61. Syllabus makonde family tree, Tanzania. AGRICULTURAL africa indigenous INSTITUTIONS AND ADAPTATIONS. Rwanda and Burundi F 27 RWANDA I – FILM GIANT PEOPLE THE WATUSSI http://www.unc.edu/courses/2000fall/anth026-001/syllabus.html

ANTHROPOLOGY 26 THE PEOPLES OF AFRICA FALL 2000 MWF 1:00 - 1:50 p.m. Peabody 104 ROBERT E. DANIELS 311 Alumni Building robert_daniels@unc.edu The mass media in America pay little attention to Africa unless there is a story that involves mass violence, as in Rwanda, mass starvation, as in Somalia, or epic political change, as in the transition to majority rule in South Africa, or the fall of Mobutu's Zaire. Even then, when events in Africa do capture American public attention, the reports are almost always brief, shallow, laden with moralistic interpretations and uninformed about the local area and its history. For most Americans, these glimpses of Africa become little more than invitations for projective fantasizing. This course seeks to give the student the foundations on which to build an understanding of Africa as it exists today. The approach will be multidisciplinary. While this is an anthropology course, the subject of this course is Africa, not the history of the anthropology of Africa. Theoretical and methodological issues will be considered only to the extent that they assist or hinder our understanding of Africa. We will start with an introduction to the geography and history of the continent and develop an appreciation of Africa's major regional differences. We will then consider several major cultural themes and patterns of kinship and social organization that characterize sub-Saharan Africa.

62. Kenya Travel And Tour Guide, Kenya Culture Traditional makonde designs are thin elongated human figures vital labour to many people, particularly the wood is the greatest threat to indigenous forests and http://www.onlytours.com/destinations/africa/kenya/culture.htm

hr = escape(window.location.href); Modern Culture Kenyan Modern Culture was born of myriad sources and influences both new and old. Despite the many and varied influences that have shaped Kenyan society, the culture in Kenya has become truly and purely Kenyan. If any one thing of Kenya speaks of this unique character, it is the modern melding of traditional societies and culture. In Kenya it is possible to leave Nairobi, a city with a thriving business heart powered by the latest information technology, and drive in just a few hours to a place where life is lived in accordance to tradition and custom, where warriors armed with spears drive cattle into thorn brush enclosures to protect them from lions at night. In Kenya the modern and the traditional live side by side, and at times the lines blur. For many visitors to Kenya, this is evident within minutes of arrival. Among the busy urban traffic, the median strips of fresh grass along the airport road are a popular place for Maasai herdsmen to graze their cattle. Some people lament the gradual change in lifestyles, and loss of many customs and traditions in deference to modern life and values.

63. TDS; Passports, Visas, Travel Documents traders and European colonizers, the people of Mozambique have largely retained an indigenous culture based wood sculpture, for which the makonde in northern http://www.traveldocs.com/mz/people.htm

Mozambique Africa PEOPLE Mozambique's major ethnic groups encompass numerous sub-groups with diverse languages, dialects, cultures, and histories. Many are linked to similar ethnic groups living in inland countries. The north-central provinces of Zambezia and Nampula are the most populous, with about 45% of the population. The estimated 4 million Makua are the dominant group in the northern part of the countrythe Sena and Ndau are prominent in the Zambezi valley, and the Tsonga and Shangaan dominate in southern Mozambique. Despite the influence of Islamic coastal traders and European colonizers, the people of Mozambique have largely retained an indigenous culture based on smallscale agriculture. Mozambique's most highly developed art forms have been wood sculpture, for which the Makonde in northern Mozambique are particularly renowned, and dance. The middle and upper classes continue to be heavily influenced by the Portuguese colonial and linguistic heritage. During the colonial era, Christian missionaries were active in Mozambique, and many foreign clergy remain in the country. According to the national census, about 20%-30% of the population is Christian, 15%-20% is Muslim, and the remainder adheres to traditional beliefs.

