81. FUNGI (fungi, Moulds And Lichens) BioImages The Virtual FieldGuide (UK). FUNGI (fungi, moulds and lichens).Fungi, 20 October 2002, Phylum ASCOMYCOTA (spore-shooters). http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/T74.HTM

BioImages: The Virtual Field-Guide (UK) FUNGI (fungi, moulds and lichens) Fungi 20 October 2002 Phylum: ASCOMYCOTA (spore-shooters) Phylum: BASIDIOMYCOTA (spore droppers) Species: Sphaerococcus globosus (a lichen parasymbiont) Phylum: ZYGOMYCOTA (pin moulds) BioImages (UK) Life ... (living things)

82. SAXIFRAGA - European Lichen Slides SAXIFRAGA slide collection. European lichens. The slides on lichens have been kindlymade available by Willem van Kruijsbergen (the Netherlands). How to order? http://www.ecnc.nl/doc/ecnc/saxifrag/eurolich.html

ECNC home page feedback search previous ... bottom SAXIFRAGA slide collection European Lichens ECNC in cooperation with the Saxifraga Foundation Saxifraga Foundation Bredaseweg 335 5037 LC Tilburg The Netherlands Tel.: +31-13-5900709 E-mail: saxifraga@planet.nl WWW: www.saxifraga.nl ECNC cooperates with the Saxifraga Foundation to make the Foundation's biodiversity slide collection accessible on the Internet. The aim of the Foundation is the development of scientific research in the field of the protection of nature and the environment. Through the ECNC head quarters, copies of, in principal a limited selection of, slides can be obtained free of charge for activities in support of nature conservation; for personal use 5.- Euro will be charged per copy requested. A full description of the conditions can be found at www.saxifraga.nl How to order? Contact the Saxifraga Foundation at the address above or send an E-mail message to Jan van der Straaten ( saxifraga@planet.nl

83. PathFinder Science | Lichens And SO2 | Creating The Context | Index lichens, Tardigrades, and SO2, Creating the Context Index. Page (BETA) Print Email Spanish. Assorted lichens above. http://pathfinderscience.net/so2/

Home Teachers Mentors Discussions ... Find Lichens, Tardigrades, and SO2 Creating the Context Index Creating the Context Home Research Focus Background Info Research Methods ... Further Research Guided Research Research Question Background Info Research Methods Data Submission ... Research Values Student Research Doing Research Publish View Tools Discussions Email List Lichen Links Lichen Map ... Project Awards Page (BETA): Print Spanish French German Italian Portuguese Assorted lichens above. R esearch has indicated that lichens and some very small organisms living on them can be used to assess atmospheric levels of sulfur dioxide, SO . Lichens are unique organisms composed of either an algae or a cyanobacteria living in a symbiotic relationship with a fungus. When they are exposed to some kinds of air pollutants, especially to SO , lichens are injured and die. Tardigrades (water bears) live on the lichen and are an interesting organism for study all on their own! How much of a tree that lichens cover may make a good indicator of air pollution in the area. The effect of these pollutants may also be observed on the distribution and diversity of a simple community living on the lichens, the tardigrades. Determining the percent lichen coverage on the tree and tardigrade density and diversity in your area may lead you to discover some interesting patterns on where and how these organisms lead. The may also lead you to ask research questions about why things are the way they are. Let's begin by asking some questions that will help focus this interesting work . You can begin this project by clicking on the Research Focus in Creating the Context.

84. Lichens lichens. Huh? Gamers of almost any genre can flesh out their worldsby adding lichens. As shown them. Uses of lichens. Food. Arctic http://www.tesarta.com/www/resources/library/lichens.html

LICHENS Huh? Gamers of almost any genre can flesh out their worlds by adding lichens. As shown below, lichens have been used in many cultures for a wide variety of tasks. One can imagine desert planets where lichens are cultivated as one of the few foodstuffs hardy enough to survive. Nothing would prevent lichens from growing on the interiors of interstellar space craft (they can grow on abandoned cars after all) perhaps used as a folk medicine or halucinogenic drug. The Healers of an island culture might go on quests to find a certain lichen that only grows on the shells of rare giant tortoises (possibly carnivorous, of course). At the very least, lichens are a definite candidate for exotic ingredients of potions or magical formulae. What is a Lichen? A lichen is a combination of two (or more) organisms: a fungus and an algae or cyanobacteria colony (or both). This symbiosis creates what we call a lichen. Contrary to popular belief, lichens are not mosses. Lichen Ecology The combination of algae and fungi in lichens is delicate enough that they require very precise environments to survive. However, because of the varied species of lichen out there, the entire class of lichens can survive just about everywhere except cities, where the pollution usually kills them. Uses of Lichens Food Arctic and subarctic lichens are food for many mammals, including caribou and moose. Some lichens are used as a supplementary food for sheep, cattle and humans. To make this possible, lichen must be soaked in soda solution (which cuts the acids), then dried and powdered. The result is then mixed with normal food, such as potatoes or yams. In the Middle East certain lichens were used to make a type of nutritious bread.

