41. Anthro.Net Africa Yoruba Gurus indigenous Production of Knowledge in africa anthropological resources for the region of North africa. ; an interest in the mambila people of the http://www.laudator.com/directory/out.php?ID=344

42. ReliefWeb: Dozens Reported Killed In Nigerian Land Clashes LAGOS (Reuters) Dozens of people are reported ethnic bloodletting to hit africa s most populous Tuesday that fighting between mambila indigenous farmers and http://www.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/0/4acdf78be2b145d785256b3d005213be?OpenDocume

43. Anthro-l: September-1994 By Thread mambila documentation on WWW zeitlyn@VAX.OX.AC thanks Matthew Cooper; FYI WEST africa TOUR Leendertse indigenous people and the environbment John Ford; capitalism http://www.anatomy.usyd.edu.au/danny/anthropology/anthro-l/archive/september-199

anthro-l: september-1994 by thread About this archive Most recent messages Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ subject ] [ author ] Other mail archives Starting: Thu Sep 01 1994 - 02:42:22 EST Ending: Fri Sep 30 1994 - 23:41:43 EST Messages: bone carving and toolmaking Taina Makinen The Mayan Epigraphic Database R. C. Alvarado (no subject) sambhu Prasad H-World Invites Anthropologists DANIEL A. SEGAL Symbolic Anthropology and Archaeology0~ Geoffrey Scott McNeely test Eugene A. Berkery New List: Craniofacial Biology Reseach David Dean Ph.D. LA Area Anthropologists Moira Killoran student rsch among Amish Eric Silverman test(ignore) Jim McCullough Call for Papers: Language, Play and Performance brenda danet REQUEST: Anthropology on Population RICHARD ROBBINS Re: REQUEST: Anthropology on Population Glenn Stone Developmental Defects in Prehistory Troy Case New EPA rules for Indians for air quality LISA A. MITTEN Films James B. Bandow White Tiger Janet Gillis Flint knapping Rob Quinlan Re: Flint knapping wilkr Re: Flint knapping David DeGusta OFFRE DE DISPONIBILITE Alberto Antoniotto Questions on Tiger/Dragon Janet Gillis intentional communities and the internet Kevin M. Kniffin

44. Anthro-l: September-1994 By Date medical anthropology Szebik Imre; mambila documentation on WWW Matthew Cooper; FYI WEST africa TOUR Leendertse For Papers Douglas Orr; indigenous people and the http://www.anatomy.usyd.edu.au/danny/anthropology/anthro-l/archive/september-199

anthro-l: september-1994 by date About this archive Most recent messages Messages sorted by: [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] Other mail archives Starting: Thu Sep 01 1994 - 02:42:22 EST Ending: Fri Sep 30 1994 - 23:41:43 EST Messages: bone carving and toolmaking Taina Makinen The Mayan Epigraphic Database R. C. Alvarado (no subject) sambhu Prasad H-World Invites Anthropologists DANIEL A. SEGAL Symbolic Anthropology and Archaeology0~ Geoffrey Scott McNeely test Eugene A. Berkery New List: Craniofacial Biology Reseach David Dean Ph.D. LA Area Anthropologists Moira Killoran student rsch among Amish Eric Silverman test(ignore) Jim McCullough Call for Papers: Language, Play and Performance brenda danet REQUEST: Anthropology on Population RICHARD ROBBINS Developmental Defects in Prehistory Troy Case New EPA rules for Indians for air quality LISA A. MITTEN Films James B. Bandow White Tiger Janet Gillis Flint knapping Rob Quinlan OFFRE DE DISPONIBILITE Alberto Antoniotto Questions on Tiger/Dragon Janet Gillis intentional communities and the internet Kevin M. Kniffin Re: Flint knapping richard e landavazo Re: REQUEST: Anthropology on Population Glenn Stone Re: intentional communities and the internet Al Billings Jack Burris Re: intentional communities and the internet Troy Case Re: Flint knapping Michael Bauser Flint Knapping ref.

