21. Publications: Stanley Z. Fisher Justice System An Overview, in massachusetts Continuing Legal Involuntary Confessions and Article 35, criminal Procedure code 3 Journal of Ethiopian law 330 http://www.bu.edu/law/faculty/profiles/fisher/scholarship.html

Stanley Z. Fisher Publications Go to earliest "A Miscarriage of Justice in Massachusetts: Eyewitness Identification Procedures, Unrecorded Admissions, and A Comparison with English Law," (with Ian K. McKenzie), 13 Boston University Public Interest Law Journal "Convictions of Innocent Persons in Massachusetts: An Overview," 12 Boston University Public Interest Law Journal "The Prosecutor's Ethical Duty to Seek Exculpatory Evidence in Police Hands: Lessons from England," 68 Fordham Law Review 1379 (2000), Symposium on Ethics in Criminal Advocacy. Back to Top Massachusetts Criminal Practice (Co-ed. with Eric D. Blumenson and Daniel Kanstroom, and contributor), Charlottesville, Virginia: Lexis Law Publishing. Massachusetts Criminal Defense, 1996 Supplement for Abridged Clinical Student Edition, (with E. Blumenson), Salem, New Hampshire: Butterworth Legal Publishers. "Just the Facts, Ma'am: Lying and the Omission of the Exculpatory Evidence in the Police Reports," 28 New England Law Review Massachusetts Criminal Defense , 1993 Supplement for Abridged Clinical Student Edition, (with E. Blumenson), Salem, New Hampshire: Butterworth Legal Publishers.

22. BU Law Library: Research: Clinical Programs: Massachusetts Court Resources (Topi massachusetts law. agency decisions, state statutes, and the code of massachusetts massachusetts criminal Jury Instructions a Lexis database accessible by http://www.bu.edu/lawlibrary/research/clinics/ma_court.htm

Massachusetts Court Resources Court Rules How to Get There Massachusetts Law Massachusetts Jury Instructions ... Other Massachusetts Court Resources Court Rules Massachusetts has rules of court that apply throughout the state, including Rules of Civil Procedure, Criminal Procedure, and Appellate Procedure. (There is no codified set of Rules of Evidence in Massachusetts.) In addition, there are separate procedural rules for the Supreme Judicial Court and the Appeals Court and for each department of the Trial Court (including the Superior Court, Housing Court, Juvenile Court, Land Court, Probate and Family Court, the District Courts and Boston Municipal Court). Attorneys who practice before those courts must follow these rules in addition to the Rules of Civil, Criminal, or Appellate Procedure. These rules of individual courts often address procedural issues such as filing deadlines, guidelines for pleadings and memoranda submitted to that court, even rules about whether one can cite unpublished opinions in documents submitted to that court. These rules may include forms to be used in practice before that court. The library's guide on Massachusetts legal research provides more complete information about resources for Court Rules for state and federal courts in Massachusetts.

23. AIUSA: Rights For All: Violations Of The Human Rights Of Women In Custody: Facts Commonwealth of massachusetts Chapter 127 of the Acts of 1999. Michigan includes its law within the Penal code chapter of criminal sexual conduct. http://www.amnestyusa.org/rightsforall/women/factsheets/laws.html

FACTSHEET #6: The State of Laws and Lawlessness: A survey of statutes on custodial sexual contact Incarcerated women in U.S. prisons often suffer punishment far in excess of their state imposed sentence. At the hands of correctional officers they face widespread sexual abuse ranging from unauthorized body frisks to rape. Thirteen states offer no legal protections for women against sexual molestation and abuse: The following states have no law: Alabama; Kentucky; Minnesota; Oregon; Utah; Vermont; Wisconsin The following states have enacted laws since March 4, 1999 Massachusetts; Montana; Nebraska; Virginia; Washington; West Virginia NOTE : Amnesty International - USA believes that the West Virginia legislation is inadequate to protect women incarcerated in that state, and an action will be initiated shortly) In the vast majority of U.S. states and the Federal government, laws apply that recognize the potential for abusive relationships between female inmates and correctional authorities and have criminalized custodial sexual contact. Despite laws on the books, enforcement is often sporadic or non-existent. Nationwide, rape and sexual abuse of incarcerated women is so widespread that inmates often consider it a customary aspect of the prison experience. The recent explosion in the number of women incarcerated exacerbates the problem, increasing instances of physical and emotional violation. Alaska Arizona Arkansas California ... United States Alaska 's law is incorporated into the Criminal Code for sexual assault.