85. Jasper National Park Photography Nature and Landscape Photography of Jasper Natinal Park, JasperTownsite, Rocky Mountains, Alberta, Canada by Ray Rasmussen. http://raysweb.net/lichens/

Nature and Landscape Photography of Jasper Natinal Park, Jasper Townsite, Rocky Mountains, Alberta, Canada by Ray Rasmussen.

86. Caribou Moss - Cladonia Rangiferina Although it is called caribou moss, it is actually a lichen. lichens are two separateorganisms. The spongy threads of lichens support and protects the algae. http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/caribou_moss.htm

Caribou Moss Common Name: Caribou Moss, Reindeer Lichen Genus: Cladonia Species: rangiferina Parts Used: entire organism Caribou moss grows in arctic and northern regions around the world. It grows on the ground and on rocks. It looks like a foamy, gray-green spongy mass, and grows to be 1 to 4 inches high. The stems, or stocks, are hollow, and branch out many times. Although it is called caribou moss, it is actually a lichen. Lichens are two separate organisms. They are made up of fungi and algae, which live and grow together. The spongy threads of lichens support and protects the algae. The algae has chlorophyll which can make food. Each has something the other needs. This is called a symbiotic relationship. Lichen can make food when the temperature gets very low and there is little light. The tissues of lichens aren't easily damaged by frost. This makes it a great plant for the tundra. Lichen can survive for long periods of time without water. They just dry out and go dormant when there is little water or light. They can begin to grow again even after very long periods of dormancy.

87. Lichens. DermNet NZ Information about lichens. NZ DermNet is an online dermatology resourcefor patients, GPs and dermatologists. lichens. Common name lichens. http://www.dermnetnz.org/dna.plant.dermatitis/lichen.html

@import url("/common/screen.css"); DermNet NZ Ad Authoritative facts about the skin from the New Zealand Dermatological Society Home For patients For doctors ... Site map Search: Home Dermatitis Plants Lichens Common name: Lichens Botanical name: There are over 15,000 lichen species, comprising 60 families with over 400 genera. Family: Alga + fungus Origin: Lichens are widely distributed from the tropics to the high arctic and from the sea shore to high altitudes Description: Lichens are dual organisms composed of a symbiotic relationship between an alga and a fungus. The fungus, usually an Ascomycete, provides the plant its shape, and the alga provides the ability to photosynthesis. This successful combination is able to produce a more elaborate and durable organism than either partner alone. Lichens are able to colonise inhospitable areas such as bare rock. As pioneer plants, lichens break down the rock surface and, together with decaying material from the lichen, eventually form soil conditions suitable for other plants. Many lichens are epiphytic (able to grow on trees), gaining nutrition from rain running down tree trunks. Only a few species tolerate air polluted with sulphur dioxide so few survive in cities. Lichens are variable in shape, either tubular, upright and branching, or flat and leaf-like or forming an amorphous greyish crust. Uses: Lichens are used as fodder, particularly the Reindeer lichens:

88. What Are Lichens? lichens. lichens are an extremely successful partnership between a fungus and analga. What are lichens? Types. lichens have a variety of different growth forms. http://www.offwell.free-online.co.uk/fungi/lichens.htm

Promoting the British Countryside Home About us Conservation Education ... Sponsors Lichens Lichens are an extremely successful partnership between a fungus and an alga. What are Lichens? An astonishing partnership between two very different organisms Colonies which may be 9,000 years old Colourful dyes for clothes Packing for ancient Egyptian mummies! Pollution indicators High mountain dwellers and Arctic survivors Lichens present a very intriguing problem for people whose job is to name different kinds of organisms. This is because a lichen is not a separate organism in the sense of being one type of individual. It is actually a close partnership between a fungus and an alga. (Algae are very simple plants). The two types of organisms in the partnership are so closely interwoven that they appear as a single individual. This individual looks entirely different to either of the partner organisms making up the structure. Lichens are distinctive and they form many different, recognizable types. Many of these have been given specific names of their own, despite the fact that each lichen is already a mixture of different species. There are more than 1,700 species of lichen in Britain. Approximately 18,000 species of lichen have been described and identified worldwide. The algal partners in lichens can be found living on their own in nature, as free-living species in their own right. The fungal partners in British lichens are recognizable

