21. Life History And Ecology Of Lichens lichens are formed from a combination of a fungal partner (mycobiont) andan algal partner (phycobiont). lichens reproduce in two basic ways. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/lichens/lichenlh.html

Lichens Lichens are formed from a combination of a fungal partner ( mycobiont ) and an algal partner ( phycobiont ). The fungal filaments surround and grow into the algal cells, and provide the majority of the lichen's physical bulk and shape. In the picture below at left of the lichen Physia , the fungal filaments have been stained blue, and the scattered algal cells red. Also in the Physia section, you may notice a dark red layer along the top. This is an apothecium , much like the ones atop the British soldier lichen, below at right. An apothecium is a fungal reproductive structure, in which the fungus reproduces itself through the production of spores . These spores will disperse and germinate into new fungi, but they will not produce new lichens. For a lichen to reproduce, but the fungus and the alga must disperse together. Lichens reproduce in two basic ways. Firstly, a lichen may produce soredia , or a cluster of algal cells wrapped in fungal filaments. These may disperse and form new lichens. A second way for the lichen to reproduce itself is through isidia , which are much like soredia except that isidia are enclosed within a layer of protective cortex tissue. An isidium is much more like a miniature lichen.

22. Highland Eoclogy Highland Ecology consultants carry out a wide range of ecological and environmental work in the UK. Leading experts in NVC and have a variety of specialist consultants able to carry out surveys for invertebrates, lichens, birds, mammals, fungi, and bryophytes. http://www.highlandecology.com/

highland eoclogy http://highlandecology.com/

23. Lichens (All About) Loveable lichens. lichens are some of the most amazing living things onthis planet. lichens are commonly seen and also commonly overlooked. http://www.earthlife.net/lichens/intro.html

Loveable Lichens Lichens are some of the most amazing living things on this planet. Often the first form of life to colonise a new area of rock they occur all across the known world. Lichens are commonly seen and also commonly overlooked. Any structure that has been standing for a reasonable amount of time is likely to be adorned with lichens. Particularly, they are common on older buildings, stone walls, in graveyards and on most perennial (living more than 2 years) plants, particularly trees. Lichen Menu Introduction What is a Lichen Lichen Growth Reproduction in Lichens ... Lichen Bibliography Introduction Lichens are inherently attractive, the more so the more you observe them. They are colourful - greens, greys, oranges and yellows are common colours. Cladonias often have bright red fruiting bodies adding to their attractiveness. The real beauty of lichens however is in their intricate shapes and often three dimensional forms. Lichens have very many shapes or forms and quite a number of these are like a delicate, intricately patterned filigree. Often lichens remind me of fine lace work, except that they are more colourful. Lichens are amazing living entities, in that they are not a single organism like plants, animals or fungi. Instead every single lichen is the result of two or more separate organisms living permanently together. All lichens are made up of a fungal partner and either/or an algal partner or a cyanobacterium partner, or both (

24. The Syrphus Pages Personal site on aspects of the natural history of Scotland, including information about bees, hoverflies, and lichens. http://mysite.freeserve.com/syrphus

25. Flora Of Australia Lichen Glossary. Copyright ABRS Terms likely to be used in the volumes of the Flora of Australia dealing with the lichens. http://www.anbg.gov.au/glossary/webpubl/lichglos.htm

Lichen Glossary D.J.Galloway This general Glossary contains terms likely to be used in the volumes of the Flora of Australia dealing with the lichens (Volumes 54-58). Specialised terms that are crucial to the understanding of the account of an individual family or genus, but not of wide application, will be defined as appropriate in the relevant volumes. As far as possible the definitions provided here conform with those used for vascular plants, but there are some instances where the meanings differ and long-standing practice is accepted. It is the policy of the Flora Editorial Committee to keep the use of technical terms to a minimum so as to make it easy for the reader to use the Flora without constant reference to the Glossary. Words explained accurately, for botanical purposes, in The Macquarie Dictionary have generally not been included in the Glossary unless much more widely used in English in a different sense. Australian Biological Resources Study . Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed in the first instance to the Executive Editor - Flora . These pages may not be displayed on, or downloaded to, any other server without the express permission of ABRS.