24. Criminal Law Resources - Crime, Victim & Juvenile Resource - Criminal Law Source INDIANA IOWA KANSAS KENTUCKY LOUISIANA MAINE MARYLAND massachusetts MICHIGAN MINNESOTA Part I Crimes Crime Bill (Overview) code of criminal law criminal http://www.legallawhelp.com/legal_law_channels/criminal_law/resources.html

Legal Consumer Information, Articles, Products and Services LEGAL CONSUMER GUIDE: LEGAL LAW HELP - A LEGAL RESOURCE GENERAL CHANNELS FIND A LAWYER LAW RESOURCES LEGAL NEWS BOOKMARK US! LAW CHANNELS STATE LAWS SAFETY AND HEALTH FEDERAL LAW ... LEGAL NEWS DESK FIND A LAWYER Select Your State ALABAMA ALASKA ARIZONA ARKANSAS CALIFORNIA COLORADO CONNECTICUT DELAWARE FLORIDA GEORGIA HAWAII IDAHO ILLINOIS INDIANA IOWA KANSAS KENTUCKY LOUISIANA MAINE MARYLAND MASSACHUSETTS MICHIGAN MINNESOTA MISSISSIPPI MISSOURI MONTANA NEBRASKA NEVADA NEW HAMPSHIRE NEW JERSEY NEW MEXICO NEW YORK NORTH CAROLINA NORTH DAKOTA OHIO OKLAHOMA OREGON PENNSYLVANIA RHODE ISLAND SOUTH CAROLINA SOUTH DAKOTA TENNESSEE TEXAS UTAH VERMONT VIRGINIA WASHINGTON WASHINGTON D.C.

25. Nigeriaworld -- The Politics Of '419': Internationalizing Nigerian Criminal Code according to section 419 of the Nigerian criminal code. is empowered to maintain law and order drawn from Wellesley College, massachusetts, Harvard University http://nigeriaworld.com/columnist/ajayi/032102.html

Femi Ajayi's Outlook The Colonists took a shot at our wealth by taking what did not belong to them when they arrived at the Coast of Africa in the early 1800. They cheated Nigerians and Africans at large. Thursday, March 21, 2002 Dr. Femi Ajayi EMAIL ABOUT COLUMNIST NIGERIAWORLD COLUMNIST ANNOUNCE THIS ARTICLE TO YOUR FRIENDS THE POLITICS OF '419': Internationalizing Nigerian Criminal Code, Chapter 38 Section '419' have been grossly disturbed by tens of messages on my e-mail, faxes for business transactions on oil products, gold, over or double invoice contracts, real estate, distribution of money from wills, over-budgeted money, that requires me to respond so that a large sum of money could be transferred to my account in my country. Such messages could be tempting if and when you called the number provided and someone is at the source responding to your inquiry. The temptation could be stronger when it keeps on coming with 'authentic' documents. The whole thing is like someone trying to harvest where he does not sow. If I may share a couple of phrases that tend to tempt some feeble minds to be victims of the ''419'' Someone from Sierra Leone claimed to be a 29-year old son of one late businessman Mr. Joseph Mashow and he would like to transfer $7 million to my account. He gave all excuses like seizing his international passports and people are after his father's treasury just to assist him invests the $7 million: "So I decided to contact you confidentially. Now I urgently need an assistance of a reputable and trustworthy Foreigner like you to help me receive and subsequently invest on my behalf the sum of US$ 7.000.000.00 (SEVEN MILLION DOLLARS), which my Father kept in a vault in BENIN REPUBLIC OF COTONOU before his death"

26. ISPs In Massachusetts Information At Business.com Search by zip code. Similar Pages. massachusetts criminal law Category found in Maryland Legal Practice by Specialty massachusetts criminal law resources. http://www.business.com/directory/internet_and_online/internet_service_providers

