21. NCBuy: Madagascar History - Country Reference History background report for Madagascar. part of the Countries of the WorldReference Center profile for Madagascar. Backgrounds madagascar history. http://www.ncbuy.com/reference/country/backgrounds.html?code=ma&sec=backhistory

22. Madagascar History History. THE REPUBLIC OF MADAGASCAR, formerly known as the Malagasy Republic andthe Democratic Republic of Madagascar, has undergone significant socioeconomic http://www.country-studies.com/madagascar/history.html

History THE REPUBLIC OF MADAGASCAR, formerly known as the Malagasy Republic and the Democratic Republic of Madagascar, has undergone significant socioeconomic and political changes during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Occupying a strategic location off the southeast coast of Africa, the island historically became the target of British and French imperial ambitions. Ultimately, the competition resulted in French colonization at the end of the nineteenth century. The country gained full independence from colonial rule on June 26, 1960. Philibert Tsiranana headed the conservative regime of the First Republic, which was superseded in 1975 by a Marxist-oriented military regime under Lieutenant Commander Didier Ratsiraka. In the face of rising political dissent and socioeconomic decline that reached its height at the beginning of the 1990s, the Second Republic succumbed to the wave of democratization spreading throughout the African continent. On March 27, 1993, the inauguration of Albert Zafy as the third elected president of Madagascar since independence marked the beginning of the Third Republic. Country Studies main page Madagascar Country Studies main page Celebrity

23. The Environmental Literacy Council - Madagascar madagascar history The Lonely Planet online guide provides a briefhistory of the island continent and its people. Maps, Geography. http://www.enviroliteracy.org/article.php/499.html

Home About ELC Site Map Contact Us ... Food Madagascar Madagascar has been called the “hottest of the hotspots ” because of its extraordinary number of endemic species. Eighty-five percent of the island nation’s plants and animals are found nowhere else in the world. Sometimes referred to as an "island continent," Madagascar , located off the coast of Africa, is the fourth largest island in the world. It has a variety of climatic zones, including both tropical and temperate climates. It was formed when it broke from the continent of Africa over a hundred million years ago, carrying with it many of the species found on the mainland. Isolated from the mainland, over time, these populations of species began to diverge from their ancestors on the mainland. Small genetic trait differences produce physiological differences in populations and traits that enable populations to find food more effectively become more commonplace. Eventually the populations on Madagascar became incompatible than those on the mainland. Populations on the island itself also diverged as climatic changeswarmer and cooler, wetter and dryer periodsisolated forest patches from one another. In this way, speciation produced more than 50 species of lemurs and many other endemic species. It is believed that 106 of 250 bird species and 233 of 245 reptiles are endemic to the island. About 80 percent of all the flowering plants there are unique to the island. Madagascar, in fact, has more orchid species than the entire continent of Africa.

24. Nietz Collection madagascar history results from Gezia.orgGezia.org The Internet Information Repository. madagascar history. Updated2004-May-01 145732. madagascar history results listed below http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/nietz/nietzbibl-idx.pl?type=control&fiel

25. Madagascar History & Madagascar Culture | IExplore madagascar history. http://adventuretv.iexplore.com/dmap/Madagascar/History

dateString = 1100209826; Keyword Search: Home Trip Finder Destination Guides Join / Sign-in ... Madagascar History E-mail this page Keyword Search Help Madagascar Travel Travel and Trips Madagascar Overview The Essentials Where to Go ... Health and Vaccinations Monthly Newsletter Sign-up for monthly travel specials Save up to 50% Privacy Statement Madagascar History Scientists believe the chunk of land that became Madagascar broke from Africa about 100 million years ago. The island's first settlers were not Africans, however, but Melanesians, who arrived in the 6th century. In succeeding centuries, Madagascar became an important link in the spice trade between Europe and Asia. African, Arab and European merchants visited the island, mixing with the descendants of Madagascar's original Southeast Asian settlers. In time, the island's population split into more than a dozen tribes, the most powerful of which was the Merina, who ruled the central highlands. European and American pirates were a force in the early 1700s - they made the island a haven for those who plundered the merchant ships ferrying goods between Europe and Asia. It wasn't until the 19th century that Madagascar was united into one country by the king of the Merina. His administration ruled until 1883, when the French invaded the country and turned it into a protectorate. In the following decades, the French suppressed a number of uprisings by the Malagasy, and Madagascar did not gain independence until 1960. Following the departure of the French, the island was controlled by a series of autocratic rulers who plundered the country and ruined its economy. The first free elections were not held until the 1990s.

