21. Encyclopedia Article: Ethnicity And Identity In South Central Africa a unique culture and indigenous sociopolitical Lunda, Ndembu, Luvale, Mbunda, Chokwe, luchazi) associated with production, have affected the people of Central http://www.shikanda.net/ethnicity/encyclop.htm

by Wim van Binsbergen Ethnicity and identity in South Central Africa homepage © 1997-2002 Wim van Binsbergen [ van Binsbergen, W.M.J., 1997, ‘Ideology of ethnicity in Central Africa’, in: Middleton, J.M., ed., Encyclopaedia of Africa south of the Sahara, New York: Scribners, vol. 2, pp. 91-99] The point of departure: the actors’ ideology of ethnicity in central Africa today In the post-colonial nation-states of Central Africa today (from the equator to the Limpopo River), Black Africans identify as members of named categories designated ‘tribe’, ‘ethnic group’, or equivalents of these terms in African and European languages in local use. Such ethnic groups tend to be felt as a tangible reality. They are claimed to organize major aspects of the individual’s life in the field of language, expressive and ritual culture, kinship, production, and reproduction; allegiance and opposition in traditional and modern politics are considered to be largely determined along ethnic lines. The national territory is often seen as parceled up in contiguous sections each of which forms an ethnic group’s rural home area administered by a traditional ruler (chief, headman); the natural habitat of ethnic identity is therefore thought to be ‘the village home’, a category implying purity, meaningfulness and order. This view is largely nostalgic. Significant ethnic processes in Central Africa today evolve not only in rural context, but also in towns, bureaucracies and national political circles; they include born urbanites organizing themselves not in historic localized groups but through dyadic network contacts and formal organizations. Moreover, massive 20th-century social change in the rural areas has blurred the distinction between town and countryside.

22. Paulus Gerdes / Ethnologie Heute, 1998 York, 1967; D. Lancy (Ed.), The indigenous Mathematics Project 53, 323330; G. Kubik, Tusona-luchazi ideographs, a tradition as practiced by a people of West http://www.uni-muenster.de/EthnologieHeute/eh2/gerdes.htm

Paulus Gerdes The Study of the African Sona Geometry as an Example of Ethnomathematical Research 1. Author's publications on Sona Geometry and Ethnomathematics The following paper presents an introduction to the German language edition of the book "Sona Geometry: Reflections on the Sand Drawing Tradition of Peoples of Africa South of the Equator". The original edition was in three volumes in Portuguese (Universidade Pedagógica, Maputo, 1993/4): Volume 1 : Analysis and reconstruction; Volume 2 : Mathematical and educational exploration; Volume 3 : Comparative analysis. The first volume has already been published in English (Universidade Pedagógica, Maputo, 1994). The three volumes have been published in French in 1995 under the title "Une Tradition Géométrique en Afrique - Les Dessins sur le Sable" (Éditions L'Harmattan, Paris / Montreal, 594 pp.). The German language edition "Ethnomathematik dargestellt am Beispiel der Sona Geometrie" (Spektrum Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg / Oxford, 1997, 436 pp., ISBN: 3-8274-0201-8) contains the three volumes in one book and was enlarged by an introduction on ethnomathematics as a field of research. It has a preface by Harald Scheid and Erhard Scholz (Bergische Universität, Wuppertal). An earlier book, in German, by the author on ethnomathematics was published in 1990 under the title "Ethnogeometrie. Kulturanthropologische Beiträge zur Genese und Didaktik der Geometrie" (Verlag Franzbecker, Bad Salzdetfurth /Hildesheim, 360 pp., ISBN 3-88120-189-0). It contains a preface by Peter Damerow (Max Planck Institut für Bildesforschung, Berlin), and is reviewed by Bernhard Andelfinger in 'Zentralblatt für Didaktik der Mathematik' (ZDM, Karlsruhe, 94/1, 22-24). Related to the educational use of the sona sand drawing tradition, the author also published the following books:

23. Previous Prayers We pray for the translations into the indigenous languages of is already under way, the luchazi project is of the country’s population; many people who rely http://www.biblesociety.ie/prayersprevious2.htm

February 2-8 Argentina : We suffered a recession during 2002: devaluation, unemployment and loss of savings and capital. The Bible Society, although affected, was able to continue the translations into Toba del Obeste, Toba Sur and Wichí. We pray that translation and distribution of the Word will continue. We also ask for wisdom, honesty and prudence for those who govern and for the people when they elect their next leaders. We are grateful for the volunteers and those who support the Bible cause. Paraguay : We thank God for our distribution to people along the Paraguay River, a collaborative project with government teachers and hygiene advisers. Pray for the funds to build a hospital-boat. We also thank him for the revision of the Guaraní Bible: may people value it for speaking their own language. The country is facing serious problems: may the people trust God more in seeking solutions. We pray for the children and young people using the Life of Jesus Portions in Spanish and Guaraní.

24. FEED THE MINDS - Christian Communication Worldwide - Grants is presently in Bible translation in six indigenous languages and been set up to serve the people and provide being developed in Mbunda and luchazi, with Lozi http://www.feedtheminds.org/grants/spring.php

25. Ntama Journal Of African Music And Popular Culture in northwestern Zambia, for example, speaking luchazi as his in a country of almost 1000 Million people. and its total neglect of indigenous ideographic scripts http://ntama.uni-mainz.de/content/view/48/37/1/1/

Ntama Journal of African Music and Popular Culture Thursday, 10 June 2004 Navigation Main Menu Home Special Focus Articles Reviews ... Contact Us African Music Archive The African Music Archive at Mainz University is the home of NTAMA Since January 2004 36605 Visitors Who's Online We have 203 guests online Your location: Home Special Focus Second Slavery Minority languages and cultures in Central Africa Minority languages and cultures in Central Africa Written by Gerhard Kubik Thursday, 22 January 2004 Page 2 of 5 Language oppression is not a phenomenon confined to Africa. Examples could be cited from any part of the world, including the so-called industrialized nations. What I am observing here with regard to Central Africa is analogous to what has been and still is practised in areas with totally different cultures elsewhere in the world. Oppressive strategies usually work in manner that the victimized groups learn to internalize the oppressor's standpoint. The oppressor, moreover, is not usually a person, but an abstract entity, such as a "policy", a "law", a "rule", a "convention", a "system", an "approved" way of behaviour. If a person in northwestern Zambia, for example, speaking Luchazi as his/her mother tongue, feels an inner coercion to write letters to friends who are from the same language community, in Luvale which is one of the "officially approved" languages in that country, then this is an example for such internalization.

26. AMU CHMA NEWSLETTER #9 (references) Nyomo, DJ, and Sambo, MH (1988) indigenous mathematical algorithms Kubik, Gerhard (1988) Tusonaluchazi ideographs, a graphic as practised by a people of West http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/AMU/amu_chma_09a.html

AMUCHMA-NEWSLETTER-9 (references) Back to Newsletter 9 References (please note in issue , there is an extensive Bibliography on Astronomy in Africa south of the Sahara Adaaku, J. (1982): The mathematical heritage of the Tiv people, M.Ed. project, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria (Nigeria) Akin, F. and Fapenle, I.(1985): Indigenous mathematics: a case study of the Aweri community of Ogun state, Nigeria, B.Sc. project, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria (Nigeria) Ale, Sam O. (1989): Mathematics in rural societies, in: C.Keitel, P.Damerow, A.Bishop, P.Gerdes (ed.), Mathematics, Education, and Society, UNESCO, Paris, 1989, 35-38 Anonymous (1987): Traditioneller Wohnungbau in Afrika, IRB Verlag, Stuttgart, 99 p. Anzenge, H.H., Bako, D.W., Ezenduka, P.N., Nyomo, D.J., and Sambo, M.H. (1988): Indigenous mathematical algorithms, B.Ed. project, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria (Nigeria) D'Ambrosio, Ubiratan (1985a): Socio-cultural bases for mathematics education, University of Campinas, Campinas (Brazil), 103 p. D'Ambrosio, Ubiratan (1985b): Ethnomathematics and its place in the history of mathematics, in: For the Learning of Mathematics, Montreal, Vol.5, No.1, p.44-48 Armstrong, R.G. (1962): Yoruba numerals, Oxford University Press, Ibadan