ISPs in Massachusetts - Companies offering Internet access primarily in the state of Massachusetts. All of Business.com Just this category Search Tips Help Sponsored Links List Your Site Covad High Speed Internet Covad has T1 service that now costs hundreds less. Learn more! $5.95 Internet Access Surf 5x faster, No ads or junk mail National 56k coverage. Free Trial Business Isp Business Isp Compare Business DSL Plans from multiple carriers at one site. aff. Massachusetts Isp ISP - Try it Now for $9.95 Per Month. Learn More Here! Internet for Business POPULAR SEARCHES dial-up internet in massachusetts dialup internet in massachusetts internet in massachusetts internet service provider in massachusetts ... MA isp more popular searches [x] MA isps Massachusetts business ISP massachusetts internet ... prepaid internet in massachusetts YOU ARE HERE: Business Directory Internet Service Providers ( ISP ) ISPs by Country United States Massachusetts ISPs in Massachusetts FEATURED LISTINGS Feature Your Site Here Featured Listings? RemotePipes: Massachusetts Internet Service Provider (ISP) Provides Massachusetts businesses with mobile Internet access in over 150 countries worldwide including toll-free 800, 0800, and local access. Covad: Business ISP in Massachusetts National service provider of high-speed Internet and network access featuring dial-up, DSL, and T1 technology.

27. WWLIA - Unlimited Resource Of Legal Information On Criminal Law Defense law Locate lawyers in massachusetts that handle Attorneys Features a directory of criminal law attorneys. Search by city, state, zip code, practice area http://wwlia.org/law/n/criminal-law/1^1p0^1p1^3p1^2p5^14p0^0p0^0p7^9

Family Law Personal Injury Civil Litigation Small Claims ... Lawyers (c) 2004 wwlia.org Search wwlia for Results for : "criminal law" Georgia Law Firm - #1 Criminal Defense Site Instant Internet Information. Statewide Aggressive Criminal Defense in Georgia. Largest GA law firm for felony or misdemeanor Criminal/Traffic/DUI cases. Free Case Evaluation and Free Interview. Unmatched Personal Service and Staff. Credit Cards Accepted. Criminal Defense Law, Lawyers and Attorneys National directory lists criminal defense attorneys and law firms by US state. Review crime statistics and find answers to common legal questions. Black and Ciment Criminal Defense Law Firm Criminal defense and civil rights lawyers for state and federal court cases serve people in southern California. Request a free legal consultation. Illinois lawyers help clients face criminal charges, including misdemeanors and felonies. Serving clients throughout Chicago, Cook, and other local counties. Lawyers.com - Celia A. Gordon, Commack, NY

28. WWLIA - Unlimited Resource Of Legal Information On Criminal Law Search by city, state, zip code, practice area, or lawyer criminal Defense law Locate lawyers in massachusetts that handle criminal law cases including http://wwlia.org/law/n/criminal-law/1^2p0^1p1^2p1^4p5^10p0^0p0^0p7^11

Family Law Personal Injury Civil Litigation Small Claims ... Lawyers (c) 2004 wwlia.org Search wwlia for Results for : "criminal law" Black and Ciment Criminal Defense Law Firm Criminal defense and civil rights lawyers for state and federal court cases serve people in southern California. Request a free legal consultation. Illinois lawyers help clients face criminal charges, including misdemeanors and felonies. Serving clients throughout Chicago, Cook, and other local counties. Law firm has over 20 offices serving Southern California with practices in criminal defense, DUI, personal injury, juvenile, and DMV. Call for a free case evaluation. Featured on various TV shows, these Illinois attorneys specialize in DUI defense, criminal defense, and personal injury cases. Call for a free phone consultation. Compensation and Justice Through Class Actions Register your injustice or complaint with Class Action Services Ltd. for possible justice and compensation. List of pending class actions and class action settlements. Earn Your Paralegal Degree Start earning your paralegal degree today. Request risk-free information from a school near you!

29. LexisNexis.com(tm) Bookstore with CDROM, product icon, California Penal Vehicle code, 2004 Edition, product icon, massachusetts criminal and Traffic law Manual, 2001 Edition, http://bookstore.lexis.com/bookstore/catalog?action=promotion&pcode=BK405

30. CD ROM Databases - Supreme Court Of Ohio Practice code of Civil Procedure massachusetts, Annotated laws Practice New Jersey Real Estate law and Practice Services Ohio Manual of criminal Complaints and http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/LawLibrary/cdrom/