64. Pitiki Ntuli museums and art practices described as indigenous would be value systems of the majority of people are marginalized masks, the carvings of the makonde and the http://www.apexart.org/conference/Ntuli.htm

Conference in Rio de Janiero, Brazil - July 2001 by Pitiki Ntuli If I do not speak as an African, Act as an African; define the parameters around which I can speak I would be confessing to the sin of colluding with those who seek to gain hegemony over my soul. If I speak only as an African without acknowledging my other selves then I am condemning myself to the ghetto of thought from which I may not re-emerge. So I choose to speak not as the indigenous But as the endogenous African. Colonial discourse teaches us that we, Africans, were discovered in a state of ignorance and barbarism. Europe set out on a mission to civilise us. To this end, mission stations equipped with priests and nuns were established; together with them were colonial administrators. Colonialism became a project of invention. (Mudimbe). We were invented; that is, positioned, packaged, framed and fixed. The image we carried was not a complimentary one. Successive struggles for liberation were launched and in the 50's and 60's Africa attained its independence, with few exceptions and South Africa being one of them. The petty-bourgeoisie leaders of the new Africa inherited the colonial state and continued to rule without transforming it. Attempts at indigenisation of the state or its education systems were half hearted and consequently failed. The only evidence of indigenous practices was only in song, dress and dance. The content of the state and its educational institutions remained colonial. Cold War politics further prostituted the African state.

65. The Herald - Zimbabwe News Online indigenous people urged to invest in multimedia makonde MP Cde Kindness Paradza (Zanu-PF) yesterday expressed concern over the lack of any meaningful http://www.herald.co.zw/index.php?category=Local&pubdate=2004-04-01

66. AJOL: Indilinga: African Journal Of Indigenous Knowledge Systems: Volume 2 Numbe soil fertility and fallow vegetation on the makonde plateau in that the conservation of the indigenous knowledge of as well as give the people the Intellectual http://www.inasp.info/ajol/journals/indilinga/vol2no2abs.html

African Journals Online Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems Issues Available About the Journal Volume 2 Number 2 2003 ABSTRACTS Indigenous knowledge and communal conflict resolution: Evidence from Nigeria *Chimaraoke Otutubikey Izugbara Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria. Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar Nigeria. coizugbara@yahoo.com Abstract This paper discusses an experience of relying on indigenous knowledge to resolve a communal conflict between two Nigerian local communities. The authors were working in one of the communities when conflict erupted, and had to initiate moves to restore peace and normality. They relied largely on information on the cultural organisation and knowledge system of the conflicting communities gathered through rapid group and individual interviews with members of the communities. Indigenous knowledge and values proved to be the golden key which unlocked the door to peace between the warring communities. The paper contends that peace facilitators in a communal conflict situation need to be responsive and sensitive to the indigenous cultural and knowledge systems and values of the communities they work with, if they are to make any sustainable impact. Batswana indigenous conflict resolution methods: a narrative Otsile Ntsoane Indigenous Knowledge Systems, Department of Science and Technology. Pretoria. South Africa

67. Mozambique Ndau, the Makhuwa, and the makonde, have been of California Capital Maputo, over a million people. Ethnic groups indigenous tribal groups 99.66% representing http://www.aimcanada.org/mozambique.htm

Site last modified: October 30, 2003 Mozambique QUICK FACTS Area: total: 801,590 sq km Capital: Maputo, 1,000,000+ Population: This former Portuguese colony is home to over twenty million people and to the largest unreached group in Africa— possibly the world! It has the largest concentration of unreached peoples in Africa south of the equator. It is also considered to be one of the poorest countries on the globe. AIM missionaries in Mozambique are concentrating on ministering to the newly emerging churches in theological training, etc. There are a number of opportunities in various areas including TESL, general church work and various teaching positions. Mozambique was a Portuguese colony for more than four hundred years before attaining independence in 1975. During those years the colonial government recognized only the Catholic Church resulting in persecution of those calling themselves "Protestant". With independence came the establishment of communism so the persecution extended to all recognized as Christians. Although the Marxist ideology of the government continued until the early 1990's, beginning in 1982, missionaries, who had been expelled at independence, were allowed to re-enter. The government recognized the need for the support of everyone possible, including the evangelical churches. Despite the fact that missionary work in the country was non-existent between 1975 and 1982, the evangelical church grew quite rapidly among the Lomwe living in Zambezi Province.