89. Palomar Mtn. Lichens lichens of Palomar Mountain San Diego County, California. In this checklistum refers to micrometer. Images Of Soil, Rock Bark lichens http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lichpal1.htm

Wayne's Word Index Noteworthy Plants Trivia ... Search Lichens of Palomar Mountain San Diego County, California W.P. Armstrong, Life Sciences Dept., Palomar College, 1 February 2001 A list of the common lichens along the trail from Doane Valley to Lower Doane Valley and French Valley. Some lichens of the chaparral foothills and riparian canyons on Palomar Mt. are also included in this checklist. Verrucaria . Many of the lichens on Palomar Mountain have enormous worldwide distributions and also occur in Europe (British Isles), Africa and South America. Many species produce microscopic soredia (clusters of algal cells intertwined with fungal hyphae). The granular soredia are produced in pustules on the surface of the lichen called soralia. Like dust particles, the soredia become airborne and travel to distant continents in one of nature's most remarkable dispersal scenarios. Isidia are small, pimplelike protuberances containing both algae and fungi which readily become detached and dispersed to new locations. Note: In the chemical tests used on lichen thalli K = lye or sodium hydroxide (NaOH), C = Clorox

90. BUBL LINK / 5:15 Internet Resources: Mosses And Lichens Includes recent literature on lichens, checklists of specimens, the Threatened MacrolichensProject, fact sheets and distribution maps for selected lichens. http://bubl.ac.uk/link/m/mossesandlichens.htm

BUBL LINK / 5:15 Catalogue of Internet Resources Home Search Subject Menus A-Z ... About Mosses and lichens A-Z Index Titles Descriptions Bryological Glossary Bryology at the Missouri Botanical Garden Bryophytes Lichen Herbarium ... Mosses and Liverworts in Wales Page last updated: 17 March 2003 Comments: bubl@bubl.ac.uk Bryological Glossary A multilingual glossary for bryology. Includes a brief definition of a term in English and gives the equivalent French, German and Spanish translation of the term. Author: Missouri Botanical Garden Subjects: mosses and lichens DeweyClass: ResourceType: dictionary Location: usa Last checked: Bryology at the Missouri Botanical Garden Information about mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Includes an index of mosses, bryological glossary, bryophyte names authority lists, moss checklist of Thailand and moss flora of China. Author: Missouri Botanical Garden Subjects: mosses and lichens, thailand DeweyClass: ResourceType: documents Location: usa Last checked: Bryophytes Bryology is the study of mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Includes information on the classification, structural features, natural history, ecology and evolutionary relationships of these plants. Author: Southern Illinois University Subjects: mosses and lichens DeweyClass: ResourceType: documents, images

91. Ecophysiology Of Lichens Ecophysiology of lichens. Photosynthetic CO2 use efficiency in lichens and theirisolated photobionts The possible role of a CO2 concentrating mechanism. http://www.plantphys.umu.se/research/kikki.shtml

Ecophysiology of lichens Kristin Palmqvist Kristin.Palmqvist@plantphys.umu.se Personnel: Bodil Sundberg (Graduate student) Bodil.Sundberg@plantphys.umu.se Description of project: The aim of this project is to study different factors wich determine the growth-rate of lichens, including microclimate monitoring, growth rate of lichens in the field, CO2 acqusition strategies and photosynthetic activity of the algal/cyanobacterial partner, respiratory activity of the fungal partner and its activity, response to "normal" and induced environmental stresses e.t.c... Another aim is to relate specific physiological and biochemical activities of lichens to different organisation levels (from proteins to communities) to study the relative importance of these during the life time of a lichen thallus. Publications: S. Falk and Palmqvist K. (1992). Photosynthetic light utilization efficiency, photosystem II heterogeneity and fluorescence quenching in Clamydomonas reinhardtii during the induction of the CO2-concentrating mechanism. Plant Physiol. 100: 685-691. S. Falk, Palmqvist K. and Clarke A. (1993). Protein synthesis and chlorophyll a fluorescence changes in

