Ethiopian farmers maintain variety performance records, sometimes inscribed on door posts. Farmers normally breed for specific microenvironments, but it is often the case that their folk varieties can perform remarkably well in roughly similar environments in other parts of the world. Research institutes report the use of an Ethiopian farmer variety in Burkina Faso, and of a South African variety released in Ethiopia. Rural societies maintain agricultural biodiversity because it is essential to their survival. They breed their own improved varieties for the same reason. There is no useful distinction, for them, between conservation and development.

44. Liberia - Countrywatch.com Loma, Kissi, Vai, Dei, Bella, Mandingo, and mende peoples. The remaining population speaks local indigenous languages, most 57 percent of the people of Liberia http://aol.countrywatch.com/aol_topic.asp?vCOUNTRY=99&SECTION=SOCIAL&TOPIC=CLPEO

45. Operation World - Detailed Information There are 16 peoples in which there is not yet a viable, growing, indigenous churchplanting in the west with about 500 Christians and mende and Manya (SIM http://www.gmi.org/ow/country/libe/owtext.html

Liberia Republic of Liberia July 27 Africa Quick Find Home About Us Authors Calendar CD Developer CD-ROM Contact Information Errata Web Links Factbook FAQ Feedback GMI Maps OM Literature One Hundred Days Operation World book Other Languages Overhead Transparencies OW Team Paternoster Permissions Policy Pray Today Prayer Resources Publisher Technical Support Technical Specifications Updates Wall Map Web Developer Window on the World Home Pray Today Summary Religion ... Tech Support click to enlarge GEOGRAPHY Area 99,067 sq.km. Heavily forested coastal state adjoining Sierra Leone, Guinea and Côte d’Ivoire. Population Ann.Gr. Density 32 per sq. km. 45 per sq. km. 67 per sq. km. In the 1990s 250,000 were killed and over 1,000,000 became refugees abroad. About 500,000 Liberians still remain in surrounding lands. Capital Monrovia 1,150,000. About half the population are civil war refugees. Urbanites PEOPLES There are 16 major ethnic groups divided in three language families. These figures include refugees in surrounding lands. Mande 47.2%. 11 groups, largest: Kpelle 690,000; Mano 252,000; Loma 200,000; Gio 147,000; Vai 126,000; Bandi 100,000; Mandingo 60,000. Kru 41.3%. Over 25 groups, largest: Bassa 492,000; Grebo(8) 387,000; Kru (Klao) 261,000; Krahn(3) 140,000.

46. ThinkQuest : Library : The Global Relations Of The Many Nations use limited to literate minority), mende (principal vernacular Christian 45%, Muslim 35%, indigenous beliefs 20 is the mother tongue of Bantu people living in http://library.thinkquest.org/18401/text/africa.html

Index The Global Relations of the Many Nations Throughout the world there are conflicts and issues that have wide-ranging effects. This site can help students understand some of these current events. For example, the religious situations in Afghanistan, Northern Ireland, or on the West Bankthis site covers them all and more. You even have the opportunity to voice your own opinions. Discover ways to get involved by visiting other links and learning more about global issues. Visit Site 1998 ThinkQuest Internet Challenge Languages English Students Jeff Windsor High School, Windsor, CT, United States Christopher Windsor High School, Windsor, CT, United States James Windsor High School, Windsor, CT, United States Coaches Diane Windsor High School, Windsor, CT, United States Want to build a ThinkQuest site? The ThinkQuest site above is one of thousands of educational web sites built by students from around the world. Click here to learn how you can build a ThinkQuest site. Privacy Policy

47. DAWN Africa - Liberia People indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, Dei, Bella, Mandingo, and mende), http://www.dawnministries.org/regions/africa/countries/liberia/

LIBERIA LIBERIA Home Current DAWN Projects Research Articles ... Adopt-A-Church Planter Statistics (The World Factbook 2002) Full Country Name: Republic of Liberia Area: 111,370 sq km Population: 3,288,198 (July 2002 est.) About half of the population are civil war refugees. Capital City: Monrovia People: indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, Dei, Bella, Mandingo, and Mende), Americo- Liberians 2.5% (descendants of immigrants from the US who had been slaves), Congo People 2.5% (descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean who had been slaves) Language: English 20% (official), some 20 ethnic group languages, of which a few can be written and are used in correspondence Religions: Liberia was founded as a Christian state. Indigenous beliefs 40%, Christian 40%, Muslim 20% Government: Republic President: President Charles Ghankay TAYLOR (since 2 August 1997)