68. Mozambique SuttonLink Factsheet rate 13% 12.6 to 16.4%, estimates vary (2001 est.) people living with HIV/AIDS indigenous groups (99.66%) including Chokwe, Lomwe, makonde, Makua, Manyika http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/suttonlink/mz_fct.html

Mozambique This Page was last updated on the 12th. April, 2004. Return to the Country Index Page Country Mozambique Official Name Republic of Mozambique (Republica de Mocambique) Former Name Portuguese East Africa (San were first inhabitants; Bantu-speaking peoples migrated 1st-4th centuries AD; Arab trading settlements along the coast; Portuguese explorers reached Mozambique in 1498; Portuguese trading posts and forts established from aroud 1500; administration by large private companies, controlled and financed by the British by the early 20th century; drive for independence and anti-colonial political groups formed Front for the Liberation of Mozambique [FRELIMO] in 1962; FRELIMO initiated armed campaign against Portuguese colonial rule in September 1964; independence and FRELIMO establishment of one-party Marxist state in 1975.) Capital Maputo Main Towns Beira, Inhambane, Maputo, Nampula, Quelimane, Tete, Xai Xai Subdivisions 10 provinces: Cabo Delgado, Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia. 1 city: Maputo City.

69. Welcome To Our Catholic Church News Page Located next to smallscale indigenous farms (formerly in Chitomborwisi near Chinhoyi town, makonde is largely dry hilly communal area, where people survive on http://www.zcbc.co.zw/ccn.htm

VISION STATEMENT FOR CATHOLIC CHURCH NEWS CATHOLIC CHURCH NEWS July/August 1999 Issue No. 46 Following are a selection of articles published in this issue: St Vincent de Paul Society gives aid to increasing number of urban poor By Stewart Musiwa Foreign as destitution may seem to Zimbabwe's traditional communal culture, a casual glance at parks and alleys in the country's major cities nevertheless shows many blacks scavenging for food in garbage cans. Why is this so? A good number of Zimbabweans believe that destitute people are social outcasts who were thrown out of their communities for witchcraft, insanity and many other reasons. This still poses another question: Why do they believe this? "There are no destitutes in Zimbabwean culture. Everybody belongs to the extended family," answers Dr Michael Mawema, a sociologist, business consultant, and veteran nationalist who was detained for political dissent by the Rhodesian government from 1966 to 1972. Catholic Church top in rural health care provision By CCN Reporter CADEC sinks boreholes worth $579 050 in rural parishes By CCN Reporter CATHOLIC CHURCH NEWS mourns Thomas Musekiwa Thomas Xisto Musekiwa Your sudden departure on the 15th of June 1999 is still an inexplicable darkness to us. A day hardly passes without thinking of you. We cherish and treasure your brotherly love, care and kindness. Guide us always until we meet again in heaven. Missing you: Baba Musekiwa, Cassian, Molline, Kennedy, Nicholas, Hubern, Sunny, Simba, Olivia, Chiedza naAmai vake. Thanks! Our grateful thanks to all the people of St. Monica's and St. Theresa's Seke Parish, priests, sisters, Jesuit scholastics, seminarians, all the ZCBC workers, relatives and friends for the tremendous support you gave us at the funeral of Thomas Xisto Musekiwa. God Bless you all - The Musekiwa Family.