Supreme Court of Ohio Law Library CD-ROM and On-line Databases Available in the Library Available on all workstations: Code of Federal Regulations (West) Congressional Record On-line Federal Reporter (West) Federal Register On-line Federal Supplement (West) Infotrac On-line Ohio Citations: with Ohio Unreported Appellate Citations (Shepard's) Ohio Forms on Disc (Anderson) Ohio Jurisprudence 3d (West) Ohio Law On-line (Anderson) Ohio Jury Instructions (Anderson) Ohio Reports (West) Ohio Revised Code Annotated / Ohio Administrative Code, Approved Edition (West/ Banks Baldwin) Supreme Court Reporter (West) United States Code Annotated (West) Available on Request on all workstations: a b c d ... w A ABA Tax Lawyer Index Age Discrimination Litigation Alabama Index Arizona Index Arkansas Model Jury Instructions - Civil 4th Edition Forms on Disc Art Law Handbook B Baldwin's Ohio Practice, Business Organizations British Company Law Library C California Family Law Database Chief Counsel Advice China Laws for Foreign Business Clerk's Manual Effectively Representing Your Client before the "New" IRS Law of Trusts and Trustees (Bogert) Competition Law of Canada Appendices Computer Software Agreements Forms Connecticut Practice Series Criminal Jury Instructions 3rd Edition Construction Industry Formbook Consumer Law in a Box 2000 Contemporary Corporation Forms on CD-ROM Corporate Counsel's Guide to Employment Contracts Corporate Counsel's Guide to Software Transactions

31. The History Of Sodomy Laws In The United States - New Hampshire In 1679, New Hampshire separated from massachusetts and enacted its own laws. The first criminal code 3 included a sodomy law based on prohibitions enunciated http://www.sodomylaws.org/sensibilities/new_hampshire.htm

Last editted: January 21, 2003 The Sensibilities of Our Forefathers The History of Sodomy Laws in the United States By George Painter New Hampshire "[A] 12-year-old boy...was being examined as a "sexual psychopath" because he and a 9-year-old boy compared the length of their genitalia[.]" The Colonial Period, 1607-1776 New Hampshire was settled in 1623 and, for more than a half century, juridically was part of Massachusetts. The laws of England may have been considered in force, but an early case casts some doubt on that. In 1635, two men were arrested for committing sodomy with each other "on the Lord’s day in time of public exercise," but they were not prosecuted because the government officials "did not think fit to try them here." Massachusetts enacted its first sodomy law in 1636 (q.v.) and it therefore had applicability to the area now known as New Hampshire. As a result, the next legal proceeding for sodomitical acts was dealt with harshly. In 1663, a woman was accused of having claimed falsely that her husband, Matthew Giles, buggered her "servant boy," William Penney. Penney testified that Mrs. Giles "hired him" to lie to investigators about the alleged incident. Each was sentenced to a flogging, and Mrs. Giles also was given an indefinite term in prison.

32. TITLES 8 And 9 CRIMINAL PROCEDURE And CRIMES CORRECTIONS (1971). massachusetts criminal law Revision Commission, criminal code of Mass. (Proposed 1972) cited as Mass. ch. _ §. http://www.guam.net/gov/guam-law/08/8ABBR.94U.html

TITLES 8 and 9 CRIMINAL PROCEDURE and Abbreviations Used The former Guam Penal Code is cited as or The Government Code of Guam is cited as The Civil Code of Guam is cited as The 1970 Code of Criminal Procedure is cited as The 1970 Code of Civil Procedure is cited as The is cited as and, in updated sections as Criminal Procedure Code of 1977 is cited as or or in later updates as American Law Institute, Model Penal Code (Proposed Official Draft 1962) cited as cited as California Joint Legislative Committee for Revision of the Penal Code, Penal Code Revision Project (Staff Draft entitled "The Criminal Code 1971) cited as Massachusetts Criminal Law Revision Commission, Criminal Code of Mass. (Proposed 1972) cited as New Jersey Criminal Law Revision Commission, New Jersey Penal Code (Final Report, 1971) (two volumes) cited as

33. Code Amber Sex Offender Registries By State Site massachusetts Commonwealth of massachusetts Sex Offender SOUTH CAROLINA law Enforcement Division - Sex WYOMING Division of criminal Investigation - Sex http://codeamber.org/sor.html

Search Code Amber Code Amber Sex Offender Registries by State This list of SOR registries is accurate as of May 7, 2004: Please read each front page very carefully before clicking "I AGREE", access may be restricted and/or monitored. Not all states have a state wide regisrty, thus you must search by city, county, or not at all. If you have difficulty searching you may want to contact your local law inforcement agency. ALABAMA Alabama Department of Public Safety - Bureau of Investigation - Sex Offenders Search SOR Web Site Alabama's Community Notification Act (Megan's Law) was passed into law by the Alabama legislature in 1996. Since passage, the Act has been revised to the point that it is one the strongest in the nation with respect to convicted sex offenders [Title 15, Chapter 20]. Web Site ALASKA Department of Public Safety - Sex Offender Registration Central Registry SOR Web Site ARIZONA Department of Public Safety - Sex Offender InfoCenter SOR Web Site ARKANSAS Crime Information Center SOR Web Site CALIFORNIA State Department of Justice - Office of the Attorney General SOR Web Site [This is not a searchable directory!]