26. World History Archives: The History Of The Republic Of Madagascar The history of the Republic of madagascar. Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World history Archives and does not presume to validate their accuracy or authenticity nor to http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/36/index-d.html

The history of the Republic of Madagascar Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World History Archives The history in general of East Africa Documents for the contemporary political history of Madagascar Documents for the economic history of Madagascar Documents for the social history of Madagascar Documents for the media and telecommunications of Madagascar

27. SIT Study Abroad - Madagascar: Culture And Society Undergraduate study abroad program in madagascar, focused on the domestic and external influences that have shaped multiple cultures in madagascar. Ireland. Jamaica. Jordan. Kenya. madagascar. Mali. Mexico. Mongolia. Morocco madagascar is home to an amazing variety of cultures, due to its long history as a trading nexus and migratory http://www.sit.edu/studyabroad/africa/madagascar.html

Select a Country Argentina Australia Bali Balkans Belize Bolivia Botswana Brazil Cameroon Central Europe Chile China: Yunnan Province Croatia Cuba Czech Republic Ecuador Fiji France Germany Ghana India Indonesia:Bali Ireland Jamaica Jordan Kenya Madagascar Mali Mexico Mongolia Morocco Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Panama Russia Samoa Senegal South Africa Southern Cone Spain Switzerland Tanzania Tibetan Studies Uganda Viet Nam Program Info Madagascar Home Meet the Academic Director SIT Program Model View Photo Gallery ... Apply Now Who Are You? Prospective Students Accepted Students Advisors/Faculty Parents ... More Photo by Heidi Fischer SIT Home SIT Study Abroad Home About Us Site Map ... Pacific Kipling Road, P.O. Box 676, Brattleboro, Vermont USA 05302-0676 Phone: (802) 258-3212 Toll Free Within the US: (888) 272-7881 Fax: 802-258-3296 Email: studyabroad@sit.edu World Learning http://www.sit.edu/studyabroad/ africa/madagascar.html Last modified: 22-Mar-2004

28. Madagascar - Located In The Indian Ocean Near Africa Cortez Travel arranges tours and travel to madagascar. Cities. history. SITE MAP. madagascar is located in the Indian Ocean 250 miles off the eastern coast of 350 miles (570 km) wide, madagascar is the world's fourth largest island http://www.air-mad.com/about_location.html

ABOUT MADAGASCAR Location Regions The North W. Dry Forest High Plateau ... SITE MAP Madagascar is located in the Indian Ocean 250 miles off the eastern coast of Africa across the Mozambique Channel, just south of the equator. Over 1000 miles (1580 km) long and 350 miles (570 km) wide, Madagascar is the world's fourth largest island. Its most prominent feature would have to be the steep mountain range paralleling the entire eastern coast. You may click here to request a brochure about Madagascar. A nature-lover's paradise, this sparsely-populated land occupies an area more than twice the size of Great Britain, and it is crisscrossed by no less than six different micro-climates ! Madagascar's highest mountain, Mt. Maromokofro, towers an impressive 9450 feet (2876 m) over the island's northernmost regions. The eastern slopes of Mt. Maromokofro and her numerous companions give way to a narrow coastal plain. There, you will find mighty rivers, awe-inspiring waterfalls, and the remains of an ancient rainforest. Calling Madagascar an island almost seems unfair. Deciduous forests, crystalline lakes, massive caverns, and savanna grassland dot the broad western plains, and the southern tip of the island is covered with a magnificent desert. This Eden-like garden of riches is filled with so much diversity in life and in geography that it is like no other island anywhere on Earth. Indeed, every expedition into her mountains, her rain forests, her river valleys, her coastal plains, her grasslands, her caverns, and her deserts leads to the discovery of some new plant or animal species. It is no exaggeration to claim that this micro-continent, as some have called it, offers limitless opportunities for exploration.