45. The Cross And The Gods the mambila Baptist Convention, the Redeemed peoples Mission and A lot of mambila live there, but they are government workers and traders not indigenous to the http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/dz/godcross.html

The Cross and the Gods [A Look at Adamawa and Taraba States, Nigeria] by Patience Ahmed CAPRO Research Office Mambila pp. 287-292 The Mambila are a tribe of about 99,000 people living on the Mambila plateau in Sardauna Local Government Area and in Cameroon. They are believed to have come from north-eastern Africa. Besides their own language, Mambila people speak Fulfulde as a trade language, and many understand English. Culture Highlights The Kaba priest is in charge of twins, and he consults the gods on their behalf. Twins are treated well so that they will not be angry, and equally so they will not be jealous. Boys of 16 years and above are circumcised in a group during the dry season. It is done by clans or families with dances by the boys. After circumcision, boys are introduced to the gods and initiated into the cult during one of the days of the cults festival in April or May. The initiation is done in a special pool, and sometimes boys drown. The Mambila also practise both marriage by payment of brideprice and exchange marriage. Two families or clans exchange their daughters as wives for their sons. Only the wife and sons of an exchange marriage have the right to inherit from their husband and father. Likewise, only one of the chiefs sons by an exchange marriage can inherit the throne. If a chief has no such sons, the son of his sister who did not marry by exchange, takes the office. However, today this is not strictly adhered to. Polygamy is common. If a woman leaves without having given a child to her husband, she has to pay back all the first husband spent on her before marrying another man.

46. Chief Anthony Enahoro Speaks On Nigerian National Question: Towards A New Consti to be made basically in the indigenous languages, with of peaceful coexistence between peoples of different Group Chamba, Jukun, Kuteb, mambila, Kona, Kunni http://www.waado.org/NigerDelta/Essays/Politics/NationalQuestion-Enahoro.html

Urhobo Historical Society The National Question: Towards A New Constitutional Order By Anthony Enahoro A Guest Lecture at Yoruba Tennis Club, Onikan, Lagos, July 2, 2002 PRESIDENT Olusegun Obasanjo was reported in the media to have stated that he is not opposed to a National Conference provided it is constructive and contributes to national solidarity. Our organisation, the Movement for National Reformation (MNR), reacted by publicly welcoming the president's statement as a positive contribution to the national debate on the expediency of a national conference in favour of which popular public demand has refused to go away or to abate, in spite of all efforts to misinterpret and undermine it. Our discussion this afternoon can be reduced to a simple question: what do we expect a National Conference to produce? Before endeavouring to answer the question, I ask your indulgence to quote at some length from an address, which I gave seven months ago to the Steering Committee of the MNR, because it is at the very heart of our subject today. "This is the challenge which the 21st Century imposes on us and on Nigeria's leaders. And this is the fundamental purpose of the National Conference, which we have urged for many years and which has now caught the imagination of the populace (and, we are delighted to note, the President himself). The cardinal rationale of a national conference, as I see it, would be to enable us come to terms with our diversity and turn it to our collective advantage. I repeat that this is what I would call "constructive diversity".

47. MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Africa Ahaggar, Tibesti, Ennedi, and mambila mountains, together research has demonstrated that indigenous African farming marks of human impact People plant trees http://encarta.msn.com/text_761572628___2/Africa.html

Print Preview Africa Article View On the File menu, click Print to print the information. Africa II. Natural Environment The great diversity of the African environment makes it difficult to generalize about the continent. While much of the continent consists of vast plains with little relief, there are also towering volcanic peaks and the largest rift valley system in the world. The climate ranges from the year-round heat and humidity of equatorial regions to the dryness of the world’s largest desert to mountaintop conditions cold enough to support glaciers. It contains regions of biological significance due to their biodiversity and huge numbers of species found nowhere else. The African environment has long been mistakenly seen as hostile, foreboding, and tragically in decline. Popular descriptions of Africa such as “the dark continent,” images of untamed wilderness in nature publications, and sensationalized press coverage of disasters such as droughts and famines have shaped these perceptions of Africa. Geographers’ accounts of Africa used to attribute the underdevelopment of the continent to its unfavorable environment—its oppressive climate, infertile soil, polluted water, and exotic diseases. These days have begun to wane. Increased scientific research on the African environment has done much to dispel old misconceptions and to provide insights into the physical processes that give shape to the landscape. The relationship of African societies to the environment is also much better understood. Yet much remains to be done before this huge and complex continent is well known and appreciated, especially by the general public.