70. History And Information On Tanzania And Mount Kilimanjaro made up of two general indigenous groups, which The Nilotic speaking people whom originate from the Sukuma Largest group speak Bantu makonde - Bantu Speaking http://www.kilimanjaroworld.com/tanzania.htm

HOME Click Below For More Information History History Links People Flora and Fauna ... Geology and Glaciology General Info Links to Tanzania: Tanzania Encyclopedia Tanzanian Tourist Board Tanzania High Commission. Parliament of Tanzania ... Maps Tanzania - History Back to Top When you consider that mankind's birthplace may have been centered somewhere in northern Tanzania it's evident that there is a long human history there. Archaeologists have discovered the fossils of several types of manlike creatures called Australopithecine's in the Olduvai Gorge just North West of Mount Kilimanjaro. Scientists believe these creatures lived as long as 4 million years ago. Tanzania's first mainland inhabitants had established themselves as early as 3000 to 5000 years ago. It's safe to assume that the inhabitants were there prior to the above dates, since knowledge of the inhabitants comes mainly from remnants of ancient Stone Age sites that have been researched. What researchers do know is that these early settlers were hunters and gatherers who spoke Khoisan. Around 1000 B.C. people speaking the Cushitic language began to settle from Ethiopia and Somalia. These people brought cattle and knowledge of stone tools and settled in the Northern Regions. Bantu speaking people began migrating into Tanzania around 500 AD, possibly from West Africa. These people were farmers of vegetables, millet and sorghum and brought with them iron implements. New arrivals such as the Maasai possibly took place around the 12th and 18th centuries.

71. SIM Country Profile: Tanzania Kuria, Luo, Maasai, MakhuwaMetto, makonde, Nyakyusa-Ngonde Protestant 19.0%; Nominal 14.4%; African indigenous 0.7 and Mozambique border where the people are 95 http://www.sim.org/country.asp?cid=48&fun=2

72. AMU CHMA NEWSLETTER #11 (09/01/1994) and counting in Mozambique languages makonde, Yao, Nyanja also gives bibliographic support to people conducting research on indigenous Knowledge. http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/AMU/amu_chma_11.html

AMUCHMA-NEWSLETTER-11 Chairman: Paulus Gerdes (Mozambique) Secretary: Ahmed Djebbar (Algeria) TABLE OF CONTENTS NEWSLETTER #11 Objectives of AMUCHMA Meetings Current research interests Notes and queries ... back to AMUCHMA ONLINE Higher Pedagogical Institute (ISP), Maputo (Mozambique), 1.9.1993 2. MEETINGS 2.1 4th MaghrIbian Symposium on the History of Arabic Mathematics The 4th MaghrIbian Symposium on the History of Arabic Mathematics was held at the Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University in Fez (Morocco), organized by Mohamed Aballagh, Mohamed Abattouy, and Mohamed Mesbahi. The following papers were presented in Arabic, English, or French dealing with the arabic mathematical sciences, their application and reception during the Middle Ages: * Ahmed Djebbar (Algiers, Algeria): Some aspects of mathematical activities in the extreme Maghreb from the XIIth to the XVIth centuries; * Mohamed Benchrifa (Rabat, Morocco): Presence of mathematics in some Andalusian literary writings; * Moustafa Mawaldi (Aleppo, Syria): Study of the manuscript 'Risala fi-l-Hisab-l-Hawa'i' of Najm ad-Din al-Katibi; * Rachid Bebbouchi (Bab-Ez-Zonar, Algeria): Redaction techniques in mathematics: Arabic heritage and actual reality in Algeria;

73. AMU CHMA NEWSLETTER #24 (6/25/99) (continued) Chapter 3, 77100); The makonde and Makhuwa a string figure by the Kxatla people of Botswana African Fractals Modern Computing and indigenous Design , Science http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/AMU/amu_chma_24a.html