29. FOC Country Profile - Madagascar Notes on geography, history, politics, economy, international relations, travel, current affairs. http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c

30. Columbus World Travel Guide - Africa - Madagascar - History And Government World Travel Guide madagascar - history and Government -includes information on the constitution and politics. http://www.worldtravelguide.net/data/mdg/mdg580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/Africa/Madagascar/HistoryandGovernment'; document.write('Research Madagascar hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses General Information Passport/Visa Money ... Africa /Madagascar MADAGASCAR History and Government History: According to local legend, the island was first inhabited by the Vazimba, a race of white pygmies. These people, if they existed, were displaced by successive waves of Polynesian migrants from the Malayo-Indonesian archipelago, from as early as the sixth century AD. In the ninth century, Madagascar was a major trading power in the western Indian Ocean. Moreover, ancient ruins indicate an extensive Arab presence on the island around that time. Bantu tribes from mainland Africa later settled on the west coast. The first Europeans arrived in the mid-17th century. Several French settlements were established on the south-east coast but were destroyed within 30 years. At the time, Madagascar supported several kingdoms along its coastline and, in the central highlands, the kingdom of the Merina, which was the dominant ethnic group. From their fortress city of Antananarivo, the 19th-century kings gradually conquered the coastal kingdoms and by 1830 most of the island was under unified Merina control. The success of the Merina was partly due to a well-worked strategy of playing off rival European colonists against each other, in particular the British and the French. However, the UK – with copious commitments elsewhere – was content by the end of the 19th century to leave the southern Indian Ocean to the French. Without a counter-balancing power, Madagascar was vulnerable to French takeover, which duly occurred in 1896 when the Merina kingdom was overthrown by a French military force.

31. Madagascar - HISTORY history. madagascar Table of Contents THE REPUBLIC OF madagascar, formerlyknown as the Malagasy Republic and the Democratic Republic http://countrystudies.us/madagascar/1.htm

HISTORY Madagascar Table of Contents THE REPUBLIC OF MADAGASCAR, formerly known as the Malagasy Republic and the Democratic Republic of Madagascar, has undergone significant socioeconomic and political changes during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Occupying a strategic location off the southeast coast of Africa, the island historically became the target of British and French imperial ambitions. Ultimately, the competition resulted in French colonization at the end of the nineteenth century. The country gained full independence from colonial rule on June 26, 1960. Philibert Tsiranana headed the conservative regime of the First Republic, which was superseded in 1975 by a Marxist-oriented military regime under Lieutenant Commander Didier Ratsiraka. In the face of rising political dissent and socioeconomic decline that reached its height at the beginning of the 1990s, the Second Republic succumbed to the wave of democratization spreading throughout the African continent. On March 27, 1993, the inauguration of Albert Zafy as the third elected president of Madagascar since independence marked the beginning of the Third Republic. Madagascar Table of Contents Source: U.S. Library of Congress

32. Madagascar'a History, Culture, Cuisine And Language history. In a cataclysmic earthquake, madagascar broke free from Africaabout 165 million years ago. She spent the next 45 million http://www.air-mad.com/about_history.html

ABOUT MADAGASCAR Location Regions The North W. Dry Forest ... Cities History SITE MAP History The animals of Madagascar found plentiful foodstuffs, and an almost total lack of predators. Because evolutionary pressures on Madagascar's early inhabitants were almost nonexistent, the island literally teems with life forms that have changed little in hundreds of thousands, even millions of years. In many ways, Madagascar is literally a land that time forgot. Unfortunately for many of these creatures, the arrival of man represented their first encounter with a predator. It took almost 1,000 years, but skilled human hunters managed to drive almost two dozen of those unique and irreplaceable animal species to extinction. Although they lived in tribes, the African, Indian, and Arabic races managed to avoid segregation. Over many hundreds of years, an incredible synthesis of tradition, religion, language, and genetics took place, creating a society remarkable in its uniformity of language and beliefs, and striking in its physical beauty. In 1500, Portugese explorers landed on the island of Madagascar, did a little exploration, and returned to Europe. Word of the Portugese "discovery" spread to France and England, and both countries rushed to establish settlements on the island. The local tribes formed loose coalitions to succesfully defend themselves against the invading Europeans again and again.

33. Madagascar/History - Encyclopedia Article About Madagascar/History. Free Access, history of madagascar encyclopedia article about history of encyclopedia article about history of madagascar. history of madagascar in Freeonline English dictionary, thesaurus and encyclopedia. history of madagascar. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Madagascar/History

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Madagascar/History Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition The written history HIStory Album by Michael Jackson Released 1995 Recorded ? Length ? Record label Epic Records Producer ? Professional reviews Q 3 stars out of 5 January 2001 Robert Christgau Grade: ** Honorable mention link Rolling Stone 4 stars out of 5 (RS 714) Michael Jackson Chronology Dangerous HIStory Blood on the Dance Floor Click the link for more information. of Madagascar Madagascar is an island nation in the Indian Ocean, off the eastern coast of Africa. Madagascar is the 4th largest island in the world. Republique de Madagascar Repoblikan'i Madagasikara coat of arms (In Detail) (Full size) National motto: Tanindrazana, Fahafahana, Fandrosoana (Fatherland, Liberty, Justice) Click the link for more information. began in the seventh century A.D., when Arabs The word Arab is most commonly used to refer to any person of the Middle East or North Africa whose mother tongue is the Arabic language; it is used in this sense for such terms as Arab World, Arab League. In this sense, there are nearly 300 million Arabs. The term is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to anyone originating in this area; however, many non-Arabic-speaking groups, such as the Berber Click the link for more information.