48. MSN Encarta - Search View - Africa the Ahaggar, Tibesti, Ennedi, and mambila mountains, together The Okavango supports a rich indigenous flora and fly, and chemotherapy to treat infected people. http://encarta.msn.com/text_761572628__1/Africa.html

Search View Africa Article View To find a specific word, name, or topic in this article, select the option in your Web browser for finding within the page. In Internet Explorer, this option is under the Edit menu. The search seeks the exact word or phrase that you type, so if you don’t find your choice, try searching for a key word in your topic or recheck the spelling of a word or name. Africa I. Introduction Africa , second largest of Earth’s seven continents, covering 23 percent of the world’s total land area and containing 13 percent of the world’s population. Africa straddles the equator and most of its area lies within the tropics. It is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the west, the Indian Ocean and Red Sea on the east, and the Mediterranean Sea on the north. In the northeastern corner of the continent, Africa is connected with Asia by the Sinai Peninsula. Africa is a land of great diversity. If you were to trek across the continent, you would pass through lush, green forests and wander vast, grassy plains. You would cross barren deserts, climb tall mountains, and ford some of the mightiest rivers on Earth. You would meet diverse people with a wide range of cultures and backgrounds and hear hundreds of different languages. You would pass through small villages where daily life remains largely the same as it has been for hundreds of years, as well as sprawling cities with skyscrapers, modern economies, and a mix of international cultural influences. Africa is the birthplace of the human race. Here, early humans evolved from apes between 8 million and 5 million years ago. Modern human beings evolved between 130,000 and 90,000 years ago, and subsequently spread out of Africa. Ancient Egypt, one of the world’s first great civilizations, arose in northeastern Africa more than 5,000 years ago. Over time many other cultures and states rose and fell in Africa, and by 500 years ago there were prosperous cities, markets, and centers of learning scattered across the continent.

49. The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - World NIGERIA CLASHES LAGOS Dozens of people are reported of ethnic bloodletting to hit africa’s most Tuesday that fighting between mambila indigenous farmers and http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020109/world.htm

Wednesday, January 9, 2002, Chandigarh, India W O R L D China may refrain from backing Pak Beijing qualifies support in case of war Beijing, January 8 China today called on India to take steps to settle a stand-off with nuclear arch-rival Pakistan, but signalled Beijing’s support for Islamabad did not amount to a commitment to back its old ally in case of war. India still pursuing N-plan: CIA Washington, January 8 India is continuing with its nuclear weapons development programme for which the underground tests in May, 1998, were a significant milestone, the US intelligence agency CIA says in an unclassified report. WFP operations extended to Herat Geneva, January 8 The UN food agency started aid operations in the western Afghan city of Herat for the first time since September on Tuesday but elsewhere hundreds of thousands remained in need because it was too dangerous. A spokeswoman for the World Food Programme (WFP) said the agency had started providing enough food to feed 340,000 people. Malaysian paramedic Tarmizi Ismail collects registration slips from Afghan refugees for treatment at the Pakistan- Afghanistan border of Chaman on Tuesday. More than 50 paramedics from Malaysia's armed forces have set up their base at the refugee camp to give free medical aid for refugees. — Reuters photo

50. A & B Anthropology SuperSite example, view historic photos made in africa by HR who recorded observations of the mambila of Nigeria site for the collection of indigenous People s Literature http://www.ablongman.com/html/anthro/cult-act1.html

Enjoy these cultural anthropology web activities! PART I FOUNDATIONS OF CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY Archaeology, Physical/Biological Anthropology, and Primatology Explore current archaeological research projects and sites. Do any projects also involve linguistic, physical, and cultural anthropology? How? Why might it be important to study the linkages between the four fields of anthropology? Explore this richly illustrated site on ancient civilizations of Mexico and Central America . How does archaeology contribute to the understanding of prehistoric and ancient food production and other economic activities? How were the economies of the Maya, Mixtec, Zapotec, and Aztec civilizations similar and different? Use links to see a map and images of Copan and other Mayan sites in Honduras and Guatemala. Then read about the discovery of the tomb of a female Mayan chief, Margarita , also called "the Red Lady," in the necropolis of Copan. How were her treasures looted in 1997 and later returned ? Why has the National Geographic Society had to revise its web feature, "The Lords of Copan"? Read a definition and explanation of sociobiology and an essay by its founder, Edward O. Wilson, and explore the issue of

51. Web Sites For Anthropologists Society; Virtual Institute of mambila Studies (David resources about unrepresented nations, indigenous peoples and national Study of the indigenous Languages of http://www.nmnh.si.edu/naa/links.htm