AMUCHMA-NEWSLETTER-24 (continued) BACK to Newsletter 24 first page TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Have you read? Announcements Addresses of scholars and institutions mentioned in this newsletter New recipients ... back to AMUCHMA ONLINE 8. HAVE YOU READ? 8.1 On the History of Mathematics in Africa #297 Aballagh, Mohamed: Science, Technology and Industry in the Ottoman World. , Brepols Publisher, Turnhout, 2000, Vol. VI, 75-80. The author presents information concerning the circulation of mathematics in the north of Africa through the example of three works of Ibn al-Banna. #298 Djebbar, Ahmed: Figurate Numbers in the Mathematical Tradition of al-Andalus and the Maghreb Suhayl , Barcelona, Vol. 1 (2000), 57-70. The paper analyses certain contributions made in Andalusia and the Maghreb to the theme of figurate numbers. These numbers are a geometrical representation of numbers and had been created by the Pythagorean School. The oldest known study of these numbers is found in the "Introduction to Arithmetic" by Nicomachus. A Arabic translation of this work circulated in Andalusia and in the Maghreb from the 10th century onwards. #299 Djebbar, Ahmed:

74. Bewitched Forests And Waters Of The VhaVenda (part 2) archaeologists not to have been built by indigenous African people prints are found at Ha Luvhimbi, makonde (next to Some people go to Sagole for the hot spring http://www.vanhunks.com/lowveld1/venda2.html

This site is hosted by Netfirms Web Hosting Bewitched Forests and Waters of the VhaVenda (part 2) Also performed to honour the sacred python is the dance which climaxes the girls' Domba initiation rituals. The dance takes place in the spring of the southern hemisphere, but not at every village, as they have to wait until there are enough girls of initiation age. About thirty girls are needed to perform the dance, but on some occasions, hundreds have taken part. (I am indebted to Mr Victor Rambau for the correct TshiVenda spellings of some words and place names. For the benefit of visitors who may be searching by means of incorrect spelling that sometimes appear in literature, I shall sometimes put the incorrect spelling in brackets.) The dance is performed in an open area of the village called the khoro. On the khoro is a ritual fire, which must be lit by a medicine man. At one time, the fire was never allowed to go out, but that tradition has fallen away. The master of ceremonies calls out "tharu ya mabidigami" ("the python uncoils"), and to the deep rhythm of the ngoma drum, and the smaller mirumba drums, the girls writhe in a slow conga, to imitate the motion of the python. During initiation ceremonies, the girls wear only the briefest of loin coverings, as it is their purity, not clothing, which protects their virtue. This does not mean that they are not allowed to deliberately make themselves attractive. The area between the tops of the buttocks is called the mutja-mbelo ("heart stealer"), and when a girl sees an attractive man, she discreetly pulls down the back of her garment as far as she dares.

75. DITSL GmbH - Ethnographical Collection at activities which characterise their indigenous economies A characteristic feature of many nomad people is their wooden sculptures of the makonde, and ritual http://www.wiz.uni-kassel.de/ditsl/en/sammlung.html

Collection ethnologique deutsch Ethnographische Sammlung Portrait ... Programmes Ethnograph. collection Library and archives Contact IBZW Ethnographical Collection - People and Cultures The visitor of the exhibition is guided on a journey to a multitude of peoples of the Developing World. He is acquainted with items of the culture exemplifying what former generations in response to their socio-ecological environment have created or adopted by contacts with other cultures. These achievements have moulded the spirits, the characteristic features and the work of all those who lived after them. The exhibition attempts a comparative view of different cultures. Goods of daily use and objects of art open an insight into the lifestyle of people and hint at activities which characterise their indigenous economies. They enhance understanding of environment-specific survival strategies. There is no clear-cut distinction, however, between goods of daily use and objects of art. Implements may be skilfully decorated and, hence be viewed as artefacts, like weapons, through abstraction, may become symbols of power and physical strength. Basic themes of art are objects of death and fertility which beats death and safeguards survival. The collection comprises about 3.000 ethnographic objects, of which 1.400 have been donated by former students of the German Colonial School at Witzenhausen and its successor institutions, from about 1900 onwards. Other pieces originate from various sources, among which a great number have been contributed by the Museum of Natural History of Kassel in1979. These were originally part of the collection of the Count of Hesse which dating back to the 17th Century.

