41. Jewish History Of Lithuania Jewish history of lithuania. Character and Influence on the Diaspora Also Lietuva; Lita; Litwa. lithuania (lithuanian Lietuva; Pol. Litwa; Rus http://www.heritagefilms.com/LITHUANIA.html

Jewish History of Lithuania Character and Influence on the Diaspora Spiritual Trends and Leaders Haskalah Hibbat Zion and Zionism ... After the War Also: Lietuva; Lita; Litwa top Character and Influence on the Diaspora The notion of "Lithuanian" ( "Litvak" (shin) as R (sin) or s (samekh) . The world outlook and way of life of Lithuanian Jewry were based on the Written Law and the Oral Law. The Shulhan Arukh and its commentaries guided them in their everyday life. Torah learning flourished among wide circles, and love of Torah and esteem for its study was widespread among the masses of Jews. The Jews who lived in the region bordering Lithuania, the "Poles" in the west and the "Volhynians in the south, associated specific characteristics with the Lithuanian Jews: a certain emotional dryness, the superiority of the intellect over emotion, mental alertness, sharp-wittedness, and pungency. Their piety was also questioned (hence the popular derogatory appellation for the Lithuanian Jews, "tseylem-kop"

42. Iron Crosses: Pre-Christian History And Beliefs A look at the history and folklore of lithuania, one of three Baltic countries. lithuania was the last pagan country in Europe to accept Christianity. This site is devoted to examining the history, folktales and beliefs of Pagan lithuania. Topics such as Perkunas, Gabija, Zemyna, Saule and the various Grand Dukes (Mindaugas, Gediminas, Jogaila, Vytautas) are explored, along with the elements of lithuanian paganism chthonic and indo-european. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/3503

ithuania, on the shore of the Baltic Sea, has had a very intriguing role in European development, in various ways: militarily, economically, politically and religiously. It was the last country to accept Christianity, in 1387, as part of the marriage agreement between Grand Duke Jogaila and Jadwiga, Queen of Poland. The new faith lived in conjunction with the old nature-based beliefs; and well into the twentieth century in certain regions. odern Lithuanians are an unusual amalgam of Catholicism and a fierce pride in their pagan past. Many will proudly state that Grand Duke Jogaila and his cousin Grand Duke Vytautas the Great defeated the Crusading Teutonic Order. The language was nearly wiped out when it was under the auspices of the Russian Empire But it endured, and to this day Lithuanians are fiercely protective of both their language and of their culture. This website is dedicated to exploring the history, culture, folktales, and folk beliefs of this most colourful country. Table of Contents zemyna@geocities.com

43. Lithuania : History lithuania / history. history. Special thanks to the Microsoft Corporation for their contribution to my site. The following information http://www.omnitel.net/ramunas/Lietuva/lt_history.shtml

10 June 2004 Search site: Site map Search help General Information Visitors Guide ... Shop www.medita.lt Medical equipment Lithuania / History HISTORY Special thanks to the Microsoft Corporation for their contribution to my site. The following information came from Microsoft Encarta Some scholars believe that Lithuanians inhabited the Baltic area as early as 2500 BC; others believe they migrated to the Baltic area about the beginning of the 1st century AD. The first reference to them by name was in AD 1009 in a medieval Prussian manuscript, the Quedlinburg Chronicle. The Medieval Jogailan Empire With the rise of the medieval lords in adjacent Prussia and Russia, Lithuania was constantly subject to invasion and attempted conquest. As a result, a loose federation of Lithuanian tribes was formed in the early Middle Ages. In the 13th century AD, when the Teutonic Knights, a German militaristic religious order, were establishing their power, the Lithuanians resisted; in about 1260 they defeated the order. About a century later a dynasty of grand dukes called the Jogailans established, through conquest, a Lithuanian empire reaching from the Baltic to the Black seas. The Lithuanian Prince Gediminas occupied Belarus and western Ukraine; his son, Grand Duke Algirdas, added the territory between Ukraine and the Black Sea.