National Anthropological Archives and Human Studies Film Archives What's New About the Archives ... Contact Ethnographic Archives Anthropology at the Smithsonian Resources for Anthropologists Most Entertaining Online Ethnography Ethnographic Archives African Music Archive , Institute of Ethnology and African Studies, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz American Museum of Natural History , Central Archives and Manuscript Collections, New York American Philosophical Society , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Arab Image Foundation / Fondation Arabe pour l'Image , Beirut, Lebanon Archaeological Archive of the Phoebe Hearst Museum of Anthropology , University of Berkeley, California Archive of Folk Culture , American Folklife Center, Library of Congress The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America, University of Texas at Austin Archive of World Music , Harvard University, collects commercial and field recordings of ethnic and folk music, with a special emphasis on the music of Asia and the Middle Archives Center , National Museum of American History Archives of European Archaeology , Paris, France Archives of Traditional Music , Bloomington, Indiana, includes the Archives of the Languages of the World and the former Institute for Liberian Studies

52. BLACK STAR The desecration of africa in the past by the what and the how of a peoples creative survival of European Christianity separated the indigenous africans from http://www.ghanalounge.com/atr.html

AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION CONTENTS ORIGINS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN SPIRITUALISM CRIME AND AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION THE WOMAN IN TRADITIONAL ASANTE THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION ... OTHER LINKS TO ATR ORIGINS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN SPIRITUALISM Indeed today, in spite of the hurt and suffering, the denial of the existence of Black Americans, the denial of equality in all aspects of American life, the Black church is still the only viable social institution which is dominated, operated, and totally controlled by African Americans. It is a tribal instinct which has survived years of change and abuse. The Priest Leader and spokesperson is still the Black Preacher. The intense need to be free motivated African Americans to adapt their Christianity to the African way of life and the tradition continues today. The African traditional religious life has always considered all life to be the sphere of the Almighty, the powerful(the Otumfoo), the Omnipotent(Gye Nyame). He is wise, and all seeing and all knowing. He is the Great Spider (Ananse Kokroko), and the Ancient of Days (Odomankoma). By Rev Addo a retired pastor WNC Conference of the United Methodist Church who taught Religion for many years at Bennett College, Greensboro NC ADDOX@ATTGLOBAL.NET

53. Islam ecological and economic factors.The mambila speaking peoples, numbering approximately 18 The majority of the mambila cling to their indigenous religion, a http://lucy.kent.ac.uk/Gallery/rssite/irss/lucy.ukc.ac.uk/Fdtl/Rehf/Fieldnotes/i

Islam Footnotes for fnotes.html Islam Footnotes for fnotes.html Islam Return to the Ethnographics Gallery

54. Useful Websites The Social Structure of a mambila Village (Cameroon); Religion and the Igbo People; Oromo Religion of African Christianity; African indigenous Churches in South http://homepages.isunet.net/dafarnham/africa/useful.htm

Useful Websites on Africa Contents African News Sources African Studies General Resources Individual Cultures ... Southern Africa African News Sources Contents Focus On Africa: BBC World Service Africa Daily CNN African News ... Africa-Confidential African Studies Contents General Resources Contents African Studies at the University of Pennsylvania Africa South of the Sahara: Stanford University UCLA Library Collections and Internet Resources in: African Studies ... Wajibu (Journal of African Custom and Tradition) Individual Cultures Contents Okavango Delta Peoples of Botswana Samburu (Kenya) Multimedia Ethnography !Kung San Page (Lawrence University, WI) ... Hadza Bibliography Social Organization Contents Sex, Marriage, and Family Contents Order of the Homestead and its Boundaries: The Duruma (Kenya) Concept of Homestead and Sexuality Niger Student Writing on Marriage, part 1 Niger Student Writing on Marriage, part 2 ... Azande: Childhood and Sexuality Kinship and Descent Contents Descent, Clans and Territorial Organization in the Tikar Chiefdom of Ngambe, Cameroon (David Price

55. MISSIO IMMACULATAE: Missionary Page Of The Franciscans Of The Immaculate Religions Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10 Large parts of africa s Bight of Benin and Bight of the Alantika Mountains, and the mambila Mountains http://www.marymediatrix.com/mission/kb/kb15/4.shtml

FI MISSION IN NIGERIA List of Articles about Nigerian Mission FACTS ABOUT NIGERIA Introduction History Land and Resources The People ... Culture and Arts FACTS AT A GLANCE Country name: Federal Republic of Nigeria Location: Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Benin and Cameroon Climate: varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north Population: Ethnic groups: more than 250 ethnic groups; the most populous and politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5% Nationality: Nigerian Religions: Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10% Languages: English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population:57.1%