76. African Trees... ..the Most Enchanting Wilderness Chill Out Retreats On Earth = Few people realise that most of the 90 species of African oilpalm Elaies guineensis, indigenous to West Carved by generations of makonde craftsmen in northern http://www.vacationtechnician.com/x/TIMithi -In praise of African Trees.htm

Why VT? ..Happiness Getting Started African Safaris ... Executive Travel African Trees Vacationtechnician personalized luxury adventure travel transports you to the most exquisite wilderness and chill out retreats on Earth. Conserving rare biodiversity through low volume tourism; our aim is your indulgence -at no one's expense. Plan now to be assured a rejuvenating escape at a restful pace -to an unspoilt gem in the purest sense. Botswana Safari Field Reports Meet our expert Safari Guides " best guides = best safaris ~ a bad guide in the best camp will ruin your safari." You who would pass by and raise your hand against me, listen before you harm me; I am the heat of your hearth on the cold winter nights, the friendly shade screening you from the summer sun and my fruits are refreshing draughts quenching your thirst as you journey on; I am the beam that holds your house, the board of your table, the bed on which you lie and the timber that builds your boat; I am the handle of your hoe and the door of your homestead. The wood of your cradle and the shell of your coffin; I am the gift of God and the friend of man. You who pass me by, listen to my prayer ... harm me not. -Anonymous. Originally translated from Portuguese, and reprinted from Discovering Trees in Nepal and the Himalayas (Sahayogi Press, Kathmandu, Nepal). Africa is a diverse and complex continent, ecologically and culturally. A continent that, perhaps more than any other, instils a powerful sense of place.

77. The Center For Global Tolerance & Engagement: World Fast Facts Ethnicities, 84% indigenous Chinese, 14% Mainland Chinese, 2 Density, 36 people per square km. Swahili, Sukuma, Chagga, Nyamwezi, Hehe, makonde, Yao, Sandawe http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d34/cgte/cgtetcty.html

TAIWAN FAST FACTS Location Southeast Asia Capital Taipei Population 21.5 Million Density 666 people per square km Urban/Rural Split 69% Urban, 31% Rural Languages Amoy Chinese, Mandarin Chinese, Hakka Chinese Religions Ethnicities 84% Indigenous Chinese, 14% Mainland Chinese, 2% Aborigine TAJIKISTAN FAST FACTS Location Central Asia Capital Dushanbe Population 6.2 Million Density 43 people per square km Urban/Rural Split 32% Urban, 68% Rural Languages Tajik, Russian Religions 80% Sunni Muslim, 15% Other, 5% Shi'a Muslim Ethnicities No statistics TANZANIA FAST FACTS Location East Africa Capital Dodoma Population 32.2 Million Density 36 people per square km Urban/Rural Split 24% Urban, 76% Rural Languages Swahili, Sukuma, Chagga, Nyamwezi, Hehe, Makonde, Yao, Sandawe, English Religions 33% Muslim, 33% Christian, 30% Traditional beliefs, 4% Other Ethnicities No statistics THAILAND FAST FACTS Location Southeast Asia Capital Bangkok Population 59.6 Million Density 117 people per square km Urban/Rural Split 20% Urban, 80% Rural Languages Thai, Chinese, Malay, Khmer, Mon, Karen, Miao Religions 95% Theravada Buddhist, 3% Muslim, 1% Christian, 1% Other

78. Trip 2: Itinerary wood sculptures, including the famous makonde carvings. beautiful forests full of unique indigenous vegetation, long of an ancient city of the Karanga people. http://users.pandora.be/manustravelcorner/Trips/AfroAsianExplorer/Road2.htm

