21. MSN Encarta - Magnetism Subsequent studies of magnetism were increasingly concerned with an understanding of the atomic and molecular origins of the magnetic properties of matter. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761552678/Magnetism.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Send us feedback Related Items Electromagnet Electromagnetic Radiation more... Magazines Search the Encarta Magazine Center for magazine and news articles about this topic Further Reading Magnetism News Search MSNBC for news about Magnetism Internet Search Search Encarta about Magnetism Search MSN for Web sites about Magnetism Also on Encarta Editor's picks: Good books about Iraq Compare top online degrees What's so funny? The history of humor Also on MSN Summer shopping: From grills to home decor D-Day remembered on Discovery Switch to MSN in 3 easy steps Our Partners Capella University: Online degrees LearnitToday: Computer courses CollegeBound Network: ReadySetGo Kaplan Test Prep and Admissions Encyclopedia Article from Encarta Advertisement Magnetism Multimedia 5 items Article Outline Introduction History of Study Electromagnetic Theory The Magnetic Field ... Applications I Introduction Print Preview of Section Magnetism , an aspect of electromagnetism, one of the fundamental forces of nature. Magnetic forces are produced by the motion of charged particles such as electrons, indicating the close relationship between

22. Magnetic Properties Of Solids http://ice.chem.wisc.edu/materials/Magnetism Web (Final)/Magnetism.html

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23. Magnetism, Magnetic Materials And Their Applications in Co hcp and fcc Single Crystal Films on MgO Magnetic properties of Ti/Fe Double Layers Grown on MgO(100) by DC Magnetron Sputtering Crystallographic and http://www.scientific.net/0-87849-827-3

Magnetism, Magnetic Materials and their Applications or here: Table of Contents: www.scientific.net Neutron Diffraction Studies of Magnetic Materials X-Ray and Neutron Aanalysis of Magnetism in Reduced Dimension Systems X-Ray Magnetic Scattering Studies at the LNLS ... Study of the Mean Hyperfine Field of Fe-Ni Alloys by CEMS This is an extract of www.scientific.net Back to Listing

24. Interface Magnetism Interface magnetism. Abinitio Calculations of Magnetic properties of Surfaces, Interfaces and Multilayers. This network is concerned http://psi-k.dl.ac.uk/TMR1/tmr1.html

Interface Magnetism Ab-initio Calculations of Magnetic Properties of Surfaces, Interfaces and Multilayers This network is concerned with the application and development of ab-initio techniques to the magnetic properties of surfaces, interfaces and magnetic multilayers. This field has experienced a phenomenal growth over the last five years being stimulated by fascinating new discoveries like interlayer exchange coupling giant magnetoresistance and magnetic dichroism and by the prospect of important technical applications like new magnetic reading heads and magnetic field sensors Due to the enormous progress achieved in the development of density functional theory and efficient numerical techniques, ab-initio calculations of the electronic structure have led to a basic and quantitative understanding of many material properties. No other theoretical approach has such a comparable success. In particular the magnetic properties of transition metals are well described by density functional theory. For surface and multilayer magnetism ab-initio calculations have already led to a basic understanding of interlayer exchange coupling perpendicular magnetisation magnetic X-ray dichroism and giant magnetoresistance . In fact, experiments seriously need theoretical support and often experimental efforts without accompanying theoretical calculations are no longer meaningful.

25. [cond-mat/9905424] NMR Studies Of The Original Magnetic Properties Of Cuprates: This magnetism revealed by spinless sites can be understood on theoretical is another indication of the originality of the electronic properties of the http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/9905424

Condensed Matter, abstract cond-mat/9905424 From: alloul [ view email ] Date: Fri, 28 May 1999 17:10:07 GMT (56kb) NMR studies of the original magnetic properties of cuprates: effect of impurities and defects Authors: H. Alloul J. Bobroff A. Mahajan P. Mendels ... Y. Yoshinari Comments: 11 pages, 5 figures, Miami conference Subj-class: Superconductivity; Strongly Correlated Electrons Full-text: PostScript PDF , or Other formats References and citations for this submission: CiteBase (autonomous citation navigation and analysis) Which authors of this paper are endorsers? Links to: arXiv cond-mat find abs