48. John & Kernick - IP In Africa - Sierra Leone - Fact Sheet HIV/AIDS people living with HIV/AIDS use limited to literate minority), mende (principal vernacular Religions Muslim 60%, indigenous beliefs 30%, Christian 10 http://www.johnandkernick.co.za/JK_IP_Africa/Sierra_Leone/JK_IPA_SL_FactSheet.ht

SIERRA LEONE - FACT SHEET Background Since 1991, civil war between the government and the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths and the displacement of more than 2 million people (well over one-third of the population) many of whom are now refugees in neighboring countries. A peace agreement, signed in July 1999, collapsed in May 2000 after the RUF took over 500 UN peacekeepers hostage. The RUF stepped up attacks on Guinea in December 2000, despite a cease-fire that it signed with the Freetown government one month earlier. As of late 2000, up to 13,000 UN peacekeepers were protecting the capital and key towns in the south. A UK force of 750 was helping to reinforce security and train the Sierra Leone army. Geography Location : Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea and Liberia Surface Area : 71,740 sq km ( water : 120 sq km) Climate: Tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April) Terrain: Coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland plateau, mountains in east

49. FAIR TRADE - NI 322 - Country Profile: Sierra Leone The indigenous peoples of the Protectorate were ready to take over political control when People 4.6 million The major local languages are Krio, mende and Temne http://www.newint.org/issue322/profile.htm

New Internationalist 322 April 2000 The millennium celebrations for the residents of Freetown, capital of war-torn Sierra Leone, were muted. Not for them the wild parties that were taking place in many parts of the world. A curfew, which began at 9.00pm and ended at 7.00am, made sure of a sombre awakening to the new millennium. For the settlers, whose descendants are known today as the Creoles, the early days were full of conflicts with the indigenous peoples who objected to their presence. But the settlers had an advantage in that they were educated and were wise to the ways of Europeans. Naturally, they held the top jobs in the British colonial civil service and were also prominent in the professions. They were also well represented in the Legislative Council, through which the British governed the Colony of Freetown. By the time of independence in April 1961, things had changed drastically. The indigenous peoples of the Protectorate were ready to take over political control when the British relinquished their hold on the country.

50. AtDetroit Forums Mcwm .. Indigenous Blacks proportion of Blacks were and still are indigenous and native Tiv of Ghana, Ashanti of Ghana, mende/Mandinka (a Central part of africa came the people of Congo http://www.atdetroit.net/forum/messages/6608/10452.html?1053001159

51. Africa mende, Temne and Krio are native languages. of only 10% of the population about 3,000,000 people. Swahili is official, and several indigenous languages such http://lazarus.elte.hu/~guszlev/gb/afri.htm

Africa Ascension is a part of the UK as a dependency of Saint Helena Botswana was a Crown Colony until 1966. Besides English, Setswana is the other official language, and Bantu is spoken as well. Cameroon was a Crown Colony until 1961. English and French are the two official languages, plus 24 major African language groups exist here. The Gambia gained independence from Britain in 1965, English is the official language but Mandinka, Wolof, Fulani and other indigenous vernaculars are spoken. Ghana became an independent country from the UK in 1957. English is the official, but African languages (Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe and Gã) are native. Lesotho was a protectorate until 1966. Sesotho is official besides English, and Zulu and Xhosa are other important languages. Liberia is the country where liberated slaves from the US were settled from 1822. It has been an independent country since 1847. English is the native tongue of about the 96% of the population, and 20 local languages from the Niger-Congo language group are spoken. Malawi was a protectorate until 1964. The two official languages are English and Chichewa.

52. Community Radios Worldwide of linguistic and cultural minorities, indigenous peoples, migrants and Charter on Human and People s Rights, to Krahn, Kru, Mandingo, Mano, mende and Vai. http://www.radiorobinhood.fi/communityradios/eng/alerts.htm

Community Radios Worldwide Front Page Radio Stations by continents Resources for the community radio Discussion Forum ... Articles New! Audio On Demand New! (RealAudio) About us AMARC-Africa New! ALERTS Senegal: Dakar , Amarc Africa: 22-28 Jan 2001 Second Pan african conference Angola: 7 Nov 2000 un journaliste harcelé dans le Nord Kwanza (RSF) SecondPan African AMARC Africa conference: Dakar, 22-27 Jan 2001 Third Pan African AMARC conference: Abidjan, 22- 27 Jan 2001 Kenya:Kenyan President against community radio: Nairobi, 04 Sept 2000 Radio one FM on fire The Gambia, Banjul, 10 Aug 2000 Star Radio suspended LIBERIA, 07 Apr 2000 Station closed in night raid after public defence in daylight BELGRADE, March 12, 2000 ANEM press release Media shutdown train picks up speed BELGRADE, March 10, 2000 - ANEM press release RADIO JOURNALISTS HARASSED OVER HUMAN RIGHTS COVERAGE CAMEROON, 13 March 2000 - Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), New York Senegal: Dakar - AMARC AFRICA : Second pan-african conference, in progress from the 22 nd to the 28 th January 2001.