34. The Law And American Indian Burial Protections--Massachusetts Laws are less than 100 years old, a criminal investigation may which may be found at http//www4.law.cornell.edu code Book massachusetts General laws Citation Ch. http://www.ibsgwatch.imagedjinn.com/learn/massachusettslaw.htm

Subjects Federal laws State laws Some preserved sites. Some history and culture ... News Archive Index Return to main Learn page Please inform the webmaster of any broken links! The Law and American Indian Grave Protection Massachussets Laws When contacted, the State Archaeologist, Brona Simon, obligingly mailed the following burial laws which had not been placed digitally. We thank her for her assistance. Massachusetts burial laws: Ch. 114 Section 17, Preservation of Ancient Burial Places Ch. 38 Section 6B, Discovery of Unmarked Human Skeletal Remains etc. Ch. 9, Section 27C, Reports to State Archaeologist (Cessation of Activities at Unmarked Burial Grounds) Ch. 114 Section 18, Care of Neglected Burial Places ... Chapter 9: Section 26A. State archaeologist: duties, reservation of lands from sale; cooperation of governmental agencies The State Archaeologist also mailed this fact sheet of "Information and Assistance from the Massachusetts Historical Commission": What to Do When Human Burials are Accidentally Uncovered 1. Why are bones sometimes found?

35. The Five Worst (and Five Best) American Criminal Codes The criminal codes of North Carolina, South Carolina codes fail to define assault. The massachusetts code is typical to the punishment provided by law for such http://www.law.upenn.edu/fac/phrobins/code.html

The Five Worst (and Five Best) American Criminal Codes Paul H. Robinson , Michael T. Cahill, and Usman Mohammad I. The Functions of a Criminal Code II. An Evaluation System A. Does the Code Contain a Comprehensive Statement of the Law's Commands? 1. Abolition of Uncodified or Common Law Offenses 2. Specification of Affirmative Duties and Justification Rules 3. Definition of Terms B. Does the Code Effectively Communicate the Law's Commands to the Public? 1. Drafting Style 2. Organization C. Does the Code Provide a Comprehensive and Accessible Statement of its Rules of Adjudication? 1. The Need for Comprehensiveness 2. Complete Specification of Necessary Rules 3. Sufficiency of Detail and Ease of Use D. Does the Code Accurately Assess Who Does and Who Does Not Deserve Criminal Liability? 1. Appropriate Criminalization Decisions 2. Appropriate Liability Rules 3. A Comprehensive System of Defenses E. For Those Offenders Held Criminally Liable, Does the Code Accurately Assess the Proper Grade of Liability and Punishment? 1. Consistency and "Grading" of Offenses

36. Boston College: John J. Burns Library helped revise the US criminal code, and spearheaded has taught at Georgetown University law Center Biog/Hist Note massachusetts Congresswoman, Cabinet Officer http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/ulib/Burns/csums.html

John J. Burns Library Congressional Archives Records Summaries Summaries of Congressional Archives Records in the Burns Library are provided below. For more detailed information about these same collections, consult the BC Libraries On-Line Catalog Congressional Archives Research Collections Burns Home Page Boland, Edward P., 1911- Title: Edward P. Boland Papers, 1952-1988. Description: 205 linear ft. (206 boxes). Notes: Access restricted until completion of processing. Finding aids: Partial inventory available. Summary: Composed of correspondence, publications, photographs, audio tapes, videocassettes, newspaper clippings and related materials. The papers document Boland's career in Congress and touch upon various events and issues. Much of the material concerns the 2nd congressional district, especially the cities of Springfield and Chicopee. Biog/Hist Note: Massachusetts Congressman. Boland was born in Springfield, Mass. He attended Boston College Law School and from 1935 to 1941 served in the Massachusetts State Legislature. From 1952 to 1988 he was a member of the United States House of Representatives. Boland served on a number of Committees while in Congress and authored the "Boland Ammendments," which limited American government aid to the Nicaraguan Contra Rebels. Drinan, Robert F.