26. The Extraordinry Properties Of Magnetic Oxides This strong coupling betwee magnetism and transport properties is explained by a spin transition of octahedral Co 3+ species from high spin (HS) t 2g 4 e g 2 http://www.europhysicsnews.com/full/24/article12/article12.html

Europhysics News (2003) Vol. 34 No. 6 The extraordinry properties of magnetic oxides B. Raveau and A. Maignan Laboratoire CRISMAT, CNRS/ENSICAEN, 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14050 CAEN cedex 4 - France T he physical properties of transition metal oxides have been currently the object of many investigatons, since the discovery in 1986, of superconductivity at high temperature in cuprates. In these chemically complex materials, the electronic configuration of the transition elements, varies with its valency and is susceptible to adopt various spin states As a result, strongly correlated electron interactions are generated, leading to complex magnetic and metal-insulator transitions. In this respect, magnetic oxides, containing transition elements such as manganese, cobalt or ruthenium exhibit most fascinting properties. One of the most famous classes of magnetic oxides concerns the manganites with the perovskite structure (Fig. 1a), which exhibit colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) properties. In these oxides of generic formula Ln 1-x A x MnO (A = Ca, Sr, Ba) double exchange phenomena take place, which require a hopping of charge carriers from a Mn

27. Journal Of Magnetism And Magnetic Materials - Most Downloaded Articles 6. Hideo Ohno properties of ferromagnetic IIIV semiconductors Journal of magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 200 (1999) 110-129. 7 http://www.elsevier.com/pub/14/12/show/top25.htt?issn=03048853

28. Institutional Research Plan A - 7. Magnetism Of Transition Metals, Their Alloys The basic common denominator of the general approach will be the experimental and theoretical investigation of magnetic properties of the materials and, in http://www.fzu.cz/research/cond_systA7.html

Institutional Research Plan A 7. Magnetism of Transition Metals, their Alloys and Compounds Current status Magnetic materials based on transition metals attract world-wide scientific and technical interest both for their unique physical properties and for the constantly increasing number and variety of their recent applications as sensors, attenuators, storage and control elements, etc. This subject will be investigated by a concerted effort of six research groups, from several angles, with various emphasis, and at a number of material structures. The basic common denominator of the general approach will be the experimental and theoretical investigation of magnetic properties of the materials and, in particular, the connection and possibiblity of optimisation of their magnetic properties with the structural, transport, optical, thermal and volume attributes of the studied samples. Methods and equipment used (in the Institute) solid state reaction in defined atmosphere for oxide samples preparation, single crystals by the flux method, nanogranular magnetic films will be deposited in the high vacuum plasma jet reactor

29. Clark University archival. That s because they rely on magnetism to help store data, and the magnetic properties of a material can change over time. Even http://www2.clarku.edu/research/access/chemistry/turnbull/turnbullD.shtml

Low Dimensional Magnets: Discover! Low Dimensional Magnets: In Depth Meet the Researchers I Meet the Researchers II Learn More! Hitchhiker's Guide to Magnetism Magnetic materials Java tutorials about electricity ... Help Clark University 950 Main Street Worcester, MA 01610 Privacy Policy Home > Low Dimensional Magnets 40 percent of undergraduates volunteer in the community. Electrons and paramagnets. Click to enlarge. As temperature decreases, magnetic moments tend to align. Click to see animation. Three dimensional and low dimensional magnet structures. Click to enlarge. Discover! Having a magnetic moment Don't count on being able to retrieve data stored on old computer diskettes. They and other types of electronic storage media are not archival. That's because they rely on magnetism to help store data, and the magnetic properties of a material can change over time. Even dropping a diskette can cause it to lose its magnetic stability. Chemist Mark Turnbull is designing new chemical compounds that can be used to test theories of magnetism. He is interested in how the molecules in a compound can be arranged to exhibit different kinds of magnetic properties. How strong is the magnetic force? At what temperature does it lose its magnetism? How is the magnetic force affected by the distances and angles between atoms?