53. Sierra Leone People - World66 People. Religions Muslim 60% indigenous beliefs 30% Christian 10%. English (official regular use limited to literate minority) mende (principal vernacular in http://www.world66.com/world/africa/sierraleone/people

the travel guide you write Recent Changes login register Home ... Sierra Leone Sections Sierra Leone Map Economy Health ... [Add Section] Maps View Enlargement People [edit this] This is no World66 image. It was found using an Internet search. more.. [Change image] [Upload image] Population: 5 080 004 (July 1998 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 45% (male 1 130 728; female 1 167 084) 15-64 years: 52% (male 1 257 901; female 1 367 902) 65 years and over: 3% (male 79 113; female 77 276) (July 1998 est.) Population growth rate: 4.01% (1998 est.) Birth rate: 46.16 births/1 000 population (1998 est.) Death rate: 17.25 deaths/1 000 population (1998 est.) Net migration rate: 11.18 migrant(s)/1 000 population (1998 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/female (1998 est.) Infant mortality rate: 129.38 deaths/1 000 live births (1998 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 48.57 years male: 45.56 years female: 51.66 years (1998 est.) Total fertility rate: 6.23 children born/woman (1998 est.)

54. Sierra Leone, Map And Flag over can read and write English, mende, Temne, or on English law and customary laws indigenous to local Raymond KAMARA, acting leader; Young People s Party or http://www.greatestcities.com/Africa/Sierra_Leone.html?pl=10

55. DNA from females with databases of DNA from people indigenous to specific February, including one by Jackson asserting that mende and Temne peoples account for http://www.alternativevoices.org/DNA.html

DNA: A new tool in tracing ancestral roots Advances in gene technology are fueling a new boom in geneaological research. By Bill Hendrick COX NEWS SERVICE December 30, 2003 ATLANTA Long before Alex Haley's Roots miniseries transformed genealogy from a methodical pastime to a raging passion for millions of Americans, Tina Dunkley already had been wondering "who I was, where I came from and why I felt a hole in my soul." Now she has gotten some answers for $350 and a dab of saliva. The 50-year-old Decatur, Ga., artist knew she'd been born in Brooklyn, N.Y., that her mother had emigrated from Trinidad and her father from Jamaica. And that, growing up, she was a minority among a sea of white faces mostly Jewish neighbors she envied because they knew where generations of their ancestors had come from. All she knew was that hers on both sides had been among 12 million African slaves who'd been brought to the New World sometime after 1600. And she figured she'd never know more. She was wrong. At a recent African-American arts festival, she heard that advances in DNA technology had made it a new tool for tracing ancestral roots. So she

56. Sierra Leone Facts & Figures KARIMU, chairman; Sierra Leone peoples Party or Religions Muslim 60%, indigenous beliefs 30 Languages English (official,), mende (principal vernacular in the http://free.freespeech.org/isierra-leone/factsfigures/

TOP i iSL- Navigator SIERRA LEONE is an independent nation in western Africa, bounded on the north and east by Guinea, on the southeast by Liberia, and on the southwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean. The capital of Sierra Leone is Freetown, Other major towns include Bo, in the South, Makeni in the North, and Kenema and Koidu in the East. GOVERNMENT GEOGRAPHY DEMOGRAPHICS ECONOMY ... MILITARY GOVERNMENT Sierra Leone is governed under a 1991 constitution that provides for a multiparty democratic system and human rights guarantees. A president is both head of state and head of government. The president is popularly elected to a five-year term and may serve no more than two consecutive terms. Legislative authority rests with the single-chamber House of Representatives, which has 68 members elected by popular vote and 12 paramount chiefs chosen by district tribal councils. Representatives serve five-year terms. The constitution was suspended from 1992 to 1996 and from mid-1997 to early 1998 following military coups. Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Sierra Leone conventional short form: Sierra Leone Data code: SL Government type:

57. Art Of Ancient Africa figure above is from the Dogon people of Mali From the mende of Sierre Leone, a female s mask made most important to the ancient and indigenous African cultures http://www.accd.edu/sac/vat/arthistory/arts1303/Africa.htm