44. Lithuania : History : Legends lithuania / history. history. Once upon a time the Grand Duke of lithuania Gediminas was hunting in the holy woods of the Valley of Sventaragis. http://www.omnitel.net/ramunas/Lietuva/lt_history_legends.shtml

10 June 2004 Search site: Site map Search help General Information Visitors Guide ... Shop www.sportalas.com Sport news Lithuania / History HISTORY Once upon a time the Grand Duke of Lithuania Gediminas was hunting in the holy woods of the Valley of Sventaragis. Tired after the successful day hunt the Grand Duke settled for night there. He fell asleep soundly and had a dream. A huge iron wolf was standing on top a hill and the sound of hundreds of other wolves inside it filled all surrounding fields and woods. Upon wakeup, the Duke asked the pagan priest Lizdeika to reveal the secret of the dream. And he told: "What is destined for the ruler and the state of Lithuania, let it be: the iron wolf means a castle and a town which will be established by the ruler on this site. The town will be the capital of the Lithuanian lands and the dwelling of rulers the and glory of their deeds shall echo throughout the world".

45. Global Resources For Lithuania. The Ultimate Lithuanian Web-Site. Searching your Lithuanian genealogy? We have everything surnames, bulletin board, first names! FREE site. history, greeting cards, travel, myths, famous Lithuanians, culture, weekly newsletter, http://www.angelfire.com/ut/Luthuanian

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "angelfire.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" DEPARTMENTS Lithuanian Kitchen Recipes, Bulletin Board Official Lithuanian Flag ONLY $10.50 Learn Lithuanian On-Line Course Partisan Chronicles Holidays Wedding Customs Polish? Rider ... Labas : Monthly News Bookstore Imports From Lithuania- New/Used Books LINKS Hundreds of Lithuanian Links Calendar of Events US Canada Australia Lithuanian Graphics ... Lithuanian Fonts For Windows 95 Lithuanian Deportations 100 Years of Lithuanians In Colorado Enchanting Lithuania A Feature Story 7 Pennsylvania Lithuanian Men For The Gallows A Feature Story Lileikis Trial Guestbook Bumper Stickers Education Through ... Jazz in Lithuania IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT FROM YOUR WEBMASTER All genealogy records on this web-site have been moved to the Lithuanian Global Genealogical Society . This web-site will continue to exist but will concentrate on history, language, and culture of Lithuania. MISSION To promote Lithuanian fellowship, culture, and history. To increase awareness of present social and economic conditions in Lithuania.

46. LITHUANIA The Ancient Past (back to top). Because of its geographic location, lithuania has suffered from many major Eurasian movements throughout history. http://www.lithuanian-american.org/lithuania.html

LITHUANIA The Main Facts COUNTRY AND PEOPLE ECONOMY HISTORY ... FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: COUNTRY AND PEOPLE (back to top) Lithuania is a picturesque country, situated on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea and bordering Latvia on the north, Belorus on the east, and Poland on the south. It is a country of gently rolling hills, many forests, rivers and streams, and deep clear lakes. Its principal natural resource is fertile agricultural land. The capital of Lithuania is Vilnius, founded in the 13th century and widely known for its contrasting architectural monuments of Western and Eastern influence. Through the centuries Vilnius has remained the center of Lithuania's intellectual and political life. The Lithuanians are a distinct group of the Indo-European family of nations, distinct from the Slavic and German branches, with their own ancient culture and language. They inhabited the Baltic shores long before the Christian era and at the dawn of European history had attained a level of civilization equal to that of many other European peoples of those days. The Lithuanian language is one of the oldest living Indo-European languages and is studied in numerous centers of learning throughout the world. Today 80% of the country's population is of Lithuanian nationality. Contemporary Lithuanian culture represents a synthesis of ancient traditions, Christianity, and Western modernism. Christianity came to Lithuania only in the 14th century and never completely replaced the old pagan ways. Despite the changes, the old Lithuanian worldview has remained alive in contemporary cultural expression. The rich heritage of folk art and lore, of ancient Baltic mythology, of folk songs, dances, and customs remains a source of inspiration for modern creators. Colorful woven fabrics are still worn as national costumes, miniature crosses carved from wood are found in the homes, lively folk dances and songs are still performed by both young and old. The present is closely intermeshed with the past, maintaining the continuity and unique identity of the people.