37. LexisNexis Customer Service Center MA code of massachusetts Regulations. Regulations/State/Administrative codes (Regulations) /Area of law - By Topic/criminal law/Administrative Materials http://web.nexis.com/sources/scripts/info.pl?152837

38. HOW TO FIND INFORMATION IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND LAW STATUTES AND LAWS. Ref KF 6 United States code Service. Ref massachusetts. Ref KFM 2961 .A3 criminal Laws of massachusetts. HISTORIES. Ref http://www.endicott.edu/production/academic/library/law.html

Halle Library Research Guide HOW TO FIND INFORMATION IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND LAW TABLE OF CONTENTS DICTIONARIES RESEARCH GUIDES ENCYCLOPEDIAS AND HANDBOOKS JOBS, INTERNSHIPS, LAW SCHOOLS ... BOOKS DICTIONARIES for brief articles and definitions of terms. Ref HV 7411 .R87 Dictionary of Criminal Justice Ref HV 9304 .W54 Dictionary of American Penology. Ref KF 156 .B53 Black's Law Dictionary ENCYCLOPEDIAS AND HANDBOOKS Ref HV 6245 .F74 Murder Cases Ref HV 6439 .U5 K663 National Gangs Resource Handbook Ref HV 6439 .U7 K55 Gangs: A Reference Handbook Ref HV 6561 .H337 Rape in America: Reference Handbook HV 7419 .A48 Introduction to Computing in Criminal Justice. Ref HV 7436 .K78 Gun Control Ref HV 7901 .E53 Encyclopedia of Police Science Ref HV 8141 .G44 Deadly Force Ref HV 8144 .F43 T48 The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide. Ref HV 8694 .G76 Encyclopedia of Capital Punishment. Ref HV 9103 .A54a National Juvenile Detention Directory Ref HV 9104 .A775 Standards for Juvenile Correctional Boot Camp Programs. HV 9104 .J833 Juvenile Crime: Opposing Viewpoints Ref HV .P765

39. Springfield Library: Government & Law current and historical), the US code and Regulations legal topics, such as divorce, criminal law,adoption, etc information on legal aid, massachusetts courts and http://www.springfieldlibrary.org/liblinks/govern.html

State Federal International Politics ... Springfield Library: Federal, State and Local Government Officials Check here for contact information for officials in Federal, state and local government and for elected representatives for the Greater Springfield area. Local Government See page. State MassGov (Commonwealth of Massachusetts) Where Do I Vote? Fill in your home address on the online form to determine your ward and precinct and polling place for municipal, state, and federal elections. Commonwealth Communities Check here for a wealth of information about cities and towns in the state, including community profiles, Department of Revenue statistics, "cherry sheets" which detail state aid granted to each municipality, school profiles, and information from other state agencies. Massachusetts Legislative Directory Profiles, addresses, and telephone numbers for state senators and representatives, searchable alphabetically. You can also search by city or town Massachusetts City and Town Clerk Directory Provides addresses and telephone numbers of municipal clerks' offices throughout the Commonwealth.

40. The Vanishing Idealism Of Criminal Law In Colonial America | Turnabout law of Pennsylvania and massachusetts, and that ideological reason for adopting a distinctive criminal law. for adopting a distinctive criminal code, and may http://jkalb.org/publications/the_vanishing_idealism_of_criminal_law_in_colonial

@import url(misc/drupal.css); Turnabout Home The Vanishing Idealism of Criminal Law in Colonial America James Kalb Yale Law School Supervised Analytic Writing Barbara Black, supervisor Draft In what follows I will trace these developments and discuss their causes. I will not discuss the entire body of criminal law in each colony, but only the major crimes against the person, against property, and against religion and morals. Other categories of crime, such as contempts of authority, offenses against public order, and currency offenses either tend to be too idiosyncratic in their definition and punishment for comparison to be useful, or raise issues which would inconveniently broaden the scope of this paper. Early Pennsylvania legislation can best be understood by considering the legislators. Both William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, and most of the early colonists were Quakers, and therefore it is to be expected that Quaker beliefs would have a profound effect on all the institutions of early Pennsylvania, including criminal law. Penn's purpose in founding the colony was to establish a commonwealth founded on Quaker principles which would provide a refuge where his co-religionists would be free to live in accordance with their beliefs. As one would expect of a person so closely connected with the most powerful men in England, and yet so deeply at odds with the predominant political, social, and moral attitudes of the day, Penn had devoted a great deal of thought to politics and political reform.

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