Trip 2: Itinerary Egypt We return to the Red Sea coast and our route takes us south along the coast road and then west back to the Nile. This avoids the chaotic road that runs through the Nile valley and lets us move quickly on to Luxor. Luxor (Thebes) was the ancient capital of Egypt for 1500 years. We will visit the awe-inspiring Karnak temples and also hire donkeys or bicycles to ride to the Valley of the Kings and Tutankhamun's tomb. Near here is also the Temple of Queen Hatshepsut and the Tombs of the Nobles. Between Luxor and Aswan are the Nubian villages, built to resettle people from areas flooded by the High Dam, and we may have time to visit the well-preserved Ptolemaic Temples of Edfu and Kom Ombo. There were many temples built along the Nile by the Ancient Egyptians and these two are still virtually complete. Aswan is our next stop. Here we visit the Temple of Philae, quarries where there is an unfinished obelisk, and the high dam, built to control the flow of the Nile thus creating Lake Nasser, the largest artificial lake in the world. There is also an opportunity to trek into the desert by camel to a deserted 6th century monastery, sail by felucca to Elephantine and Kitchener Islands and visit the tomb of the Aga Khan who described Aswan as the most beautiful spot on earth. A day spent traveling south on a desert highway brings us to two magnificent temples at Abu Simbel, which were moved uphill from rising flood waters of Lake Nasser by a UNESCO project in the sixties.

79. Plep Archive and includes uses and myths by indigenous people from many to tell and number of Japanese people who were a power figure from Zaire and a makonde helmet mask http://www.nutcote.demon.co.uk/nl03may0104.html

plep plep Archive 3rd May Art of Mesoamerica and Central America. Via the Met's Timeline of Art History. Kongo Crossroads. Honouring the ancestors in Central Africa. 'The image of a circle pierced by a cross represents the physical boundary across which the living and the ancestors meet. In the Kongo world view, other boundaries present the same possibility: the horizon where the sky meets the water or crossing roads where random encounters can determine fate. ' Spiders. The Australian Museum's guide to both the natural and cultural history of these creatures. 'Wherever you live, you're always close to a spider. ' A spider's life. Spiders in art and history. Dangerous spiders. The Spider's Parlour from Museum Victoria. 'Wherever you are, at any time, there is usually a spider about a metre away. It may be inside the room or outside on a wall, in a web stretched high between trees or a hole in the ground. Spiders are at home almost everywhere. ' 'Whether you think them fascinating or scary, a nuisance or a useful insect pest control, we invite you to enter Spider's Parlour and find out more. ' Meet Some Spooky Spiders , courtesy of the Queensland Museum Explorer.

80. Wood alternatives to dwindling supplies of indigenous hardwoods By the skill of carving from the makonde, and less The People and Plants Initiative is now working http://www.elci.org/ecoforum/BiwoodTxt.htm

FOR THE TOTAL PRINT SOLUTION For trade inquiries, contact: kensta nairobi: tel 339621-6; fax 222652; e-mail sales@kensta.com kensta mombasa: tel 225399, 226954; fax 314316; e-mail msa@kensta.com The East African Environment and Development Magazine GOOD WOOD Greening Kenya's Woodcarving Industry Conservation organisations promote practical alternatives to dwindling supplies of indigenous hardwoods areas, and they bring with them much needed tourism revenue for cash-starved economies. Many of these tourists buy beautiful wooden carvings of African animals, or other wooden ornaments and utensils, as mementos of their visit. Some may have already seen these carvings in shopping malls back home, as a high proportion of the annual gross of US$ 20 million worth of Kenyan woodcarvings are exported overseas by the ton in containerships. Today the hardwood carving industry in Kenya is an economic success story, supporting over 60,000 woodcarvers with an estimated 300,000 dependants. Sadly, however, this success is based on a rapidly diminishing hardwood resource. Just two woodcarving centres at Mombasa and Malindi, for instance, use over 20,000 logs per year.

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