47. Lithuania-Ireland: Regionalisation And Policy Compared Same size, same population, but different history and policy. http://web.inter.nl.net/users/Paul.Treanor/euregion/lithuania-ireland.html

Lithuania-Ireland: regionalisation and policy compared Lithuania and the Republic of Ireland are of similar size, and in the mid-1990's had had almost exactly the same population. Population density in Lithuania was slightly higher, 57/km as against 53/km in Ireland. Unlike, for instance, the Netherlands, this is low enough to speak of classic regions with central cities: there are no large overlapping commuter zones. Until the 1990's, real urbanisation was lower in Ireland, probably under 50%, and the west of Ireland was less than 25% urban by European definitions. Both countries became independent after the First World War, but their different histories affected population and urbanisation. Recent economic growth in Ireland is creating a new urban pattern there, sharply distinct from that of Lithuania. New census results show a diverging population - under 3,5 million in Lithuania but approaching 4 million in Ireland. There are five major differences in the population and urbanisation history of Lithuania and Ireland. The first is that Lithuania was a front-line area in both the First and Second World Wars. Ireland has been stable and neutral for 80 years. The Second World War saw Soviet occupation, German occupation, the extermination of the large Jewish minority, return to the Soviet Union, expulsion of the remaining German minority, nationalist guerrilla activity until 1951, political deportations under Stalin, and the "voluntary" transfer of Poles to Poland. The scale of violent death in Lithuania far exceeds that of the Irish War of Independence (1916-1921), and the 30 years of violence in Northern Ireland.

48. Lithuania - History Of Lithuanian Flags This page is part of © FOTW Flags Of The World website lithuania history of lithuanian Flags. Last modified 2003-01-18 by dov http://flagspot.net/flags/lt-hist.html

Lithuania - History of Lithuanian Flags Last modified: by dov gutterman Keywords: lithuania Links: FOTW homepage search write us mirrors ... Ancient Lituanian Flag See also: Lithuania Samogitia Central Lithuania (Vilnius Republic) Overview The following material represents a synopsis of the history of Lithuanian flags: Not much is known about Lithuanian flags prior to the 1200's. The earliest available records talk about "yellow Gediminas towers" on a "red field. This is a clear reference to King Gediminas of Lithuania who ruled from 1316 to 1341. The earliest described Lithuanian flag contains a block shaped outline of the Voruta castle, home of King Gediminas during his reign. Of interest however is that archeological diggings have unearthed Lithuanian bracteate's dating from King Mindaugas'es reign (1234 - 1263) in Gotland and elsewhere showing the same outline on the coins as is attributed to King Mindaugases flags. The earliest known mention of Lithuanian flags is in the "Chronicon Dubicense"; it cites an "insignia Lithwanorium" in the text but does not go on to describe it. Logic would state that it must have been one of the "towers of Gediminas". Ample documentation exists regarding the Lithuanian flags which participated in the Tannenberg battle of 1410 against the Teutonic Knights. Lithuanian units from the Aukstaitija province flew the red and yellow towers of Gediminas. Aside from the towers of Gediminas (also called gates of Gediminas), which now are identified with all things Lithuania, there are two other "national" symbols which have adorned Lithuanian flags since the early Middle Ages - the Apostolic cross and the Vytis.

49. Lithuania/History - Encyclopedia Article About Lithuania/History. Free Access, N encyclopedia article about lithuania/history. lithuania/history in Free online English dictionary, thesaurus and encyclopedia. lithuania/history. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Lithuania/History

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Lithuania/History Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition Early History The first Lithuanians The Republic of Lithuania is a republic in Northeastern Europe. One of the three Baltic States along the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with fellow Baltic State Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland to the south and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia to the southwest. Lietuvos Respublika (In Detail) (Full size) National motto: None Click the link for more information. , or Liths , were a branch of an ancient group known as the Balts The Balts or Baltic peoples have lived around the eastern coast of Mare Suebicum, or Baltic Sea (Tacitus, AD 98) since ancient times. The Baltic peoples consisted of several tribes. Some of these, such as the Old Prussians, no longer exist independently. Lithuania and Latvia are modern nations formed by Baltic peoples. The languages of the Balts are called Baltic languages and are members of the Indo-European language family. Those languages are Lithuanian, Latvian and extinct Old Prussian and Curonian. Click the link for more information.