34. AllRefer Encyclopedia - Madagascar : History : Early History To The End Of Nativ AllRefer.com reference and encyclopedia resource provides complete informationon madagascar history Early history to the End of Native Monarchy http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/M/Madagasc-history.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather SEARCH : in Reference June 10, 2004 You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia Madagascar Political Geography ... Madagascar By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z M Madagascar, Madagascar Political Geography Related Category: Madagascar Political Geography Madagascar u Pronunciation Key History- Early History to the End of Native Monarchy The earliest history of Madagascar is unclear. Africans and Indonesians reached the island in about the 5th cent. A.D. , the Indonesian immigration continuing until the 15th cent. From the 9th cent., Muslim traders (including some Arabs) from E Africa and the Comoro Islands settled in NW and SE Madagascar. Probably the first European to see Madagascar was Diogo Dias, a Portuguese navigator, in 1500. Between 1600 and 1619, Portuguese Roman Catholic missionaries tried unsuccessfully to convert the Malagasy. From 1642 until the late 18th cent. the French maintained footholds, first at Taolagnaro (formerly Fort-Dauphin) in the southeast and finally on Sainte Marie Island off the east coast. Radama I In 1883 the French bombarded and occupied Toamsina (then Tamatave), and in 1885 they established a protectorate over Madagascar, which was recognized by Great Britain in 1890. Rainilaiarivony organized resistance to the French, and there was heavy fighting from 1894 to 1896. In 1896, French troops under J. S. Gallieni defeated the Merina and abolished the monarchy.

35. A History Of Madagascar New publication A history of madagascar. madagascar is curious. This newbook, A history of madagascar, is divided into five parts. The http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/iiasn7/iswa/ellis.html

New publication A History of Madagascar Madagascar is home to one of the worldþs less widely known human cultures. Situated in the Indian Ocean, over 400 kilometres from the coast of Mozambique, it cannot really be said to be part of Africa, especially as Malagasy cultures, and particularly the Malagasy language, have more in common with Asia, and specifically Indonesia, than they do with Africa. By Stephen Ellis Inasmuch as malgachisants - as academic specialists are known - have had a background in area studies, it has tended to be a grounding in Africa rather than Asia. This is rather paradoxical, for not only is the Malagasy language of the Malayo-Polynesian group, but it is generally believed that Madagascarþs earliest immigrants were probably of Indonesian origin, and subsequent influences have been assimilated into what is still sometimes recognizable as an Indonesian-related culture. Despite the existence of a number of excellent works on the Malagasy language, it has been relatively little studied by specialists of Asia who may find in Malagasy culture, and in the language especially, clues as to the history of some Asian languages which have developed from common roots. Just as Madagascar has been the preserve of specialists in the academic world, so it has also in the business and commercial world. Madagascarþs economy has stagnated since the early 1970s, and it is rarely the subject of international attention for this reason. Periodic attempts to build a tourist industry have not led to the development of mass tourism, and, in general, those outsiders who have personal knowledge of the island remain rather few in number.

36. Madagascar Fauna Group Contact the MFG Address madagascar Fauna Group, c/o San Francisco Zoo, 1 Zoo Road,San Francisco, CA 94132 USA Privacy Statement All site material copyright http://www.savethelemur.org/mad-history.htm

History Coming soon... About Madagascar Main Page Madagascar History Maps of Madagascar MFG Home Page ... Contact the MFG Address: Madagascar Fauna Group, c/o San Francisco Zoo, 1 Zoo Road, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA Privacy Statement webmaster

37. History Of Madagascar The written history of madagascar began in the seventh century AD,when Arabs established trading posts along the northwest coast. http://www.worldrover.com/history/madagascar_history.html