92. Churchyard Lichens back to the index page. CHURCHYARD lichens © British Lichen Society1994. In unpolluted churchyards WHAT ARE lichens? lichens are two http://users.argonet.co.uk/users/jmgray/chlich.htm

back to the index page CHURCHYARD LICHENS In unpolluted churchyards, lichens often form mosaics of colour, especially on the stonework, adding to the character and interest of the site. They vary in form from simple, powdery scatterings and crusts to more elaborate leafy or even bushy structures. WHAT ARE LICHENS? Lichens are two 'plants' in one: a fungal partner usually forms the visible body of the lichen and within, protected by threads of fungus, cells of algae provide nutrition, utilising sunlight in the same way as green plants. Contrary to popular opinion, lichens do not 'feed' on the stone, bark or soil upon which they grow. They reproduce by means of microscopic spores capable, on finding a suitable algal partner, of colonising most surfaces which are reasonably stable and not too shaded or smooth. These spores are released from fruiting bodies which are typically disc-shaped and, when viewed through a hand-lens, resemble miniature jam tarts. Lichens may also propagate themselves by means of powdery outgrowths, minute projections or fragments which are scattered in the wind and rain or dispersed by small creatures. THE IMPORTANCE OF CHURCHYARDS Churchyards are of supreme importance for lichen conservation, particularly where there are no natural outcrops of rock.

93. Lichens lichens might have been an influence on passagetombengravings and petroglyphs. Gazetteer. http://www.megalithomania.com/irishgenius/zLichens.htm

Lichens might have been an influence on passage-tomb engravings and petroglyphs.

94. Search Results For Lichens - Encyclopædia Britannica cup lichen Cladonia coccifera (genus Cladonia), widely distributed yellow, gray,or brown lichens usually found on the ground or on rocks in the north. http://www.britannica.com/search?query=lichens&ct=

95. Lichens Alberta lichens. This web site is about the natural history of lichens,or more specifically, about lichens found in Alberta. You http://www.casebio.com/lichens/

Identifying Boreal Lichens - 13-14 May - Workshop - Click for Details Last update: Alberta Lichens This web site is about the natural history of lichens, or more specifically, about lichens found in Alberta. You will find an explanation of what lichens are , their importance and how to identify common species. Hopefully you will find this a useful way to learn about lichens, how to identify them and about their uses as biomonitors of air pollution, natural dyes, use by animals and as food. Initially, the emphasis of this site will be the natural history of the common lichens within a "day-trip" of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Keys for identifying the species found in this area have been assembled on the basis of a survey of the published literature conducted over several years. If you wish to find out more detailed information about the species presented here, I recommend you check out the excellent websites and publications listed in the the reference section.

96. Lichens | Rock Garden FAQ | Reindeer Moss What lichens (reindeer moss) are, and why they re important in rock gardens. Q. Whatare lichens (reindeer moss ) and why are they important in rock gardens? http://landscaping.about.com/cs/rockgardens/f/what_is_lichen.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Landscaping Home Essentials ... Landscaping Plans zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Photo Galleries Landscape Design Ideas Landscaping Shrubs Landscaping Trees ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About Landscaping newsletter. Search Landscaping Email to a friend Print this page Stay Current Subscribe to the About Landscaping newsletter. Most Popular Rock Garden Designs - ROCK GARDEN DESIGN What's Hot Landscaping Design Website - Online Landscaping Archive Landscaping Web Site Articles Landscaping Web Site Guides Q. What are lichens (reindeer moss ) and why are they important in rock gardens? From David Beaulieu Your Guide to Landscaping Sign up for my Newsletter A. Lichens are often spoken of in the same breath as "moss." In fact, a nickname for lichens is "reindeer moss," because they're a food source for reindeer. The "reindeer moss" moniker notwithstanding, a lichen is not a moss at all. Like mosses, lichens growing on rocks give your rock gardens the desired "weathered" look. Weathering of rocks in a rock garden is central to achieving a natural appearance as if the rocks had always been there.