30. Recent Publications: S. Wang and JW Harrell, “Magnetic properties of ordered CoPt/SiO 2 multilayer films,” Journal of magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 242245, 437 (2002). http://www.bama.ua.edu/~jharrell/publications.htm

Recent Publications J.W. Harrell, D.E. Nikles, S.S. Kang, X.C. Sun, and Z. Jia, “Effect of Addtiive Cu, Ag, and Au on L1 Ordering of Chemically Synthesized FePt Nanoparticles,” Journal of the Magnetic Society of Japan, (in press). Shishou Kang, Xiangcheng Sun, J. W. Harrell and David E. Nikles "Synthesis, Self-Assembly and Phase Transformation of FePt Magnetic Nanoparticles," in "Nanoparticle Assemblies and Superstructures" Edited by N. Kotov , Marcel Dekker (in press). S. Kang, Z. Jia, D.E. Nikles and J.W. Harrell, “Synthesis and Phase Transition of Self-Assembled FePd and FePdPt Nanoparticles,” J. Appl. Phys. D. E. Nikles and J. W. Harrell “Magnetic Nanoparticles: Applications for Granular Recording Media,” in Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, James A. Schwarz, Cristian Contescu and Karol Putyera , Eds., Marcel Dekker, pp. 1701-1713 (2004). Xiangcheng Sun, Z.Y. Jia, Y.H. Huang, J. W. Harrell, D. E. Nikles, K. Sun and L. M. Wang “Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of CoPt Nanoparticles,” J. Appl. Phys. S. Wang, S.S. Kang, J.W. Harrell, X.W. Wu, and R.W. Chantrell, “Coercivity ratio and anisotropy distribution in chemically-synthesized L1

31. Project Title MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS Project Title MAGNETIC properties OF NANOMATERIALS. Success in this area will provide an improved capability to engineer magnetic properties by design. http://www.metallurgy.nist.gov/magnet/NANOM.htm

Project Title: MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS Investigators: R. D. Shull , A. J. Shapiro, R. D. McMichael, L. J. Swartzendruber, H. J. Brown, R. V. Drew, and D. E. Mathews Objectives: This program focuses on developing an understanding of the magnetic behavior of low dimensional systems, as in systems wherein one or more characteristic dimensions have been reduced to nanometer sizes. For these new materials, it is not known whether their exciting novel behavior is due to new physics or to a logical extension of large-size behavior to small dimensions. Consequently, implementation of this new type of material into marketable products is significantly delayed. NIST is providing the measurement science to answer this critical unknown and to identify where standards may be required as the field becomes more mature. Technical Description: In conventional materials, the material will magnetize along the easy axis of magnetization, so that in a polycrystalline material the magnetization will fluctuate on a scale of the material's grain size. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) is a useful method for determining such magnetic fluctuations, and this technique was applied for the first time to a single phase nanocrystalline material, electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni, in order to observe anticipated nanometer-scale magnetic fluctuations. This material is uniquely suited for this examination because it possesses few pores, and therefore most scattering at small angles was predicted to be magnetic in origin.

32. Project Title MAGNETIC PROPERTIES AND STANDARD REFERENCE Project Title MAGNETIC properties AND STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS. Investigators RD Shull, LJ Swartzendruber, LH Bennett, E. Della http://www.metallurgy.nist.gov/magnet/srm.htm