Search The Web! Search The Web! Search The Web! Search The Web! Free Travel Cheap Tickets Auction ... Make Money Madagascar HISTORY Madagascar's population is predominantly of mixed Asian and African origin. Recent research suggests that the island was uninhabited until Indonesian seafarers arrived in roughly the first century A.D., probably by way of southern India and East Africa, where they acquired African wives and slaves. Subsequent migrations from both the Pacific and Africa further consolidated this original mixture, and 18 separate tribal groups emerged. Asian features are most predominant in the central highlands people, the Merina (2 million) and the Betsileo (1 million); the coastal people are of African origin. The largest coastal groups are the Betsimisaraka (1 million) and the Tsimihety and Sakalava (500,000 each). The Malagasy language is of Malayo-Polynesian origin and is generally spoken throughout the island. French also is spoken among the educated of this former French colony. Most people practice traditional religions, which tend to emphasize

38. Tsara.com-Madagascar, History Ralambo built a castle and called it Antananarivo ( town of the thousand ), and thecapital city of madagascar was born. history written by Renee Rasoamihamina. http://www.tsara.com/tsara/english/history/page1.htm

No one knows with precision where the origins of the Malgasy people lie. Oral tradition mentions pre-Christian "Proto-malagasy" "vazimba" or "white pymies", landowners who for centuries suffered the persuction of Sumatran settlers for their failure to integrate. The Vazimbas' supposed descendants are today known as Kimosy, Siona, Kalanoro and Mikea, whose forebears survived by taking refuge in remote mountains and caves. Little is known about these people, except for the Mikea, who now inhabit the thorny forest of the Mahafaly region. Most historians agree that the Malagasy have roots in Indonesia. While the date of the Indonesians' arrival on the eastern coast of Madagascar has not been pinpointed, anthropological similarities with the way of life in southeast Asia remain evident to this day. Archeological discoveries suggest that Arab traders were the next to arrive in significant numbers, between the 9th and 15th centuries. They brought with them the slave trade and an Arab alphabet that survives in the scrolls of the Mahafaly ( are People from the south of Madagascar) The first European visitor of note was Portugal's Diego-Diaz, He "discovered" Cap d'Ambre in August 1500 and called the island " Saint Laurent". From then on, the coast of Madagascar provided Portuguese, Dutch, English and French sailors with fresh supplies. No Europeans at this stage made much effort to penetrate the interior or to settle on the island. The French were the first to make Madagascar their home, settling on the south coast and founding Fort Dauphin in 1642.

39. History Of Madagascar Search. 20th Century history history of madagascar. Britannica.com madagascarhistory A thorough encyclopedic history from Britannica.com. http://history1900s.about.com/library/world/blxmadagascar.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About History 20th Century History Home ... Free, Email Newsletter zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Decade By Decade Great Events of the Century Horrible Disasters Quiz Yourself ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About 20th Century History newsletter. Search 20th Century History History of Madagascar Background Notes: Madagascar Historical information from the United States Department of State. Britannica.com: Madagascar History A thorough encyclopedic history from Britannica.com. Use the outline below the article to navigate through the complete text of this extensive encyclopedia entry. Country Study: Madagascar This comprehensive book-length information from the Library of Congress includes an entire chapter (chapter one) of history of the country. Flags of the World: Madagascar Information, images, and available history of the current and past flags of the country. Geography and Maps of Madagascar A plethora of geographical information and online maps from the About Geography site.

40. Travel In Antananarivo Madagascar - History The people of madagascar respect such legends, or fady, and today keep alive scoundrelsand buried treasure are an interwoven part of the nation s history. http://www.africatravelling.net/madagascar/antananarivo/antananarivo_history.htm

Antanarivo - History In 1500, explorer Diego-Diaz set out to uncover a port of call along the "Spice Route" to India; what he found was the country of Madagascar, today the world's leading producer of cloves and vanilla. A more romantic interpretation of the country's beginnings is the belief that when the Godnwanaland exploded, an enormous slice was set loose to float adrift in the Indian Ocean. The people of Madagascar respect such legends, or "fady," and today keep alive the "vintana," a religious calendar which defines the occupations for each day of the week. Moreover, with its proximity to the Indian Ocean trade routes, the country was once a veritable haven for many of the legendary pirates of the seven seas. Stories of swashbuckling scoundrels and buried treasure are an interwoven part of the nation's history. A kaleidoscope of 12 million residents of African, Arabian and Eastern blood, this southern African country is the world's fourth largest island. At the center of activity is the capital city of Antananarivo, nestled under the massive (8,671 ft) Ankaratra Mountains. click to go back

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