50. MapZones.com History lithuania, history, Back to Top. lithuanians belong to the Baltic group of nations. Their ancestors moved to the Baltic region about http://www.mapzones.com/world/europe/lithuania/historyindex.php

Country Info Lithuania Introduction Lithuania General Data Lithuania Maps Lithuania Culture ... Lithuania Time and Date Lithuania History Back to Top Lithuanians belong to the Baltic group of nations. Their ancestors moved to the Baltic region about 3000 B.C. from beyond the Volga region of central Russia. In Roman times, they traded amber with Rome and around A.D. 900-1000 split into different language groups, namely, Lithuanians, Prussians, Latvians, Semigallians, and others. The Prussians were conquered by the Teutonic Knights, and, ironically, the name "Prussia" was taken over by the conquerors, who destroyed or assimilated Prussia's original inhabitants. Other groups also died out or were assimilated by their neighbors. Only the Lithuanians and the Latvians survived the ravages of history. Traditions of Lithuanian statehood date from the early Middle Ages. As a nation, Lithuania emerged about 1230 under the leadership of Duke Mindaugas. He united Lithuanian tribes to defend themselves against attacks by the Teutonic Knights, who had conquered the kindred tribes of Prussia and also parts of present-day Latvia. In 1251 Mindaugas accepted Latin Christianity, and in 1253 he became king. But his nobles disagreed with his policy of coexistence with the Teutonic Knights and with his search for access to western Europe. Mindaugas was killed, the monarchy was discontinued, and the country reverted to paganism. His successors looked for expansion toward the Slavic East. At that early stage of development, Lithuania had to face the historically recurring question dictated by its geopolitical positionwhether to join western or eastern Europe.

51. Lithuania - History history. lithuania Table of Contents Early history. lithuanians belong to the Baltic group of nations. Their ancestors moved to the http://countrystudies.us/lithuania/1.htm

History Lithuania Table of Contents Early History Lithuanians belong to the Baltic group of nations. Their ancestors moved to the Baltic region about 3000 B.C. from beyond the Volga region of central Russia. In Roman times, they traded amber with Rome and around A.D. 900-1000 split into different language groups, namely, Lithuanians, Prussians, Latvians, Semigallians, and others. The Prussians were conquered by the Teutonic Knights, and, ironically, the name "Prussia" was taken over by the conquerors, who destroyed or assimilated Prussia's original inhabitants. Other groups also died out or were assimilated by their neighbors. Only the Lithuanians and the Latvians survived the ravages of history. Traditions of Lithuanian statehood date from the early Middle Ages. As a nation, Lithuania emerged about 1230 under the leadership of Duke Mindaugas. He united Lithuanian tribes to defend themselves against attacks by the Teutonic Knights, who had conquered the kindred tribes of Prussia and also parts of present-day Latvia. In 1251 Mindaugas accepted Latin Christianity, and in 1253 he became king. But his nobles disagreed with his policy of coexistence with the Teutonic Knights and with his search for access to western Europe. Mindaugas was killed, the monarchy was discontinued, and the country reverted to paganism. His successors looked for expansion toward the Slavic East. At that early stage of development, Lithuania had to face the historically recurring question dictated by its geopolitical positionwhether to join western or eastern Europe.

52. Statute Of The Grand Duchy Of Lithuania The history of the third revision started in 1569 at Lyublin Sojm (council) (on which Poland and Grand Duchy of lithuania united into a Commonwealth Rzech http://www.belarusguide.com/culture1/texts/Statut.html

STATUTES OF GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is a great achievement of Belarusian and European law. The Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the third edition of which was published in 1588, were written in Belarusian, and were the first full code of laws written in Europe since Roman Law. The Statute has been edited several times and determined the legal system of the Duchy for about 250 years, until it was abolished by Russian Tsar. The Statute was a comprehensive and elaborate state code of laws on state, civil, criminal and procedural rules of the Grand Duchy, which had the highest legal force on the territory of the country. Written in old Belarusian language the Statute was the only full code of laws in Europe since the Roman Law and until the Napoleonic Code adopted in 1804. The Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is considered to be one of the main treasures (besides Lithuanian Metrics ) of Belarusian, Lithuanian and Polish cultural heritage. 2. STATUTE OF 1529