Project Title: MAGNETIC PROPERTIES AND STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS Investigators R. D. Shull , L. J. Swartzendruber, L. H. Bennett, E. Della Torre, A. J. Shapiro, R. V. Drew, H. J. Brown, and D. E. Mathews Objectives: This main objective of this project is to improve the measurement process in magnetic materials in order to characterize these materials accurately and efficiently. This will enable industry to develop and produce new and better materials at lower cost. Technical Description: In collaboration with scientists from universities, industry, and other Divisions at NIST, magnetic materials important to the scientific and industrial communities are prepared and methods for the improved measurement of their properties are developed. Standard reference materials for the calibration of existing and planned instruments used in the measurement of magnetic properties are developed and produced. Methods for the improvement of flux pinning in superconducting materials are investigated in order to aid the industrial application of high temperature superconductors. Methods for the characterization of accommodation and aftereffect in magnetic recording and permanent magnetic materials are developed. Models are also developed for determining the most efficient methods to fully characterize magnetic materials, including their magnetostriction and time dependence. Planned Outcome: The expected results of this activity are fourfold: (1) improved characterization of magnetic recording media resulting in higher storage capacity and lower overall net cost per unit of storage, (2) improved characterization of permanent magnets, superconductors, and other industrial magnetic materials, resulting in more efficient and effective use of such materials, (3) improved calibration of magnetic measurement instruments giving NIST traceability at lower costs, and (4) facilitation of commerce in magnetic materials through improved agreement between producer and consumer on the measurements of magnetic properties at a lower cost.

33. Stainless Steel - Magnetic Properties Stainless Steel Magnetic properties. Topics Covered. Special mill processing guarantees the magnetic properties of the steels. Source Atlas Steels Australia. http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1140

34. Magnetic Properties Of Solids Magnetic properties of Solids. Diamagnetism is a property of all materials and opposes applied magnetic fields, but is very weak. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/magpr.html

Magnetic Properties of Solids Materials may be classified by their response to externally applied magnetic fields as diamagnetic paramagnetic , or ferromagnetic . These magnetic responses differ greatly in strength. Diamagnetism is a property of all materials and opposes applied magnetic fields, but is very weak. Paramagnetism, when present, is stronger than diamagnetism and produces magnetization in the direction of the applied field, and proportional to the applied field. Ferromagnetic effects are very large, producing magnetizations sometimes orders of magnitude greater than the applied field and as such are much larger than either diamagnetic or paramagnetic effects. The magnetization of a material is expressed in terms of density of net magnetic dipole moments m in the material. We define a vector quantity called the magnetization M by M = m total /V Then the total magnetic field B in the material is given by B = B m M where m is the magnetic permeability of space and B is the externally applied magnetic field. When magnetic fields inside of materials are calculated using Ampere's law or the Biot-Savart law , then the m in those equations is typically replaced by just m with the definition m = K m m where K m is called the relative permeability . If the material does not respond to the external magnetic field by producing any magnetization, then K

35. Ferromagnetism relative permeability. Table of magnetic properties. When ferromagnetic the discussion of hysteresis. Magnetic properties of solids. Index. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/ferro.html

Ferromagnetism Iron, nickel, cobalt and some of the rare earths (gadolinium, dysprosium) exhibit a unique magnetic behavior which is called ferromagnetism because iron (ferric) is the most common and most dramatic example. Samarium and neodynium in alloys with cobalt have been used to fabricate very strong rare-earth magnets Ferromagnetic materials exhibit a long-range ordering phenomenon at the atomic level which causes the unpaired electron spins to line up parallel with each other in a region called a domain . Within the domain, the magnetic field is intense, but in a bulk sample the material will usually be unmagnetized because the many domains will themselves be randomly oriented with respect to one another. Ferromagnetism manifests itself in the fact that a small externally imposed magnetic field , say from a solenoid , can cause the magnetic domains to line up with each other and the material is said to be magnetized. The driving magnetic field will then be increased by a large factor which is usually expressed as a relative permeability for the material. There are many practical

36. USGS And NASA Magnetic Database 'Rocks' The World USGS and NASA have recently teamed up to create one of the most complete databases of magnetic properties of Earth’s rocks ever assembled. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/05/040519065338.htm