97. Yale University Press - Publisher Of Fine Books lichens OF NORTH AMERICA Irwin M. Brodo, Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, andStephen Sharnoff 2001 Nature/Science 828 pp. 821 b/w + 927 color http://www.yale.edu/yup/books/082495.htm

Search for a Yale book Browse our Books Contact Us About the Press Sample Chapters ... Go to our London site Fixing Intelligence: For a More Secure America by William E. Odom "General Odom uses the unique insight gained from years of experience in the intelligence business to explain in plain language an issue that is critical to U.S. national security—intelligence community reform. A valuable resource to expert and novice alike, it serves both as an excellent introduction to the intelligence community, and also as a valuable guide to the current debate over how to proceed with intelligence community reform."—Senator Richard C. Shelby The facts behind the summer blockbuster The Day After Tomorrow Red Sky at Morning: America and the Crisis of the Global Environment by James Gustave Speth " Moviegoers inspired to learn more will benefit from a new book called 'Red Sky at Morning' by James Gustave Speth, dean of the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale. The book, an overview of environmental threats, provides a list of the already observable consequences of warming... as well as a forecast of even greater calamities." New York Times

98. ABC Online Forum From shell, 17/01/2002 133959. Subject lichens, post id 31138. Fromgeoff d®, 17/01/2002 134323. Subject re lichens, post id 31139. http://www2b.abc.net.au/science/scribblygum-old/posts/topic31138.shtm

From: shell Subject: Lichens post id: 31138 Hope this hasnt already been posted. Its a lovely site and worth the visit. http://www.lichen.com/ The views and opinions expressed on this forum are those of the individual poster and not the ABC. The ABC reserves the right to remove offensive or inappropriate messages. ABC conditions of use statement From: geoff d Subject: re: Lichens post id: 31139 Even if it has been posted before, shell, we'd have lost it or forgotten about it (except for those organised ones like Wiz and boxhead). I learned a fair bit about lichens when my dear old mum was collecting specimens to try for dyes. The views and opinions expressed on this forum are those of the individual poster and not the ABC. The ABC reserves the right to remove offensive or inappropriate messages. ABC conditions of use statement From: shell Subject: re: Lichens post id: 31151 Glad you think thats OK to post the site. Lichens are beautiful. You mean there are organised people who actually KNOW where they left an URL? Wow, I'm very impressed! Any suggestions? Even my "favourites" and "bookmarks" files are confusing me now. The views and opinions expressed on this forum are those of the individual poster and not the ABC. The ABC reserves the right to remove offensive or inappropriate messages.

99. Red List Of Estonian Lichens ESTONIAN LICHENOLOGY Red List of Estonian lichens. Compiled byTiina Randlane in 1998 0 category extinct or probably extinct http://www.ut.ee/lichens/red_list.html

[ESTONIAN LICHENOLOGY] Red List of Estonian Lichens Compiled by Tiina Randlane in 1998 0 category - extinct or probably extinct species (18 species) I category - endangered species (5) II category - vulnerable species (24) III category - rare species (41) IV category - care demanding species (21) V category - indeterminate species (1) 0 category - extinct or probably extinct species Cetrelia olivetorum C. cetrarioides Collema nigrescens (Huds.) DC. - must limasamblik Collema occultatum Bagl. - tera-limasamblik Collema subnigrescens Degel. - mustjas limasamblik Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale - harilik kitsesamblik Heterodermia speciosa Hyperphyscia adglutinata Leptogium subtile Nephroma arcticum (L.) Torss. - tundra-neersamblik Nephroma helveticum Ach. - Sveitsi neersamblik Peltigera elisabethae Gyeln. - Elisabethi kilpsamblik Phaeophyscia chloantha Punctelia subrudecta Stereocaulon evolutum Graewe - rull-tinasamblik Toninia lobulata Umbilicaria hyperborea Usnea barbata Xanthoria lobulata I category - endangered species Leptogium rivulare (Ach.) Mont. - oja-tardsamblik

100. Lichens Of Alberta Alberta lichens. This web site is about the natural history of lichens,or more specifically, about lichens found in Alberta. You http://members.shaw.ca/james.case/lichens/home.htm

Alberta Lichens This web site is about the natural history of lichens, or more specifically, about lichens found in Alberta. You will find an explanation of what lichens are , their importance and how to identify common species. Hopefully you will find this a useful way to learn about lichens, how to identify them and about their uses as biomonitors of air pollution, natural dyes, use by animals and as food. Initially, the emphasis of this site will be the natural history of the common lichens within a 100 km radius of Calgary, Alberta, Canada where I live. Keys for identifying the species found in the area have been assembled on the basis of a survey of the published literature conducted over several years. If you wish to find out more detailed information about the species presented here, I recommend you check out the excellent websites and publications listed in the the reference section. You can obtain copies of many of the books at Amazon.com. While the identification keys are meant for the Calgary area, much of the material is relevant for the rest of Alberta, other parts of western Canada, and even portions of the United States and Mexico. This web site is evolving and growing slowing ("hey, it's about lichens right?") and is influenced by input from you. Over time, I hope to provide more complete keys, as well as add links to other

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