53. History Of Belarus (Great Litva) constitution of 1791 of Commonwealth of Poland and the Grand Duchy of lithuania. European history with Robert Wilde at About.com More on the brutal suppression http://www.belarusguide.com/as/history/history.html

HISTORY OF BELARUS (Great Litva) Books and articles Belarusian Heritage Clickable map of Belarus ... Belarusian version of this page Belarusian National Historical Gallery Search all pages of the Belarusguide.com Articles about the History of Belarus General Information: Major dates in the history of Belarus - here you can find the most important facts in Belarusian history and become familiar with the key dates and events by Aliaksandr Arciuchovic, on the basis of the J.Zaprudnik book "Belarus: At a Crossroads in History". History of Belarus - excerpts from the book "Belarus - a new country in Eastern Europe", written in 1994 by Uladzimir Novik, a member of the Belarusian Parliament. The book is written for foreign readers who would like to familiarise themselves with Belarus. Notes from the history of Belarus - if you want to have a closer look at Belarusian history, this is a top opportunity. This pages deal with the historical development starting from the first principalities on Belarusian territory, the renaissance of Belarusian culture in the Middle Ages right down to the 20th century (by E. Reshetau) Songs About Litwins from the Eldest Times to the year of 1434 (Cyrillic Win1251*) XIII-XVII cc. The Grand Duchy of Litva - medieval Belarusian state. Belarusian Renaissance.

54. Lithuanian History in Baltic history last century, see CITY PAPER s 20th Century Timeline. 2000 BC lithuanian ancestors settle along the Baltic coast. 1009 AD lithuania is first http://www.balticsww.com/tourist/lithuania/history.htm

Tourist Guide Lithuanian History A Brief Chronology Lithuanian Tourist Guide Vilnius: An Introduction Getting Oriented Arrival ... Dirt Cheap Map Lithuania Vilnius Nightclubs Rave/Dance Music ... Yellow Pages Other Lithuanian-related tourist articles: The Stalin World Theme Park Magical Curonion Spit Rave/Dance Music Zappamania in Lithuania ... Links For a more detailed chronology, including comments from historians and journalists on different eras in Baltic history last century, see CITY PAPER's 20th Century Timeline. 2000 B.C. Lithuanian ancestors settle along the Baltic coast. 1009 A.D. Lithuania is first mentioned in chronicles. Lithuanians already have a reputation as fierce warriors. While much of Europe has already converted to Christianity, Lithuania is still pagan and will remain so for several hundred more years. Lithuanians believed fire embodies the divine. A sacred flame is kept at a Vilnius temple tended to by vestal virgins. If they break their vows of chastity or the flame goes out, the penalty is death. Lithuania is united by Mindaugas and later crowned king. Unification helps Lithuania fend off German crusaders.

55. Lietuvos Respublikos Prezidentas Presidential activities, annual addresses, speeches and statements, weekly reviews, visits, interviews. Biography of the President and the First Lady. Office of the President contacts, Presidential Palace, history, virtual tour. http://www.president.lt/

English version Prezidento veikla Dekretai Kalbos Praneðimai spaudai Darbotvarkës ... Apdovanojimai Prezidento institucija Istorija Teisinë aplinka Informacija kontaktams Prezidento rûmai Istorija Virtuali ekskursija Atsakymai á klausimus Laikinasis Respublikos Prezidentas iðvyks á Vaðingtonà (JAV) Laikinasis Prezidentas gràþino Seimui pakartotinai svarstyti ir Darbo kodekso pataisas Laikinojo Prezidento iniciatyva surengtas pasitarimas Strateginiø tyrimø ir analizës centro steigimo klausimu Laikinasis Prezidentas siekia uþtikrinti, kad pasienyje dokumentai nebebûtø tikrinami taip nuodugniai Laikinasis Prezidentas domisi Baltarusijoje sulaikytiems Lietuvos pilieèiams iðkeltø kaltinimø pagrástumu ... Laikinasis Prezidentas dalyvaus buvusio JAV Prezidento R.Reigano laidotuvëse Paruoðë Lietuvos Respublikos Prezidento kanceliarija. Cituojant bûtina nurodyti ðaltiná. Interneto sprendimas: Metasite . Apie klaidas ir netikslumus praðome praneðti