27. AllAfrica.com: Zambia [opinion]: Circumcision: Cutting Away The Myths civilisation from foreign to indigenous African initiatives of their identity, as God s chosen people. other societies are the Luvale, luchazi, Mbunda, Chokwe http://allafrica.com/stories/200212190129.html

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28. Charlie Swanson of Angola, 95% of the population speak indigenous languages and. statistics concerning the people of Angola 3.4%; luchazi 2.4%; Ambo (Ovambo) 2.4%; Lunda 1.2%;. http://www.unc.edu/courses/pre2000fall/port004/angola.html

I. Introduction to Angola, by Charlie Swanson Angola is a large, developing African country which was engulfed in war and civil strife since independence from Portugal in 1975. A peace accord signed in 1994 has brought a halt to Angola's civil war, but unsettled political/military conditions and the potential for renewed fighting continue to make travel to and within Angola extremely unsafe. Facilities for tourism are non-existent. Severe shortages of lodging, transportation, food, water medicine and utilities plague Luanda and other cities. Shortages result in a lack of sanitary conditions in many areas, including the capital city, Luanda. Angola is an economy in disarray. Despite its abundant natural resources, output per capita is among the world's lowest. Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for 80%-90% of the population but accounts for less than 15% of GDP. Oil production and the supporting activities are vital to the economy, contributing about 50% to GDP. Despite the signing of a peace accord in November 1994 between the Angola Government and the UNITA insurgents, sporadic fighting continues and many farmers remain

29. Jim Harries Mission Web Site LUNDA KAONDE NDEMBU MBUNDU CHOKWE luchazi (Lunda, Kaonde be valid for those who say people have no have been castigated for corrupting indigenous cultures with http://www.jim-mission.org.uk/articles/empower.txt

netsupreme.co.uk/~jim/articles/empower.txt netsupreme.co.uk/~jim/articles/empower.txt

30. :..:OVERVIEW OF ANGOLA THE PEOPLE Nganguela, Ovambo, Herero, Kangala, Humbe, Luvale, Bunda, luchazi, Kwandare and Approximately, 47% of the population are indigenous religious 38 http://anmf.web1000.com/profiles/country/Angola/

OVERVIEW OF ANGOLA Contents Location Land area and uses Physiography Climatic conditions ... Development challenges LOCATION Angola is located on the western coast of South Africa and lies within latitude 12 30 S, and longitude18 30 E.  It is bound by Namibia to the south, Zambia to the east, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire) to the north and northeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. A separate province of Cabinda is enclosed by the Democratic Republic of Congo. It has a coastline length of 1600 km. Major towns Click on map to view it in more details LAND AREA AND USES Angola has a total area of 1,246,700 sq km, out of which the land area is 1,246,700 sq km. According to a 1993 estimate, the main land uses are arable land (2%); permanent pastures (23%); forests and woodland (43%) and other (32%). PHYSIOGRAPHY Angola has a long coastal plain which rises abruptly to vast interior plateau which contains irregular terraces that form sub-plateaux. The central plateau accounts for around 66% of the land area and has numerous rivers which run into basins of the Congo and Zambezi Rivers that in turn flow to the Atlantic Ocean. The northwestern region of the central plateau and the enclave of Cabinda are covered by equatorial jungles while the southern regions and coastal plain are semi-arid. The Namib Desert occupies the coastal plain above Mocamedes.

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