South of the Sahara: Early African Art ART HISTORY SURVEY I In many parts of Africa rock and cave paintings dating as far back as 6500 BCE have been found and documented in recent years. The Sahara desert is the location of many rock paintings, preserved in the dry desert heat. Not always a desert, the Sahara was once a green and lush plain, home to many people and a variety of animals. Image of gazelles, carved into the surface in the "Tagina style" of Algeria and Morocco. The Sahara Desert mountain range of Tassili N'Ajjer in North Africa, site of many rock paintings and engravings. At least three ancient cultures developed in sub-Saharan Africa outside of Egypt. The first of these was the Meroe civilization in what is present day Sudan. The Meroe civilization built cities and pyramidal shaped tombs, developed writing prior to the Egyptians, and later interfaced with both ancient Nubia and Kush. All of these Nile river valley kingdoms periodically conquered and were conquered by the Egyptians, and later art reflects both Egyptian and native African influences. The ancient civilization called the "Nok" originated in the area of present day Yoruba in the Niger river valley area and contributed later to the development of the Kingdoms of Benin and Ife. A third culture developed in Zaire in the Congo river area. This clay figure is from Jenne, an ancient city of Mali, on the delta of the Niger River. The city was active around 250 BCE, and the 10" terra cotta figure dates from the 13th century CE.

58. `A Tribute To Black History' By Paul Barton of the most ancient peoples of the Americas and indigenous to the America and Mexico, used an alphabet found among the mende speaking peoples of West http://www.dalitstan.org/journal/dalitism/dal000/tribtobh.html

A Tribute to Black History Susu Economics: The History of Pan-African Trade, Commerce, Money and Wealth (Learning From Our Glorious Past as we Enter Into the New Millenium) January 29, 2000 February is Black History Month in the United States (October in Britain), yet, there are many of us who are unaware of our true and total history particularly in the area of ancient trade and commerce and how it led to the establishment and settlement of Africoids in every part of the globe suitable for human habitation. In fact, the very spread of language began from Africa to other parts of the world, as researched and explained by Dr. Bartor Vamos- Toth (Honolulu, Hawaii (USA) and Franziska Hargenrader, inm the article, The "Tamana Phenomena," (Efodon Synesis, May/June 1996, Munich, Germany). This spread of language from Africa to all parts of the earth was intiated by the need to initiate and practice trade and commerce. The Worldwide Spread of Black Civilization Among the early civilizations that were founded by prehistoric Africans (Blacks) due to the increase in trade and commerce were some of the oldest civilizations of the Americas. For example, one of the most ancient civilizations on earth existed in North America. It was and is the Black Washitaw Moundbuilders Civilization of the United States. This civilization existed thousands of years before Christ in the Mississippi Valley Basin and the Southern United States. The Washitaw still exist today as a separate and distinct Black American nation and are recognized by the United Nations as one of the most ancient peoples of the Americas and indigenous to the region. Blacks were also the first inhabitants of California and neither the Aztecs, Mayas, Hopi Navajo and other "Native Americans" of the Mongoloid racial group were the original inhabitants of California or much of the hot Southwestern United States, or the South and South Eastern U.S. In fact, an article in the Fresno Bee (Fresno , California, Janary 24, 2000) entitled, "A northern light is shed on site of Hispanic Homeland" is correct in pointing out that one part of the Hispanic (the Mestizo speakers of Spanish, not people of pure Spanish European Caucasian racial background......my emphasis) may be north of California.

59. Sierra Leone - Facts Religions Muslim 60%, indigenous beliefs 30%, Christian 10%. can read and write English, mende, Temne, or People note Rwanda is the most densely populated http://www.aneki.com/facts/sierra_leone.html

aneki .com Home Richest Most Populated Largest ... More Lists... World Regions Africa Middle East Europe Asia ... Sierra Leone map Introduction Sierra Leone Background: Since 1991, civil war between the government and the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths and the displacement of more than 2 million people (well over one-third of the population), many of whom are now refugees in neighboring countries. After several setbacks, the end to the 11-year conflict in Sierra Leone may finally be near at hand. With the support of the UN peacekeeping force and contributions from the World Bank and international community, demobilization and disarmament of the RUF and Civil Defense Forces (CDF) combatants has been completed. National elections were held in May 2002 and the government continues to slowly reestablish its authority. Geography Sierra Leone Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea and Liberia Geographic coordinates: 8 30 N, 11 30 W Map references: Africa Area: total: 71,740 sq km

60. Sierra Leone: Mission Profile set the model and welcomed these freed people into their rapidly side by side with the mende Mission of Leone Annual Conference, the first indigenous person to http://gbgm-umc.org/country_profiles/country_mission_profile.cfm?Id=144

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