Match: sort by: relevance date Free Services Subscribe by email RSS newsfeeds PDA-friendly format loc="/images/" A A A Find Jobs In: Healthcare Engineering Accounting College Contract / Freelance Customer Service Diversity Engineering Executive Healthcare Hospitality Human Resources Information Tech International Manufacturing Nonprofit Retail All Jobs by Job Type All Jobs by Industry Relocating? Visit: Moving Resources Moving Companies Mortgage Information Mortgage Calculator Real Estate Lookup Front Page Today's Digest Week in Review Email Updates ... Outdoor Living Source U.S. Geological Survey Date Print this page Email to friend USGS And NASA Magnetic Database 'Rocks' The World USGS and NASA have recently teamed up to create one of the most complete databases of magnetic properties of Earth’s rocks ever assembled. Satellite data of Earth's magnetic field combined with rock magnetic data collected on the ground will provide a more complete insight into Earth's geology, gravity and magnetism. The information in this database will allow more realistic interpretations of satellite magnetic data and will contribute to a variety of studies such as groundwater, mineral resource, and earthquake hazard investigations. What's Related Magnetic Probe For Rocks, Recordings, Nanotechnology

37. Properties Of Magnetic Materials Magnetic properties of Materials. Er, 253, -189, 20, 84. Tm, -248, -217, 25, 56. There are several unique properties of magnetic materials which are exploited. http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/Area_of_Interest/Organic___Inorganic_Chemistry/Mater

Inorganics Materials Science Biocompatible/Biodegradable Display and Photovoltaics ... Stable Isotopes (ISOTEC) TUTORIAL Magnetic Materials Introduction Magnetic Properties of Materials Superconductors A History of Superconductivity ... References Magnetic Properties of Materials Magnetic properties other than diamagnetism, which is present in all substances, arise from the interactions of unpaired electrons. These properties are traditionally found in transition metals, lanthanides, and their compounds due to the unpaired d and f electrons on the metal. There are three general types of magnetic behaviors: paramagnetism, in which the unpaired electrons are randomly arranged, ferromagnetism, in which the unpaired electrons are all aligned, and antiferromagnetism, in which the unpaired electrons line up opposite of one another. Ferromagnetic materials have an overall magnetic moment, whereas antiferromagnetic materials have a magnetic moment of zero. A compound is defined as being ferrimagnetic if the electron spins are orientated antiparrallel to one another but, due to an inequality in the number of spins in each orientation, there exists an overall magnetic moment. There are also enforced ferromagnetic substances (called spin-glass-like) in which antiferromagnetic materials have pockets of aligned spins (see Figure 1 Figure 1.

38. Magnetic Moments Nicholson, WA Shelton, GM Stocks, A. Canning, Yang Wang, BL Gyorffy, High Performance First Principles Method for Complex Magnetic properties, Proceedings of http://www.psc.edu/science/Wang/

39. Untitled Document Magnetic properties of Iron and Steel. Chains of paper clips can be hung from a magnet. Each paper clip magnetises the one below http://www.le.ac.uk/se/centres/sci/selfstudy/mam7.htm

Magnetic Properties of Iron and Steel Chains of paper clips can be hung from a magnet. Each paper clip magnetises the one below it by induction and the unlike poles so formed attract. If top paper clip is removed the chain collapses - Magnetism induced in iron is temporary (SOFT) steel chain it does not collapse - Magnetism induced in steel is permanent (HARD) Strings of papers clips Contents History of magnetism, What is a magnet What do magnets do, Test for a magnet Magnetic fields ... Comments, reflections and study action plan

40. Magnetic Properties Of Steel Ask A Scientist©. Environmental Earth Science Archive. Magnetic properties of Steel. 2001267. name Dave N. status other age 30s Question http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/eng99/eng99136.htm

Ask A Scientist Environmental Earth Science Archive Magnetic Properties of Steel Back to Environmental Topics Ask A Scientist Index NEWTON Homepage Ask A Question ... NEWTON is an electronic community for Science, Math, and Computer Science K-12 Educators. Argonne National Laboratory, Division of Educational Programs, Harold Myron, Ph.D., Division Director.

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