56. Columbus World Travel Guide - Europe - Lithuania - History And Government World Travel Guide lithuania - history and Government - includes information on the constitution and politics. http://www.travel-guide.com/data/ltu/ltu580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/Europe/Lithuania/HistoryandGovernment'; document.write('Research Lithuania hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses General Information Passport/Visa Money ... Europe /Lithuania LITHUANIA History and Government History: Present-day Lithuanians, along with Latvians and ancient Prussians, are descendants of the Balts, an Indo-European ethnic group that settled on the Baltic coast 4000 years ago. The name of Lithuania was first mentioned in the Quedlinburg Annals in 1009. Under Grand Duke Mindaugas, who is recognised as the founder of Lithuania, and under the rule of Grand Duke Gediminas, the territory was extended during the 14th century southwards to take in Minsk and later as far as the Black Sea. This power enabled Lithuania to withstand the advance of the Teutonic Knights and to reach, together with Poland, the decisive victory at the Zalgiris (Tannenberg) battle in 1410. The capital of the new state was therefore established at Kaunas. The Lithuanian constitution promulgated in 1922 declared Lithuania to be a parliamentary republic with the Seimas as the legislative organ. However, a military coup in December 1926 brought Antanas Smetona to power at the head of an authoritarian regime backed by the nationalist Tautininku movement. The status of Lithuania was again altered following the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939, whose secret protocols allowed for a Soviet takeover of all three Baltic Republics. Lithuania was occupied by the German Army in 1941 until its re-annexation by the Soviets three years later. The republic underwent some industrialisation and the immigration of ethnic Russians between the 1950s and the mid-1980s, though not on the scale experienced by Estonia or Latvia.

57. NSEL - National Stock Exchange Of Lithuania - History Of The Stock Exchange General Info history, 1991. Mass privatisation of the state property was launched. 1992. September, Resolution of the Government of the Republic of lithuania On http://www.nse.lt/nvpb/index_en.php?page=Istorija

58. NSEL - National Stock Exchange Of Lithuania - History Of The Stock Exchange General Info history. 1991. Mass privatisation of the state property was launched. 1992. September, Resolution of the Government of the Republic of lithuania On http://www.nse.lt/nvpb/Print_en.php?page=Istorija&prt=P

59. EUROPA - IDA Interchange Of Data Between Administrations eGovernment Factsheet lithuania - history. Main developments and key milestones (in reverse chronological order). The contents of http://europa.eu.int/ISPO/ida/jsps/index.jsp?fuseAction=showDocument&documentID=

60. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Lithuania von Litauen als einen eigenen Grossfürstentum bis zum jahre 1659 (Halle, 1785); NARBUT, The Ancient history of the Lithuanian People (Vilna, 1835) (Polish http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09292a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... L > Lithuania A B C D ... Z Lithuania (Ger. Litauen An ancient grandy-duchy united with Poland in the fourteenth century. The credit of having united them belongs to Prince Mendog (or Mindowe), who, towards the middle of the thirteenth century, succeeded in compelling the lesser princes to recognize his supremacy. With a view to strengthening his position against external enemies, especially the Teutonic Order, Mindowe and his wife sought baptism in 1250 or 1251, and received from Innocent IV the royal crown, with which he was crowned by the Bishop of Kulm, in 1252 (1253) in presence of the Master of the Teutonic Order. As Mindowe desired a special diocese for his territories, one Christian, a member of the Teutonic Order, was by order of the pope consecrated Bishop of Lithuania by Archbishop Albert of Riga. Notwithstanding Albert's efforts to secure this new diocese as suffragan of his see, it was made directly dependent on Rome. Of Christian's activity in Lithuania little is known. At this period, however, Christianity acquired no firm footing in Lithuania proper; it was embraced only by Mindowe and his immediate friends, and by them purely for political reasons, and it was also with an eye to political interest that they reverted to paganism about 1262. As Christian was coadjutor Bishop of Mainz as early as 1259, he cannot have long occupied the See of Lithuania; his successor, John, also a member of the Teutonic Order, also appears as coadjutor Bishop of

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