56. Competitive Gift Exchange Among The Mambila each with its own headman, an indigenous office. both the time and energy of the people, they are The Dynamics of Multilineality on the mambila Plateau, africa http://www.era.anthropology.ac.uk/Era_Resources/Era/Rehfisch/Papers/gift.html

FARNHAM REHFISCH Competitive Gift Exchange among the Mambila The importance of gift-giving in the establishment of political and social relationships in a number of societies has long been recognised by anthropologists, and the element of competition inherent in these exchanges has not been ignored. To the best of my knowledge, instances of diadic relationships characterised by competitive gift-exchange have not been recorded for any West African society. Among the Mambila-speaking peoples of the former British Cameroons, relationships of this type are of considerable social significance. The aim of this paper is to describe the way in which these are established, maintained and developed through time; to give an account of both a large and small scale gift distribution; and finally to analyse some of the sociological implications of this institution in Mambila society, with special reference to the village structure. The effect of this institution on inter-village relationships will not be dealt with here. The Mambila are skilled and enthusiastic farmers, fortunate in having an abundance of fertile land. none of the villages visited were suffering from a shortage of land. The result is that they normally produce a considerable surplus of their two staple crops, maize and guinea corn, except in the few bad years when the rains wither come very late or are otherwise inadequate. Some of their surplus grain is sold to the town-dwelling Fulani. The demand being small, most of the surplus is turned into beer for their own consumption. To avoid possible criticism, i had best add that I am well aware of the difficulty of defining surplus in non-monetary societies, however it is my impression backed by statements of many Mambila informants that they could sell a far greater proportion of their grain than is actually the case and run no risk of being left with insufficient supplies fort their own use.

57. V1.1a Var A=new Array(); Var I=0; A[i++]= @Newafrica!/ Travel craftsman, ghana, nigeria, south, africa ; ai++ ukc.ac.uk/ dz mambila , virtual, institute community, practicing, spiritual, indigenous, people, yoruba, nigeria http://www.findrex.com/destination/nigeria.bb1

,holiday,tour,greek island,mykonos,santorini,accommodation,lodging,paros,naxos,poros,hydra,wedding,greek wedding,car rental,car hire, ,[[Santorini Island Greece]] @LtiTours! $"LTI Tours",travel,exotic,destinations,Asia,Australia,Queensland,[Canada],T:(416)962.9661,E:info@ltitours.com @Expedia.ca >travel,destination,hotel,map,vacation,packages,airline,[Canada] @TravelPrice.ca $

58. Joshua Project - Peoples By Country Profiles People Name General Arab, Turku. indigenous Fellowship of 100 http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=110311&rog3=CM

59. AusAnthrop: UNESCO Conference On Indigenous Knowledges technology at the Berndt Museum to facilitate indigenous community access People of the Rivermouth’ un CDRom. A Computer Simulation of mambila Divination http://www.ausanthrop.net/research/UNESCO_abstracts.php

AusAnthrop research, resources and documentation UNESCO conference abstracts on New Technologies, Anthropology, Museology and Indigenous Knowledge AusAnthrop Homepage AusAnthrop in French Services Resources Resource Center Conferences Book Reviews Jobs and Careers ... Australianistes Research Introduction Articles Tribal database Kinship tutorial ... Representative Bodies Discussion Forum General discussion Information Contacts Newsletter Awards received Visitor statistics ... Engines search the website... Online since 11 June 2001 all sorts of reproduction prohibited Please do not quote without permission of respective author(s) A report (UNESCO and CNRS) on the conference, including notes on discussions and recommendations, is available on line on the UNESCO WWW site. You'll find more information on this conference, and may download the report, on the UNESCO site How to quote this document? [Author name], [Author's given name] 2001. [Title of paper]. In Abstracts of the International Symposium: New Technologies, Anthropology, Museology and Indigenous Knowledge . UNESCO/CNRS Conference held at UNESCO in Paris, 17-18 Mai 2001. WWW: http://www.ausanthrop.net/research/UNESCO_abstracts.php, accessed [date].

60. Ecoi.net Dozens of people died in clashes over land between indigenous farmers and settler tribesmen and hundreds fled the mambila Plateau area of Taraba state http://www.ecoi.net/doc/de/NG/content/7/11674-12272

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