26. Www.pinecones.com Offers natural materials such as cones, branches, mosses, lichens, pods, drieds, preserved, pebbles, and shells with image gallery and design ideas. http://www.pinecones.com/

Southern Accents Magazine Nov-Dec, 2000 Tel: 888-470-6989 or 209-533-0408 - Fax: 209-533-2515 - email:Coneguys@aol.com Columbia Pine Cones and Botanicals - P.O. Box 2077 - Columbia, CA 95310 www.pinecones.com PRODUCTS IDEAS SCRAPBOOK HOME ... Wreaths, Swags, Arches, Garlands

27. Lichens Info What are lichens? lichens are in fact a symbiotic lifeform between a fungus and a alga difference between mosses and lichens is that lichens are able to make dishlike http://www.bionet.schule.de/aerodata/lichenes/einfo.htm

Information about lichens 1. What are lichens? Lichens are in fact a symbiotic lifeform between a fungus and a alga. This symbiosis is so intens that seemingly a new lifeform generates: the lichen. For a long time lichens even were concidered to be a seperate taxonomic group. Until in the 18th century lichens were even concidered to be mosses. A difference between mosses and lichens is that lichens are able to make dishlike fruitbodies, just like fungi: apothecia (7) A symbiosis is a lifeform where all the partners have profit of each other. Often the partners get so dependant on each other, that they are not able to live separately any more. In the case of the lichens, the fungus delivers water and minerals to the alga, while the alga takes care of the fotosynthesis ans supplies suchars to the fungus. The fungus sucks these products out of the cells of the algae by means of haustoria (suction-pipes) which penetrates the algal cells. Due to this special liveform, lichens are able to survive extreem conditions: they live on rocks, in freezing conditions, very dry regions... 2. Structure of lichens.

28. Lichens Menu Make your choice. Information about lichens What are lichens ? How are they build? A WORD 6document to allow pupils to determinate lichens on the field. http://bionet.informatik.uni-oldenburg.de/aerodata/lichenes/emenu.htm

Make your choice Information about lichens What are lichens ? How are they build ? Microscopical study. What do they mean ? Online decisiontabel Labosuggestions concerning acid rain Download a fieldworkpaper A WORD 6-document to allow pupils to determinate lichens on the field. You can use this document freely for classical use. Every commercial distribution is strictly prohibited ! Lichens as bioindicator for SO -pollution Download the decisiontabel to use with an off-lineviewer You can use this tabel freely for classical use. Every commercial distribution is strictly prohibited ! Write a message to Pierre Volpe

29. SCT - Namibia - Galleries - Collections - West Of Brandberg A picture profile of the Northern Namib, its flora and fauna including Welwitschia mirablilis and lichens. http://www.slowcoach.org/sct/namibia/galleries/collections/westofbrandberg0101.h

page.display(1); West of Brandberg A Picture Profile of the Northern Namib From Henties Bay to the Ugab River Bounded by the cold Altantic in the West, the Ugab River to the North, and the Henties Bay to Uis road and the Brandberg Massif in the South and East is a land of cool morning mists and scorching midday heat. Here the Namib is sand poor. The surface, mostly a fine rocky gravel, supports a wide variety of plants and lichens, birds, lizards but few mammals. This is a true desert with little or no rainfall and few permanent water sources. The wildlife is adapted to survive largely on the fog that rolls in from the Atlantic in the mornings. This is a land dominated by lichens, sucullents and of course that strangest of the Namib plants the Welwitschia. This marginal land is in fact full of life. When you gaze across the plains you will see rocks of many different colours. Some of this is geology; much of it is lichen and tiny shrubs and succulents. The coastal strip forms the National West Coast Tourist Recreation Area. This protected area is home to the perhaps the most unique collection lichen anywhere on earth. Here much of what you can see is lichen and the desert changes colour as lichen fades from its bright mist drenched morning oranges, greens and reds to more sombre growns, blacks and grays as the day heats up. Quartz encusted with many different lichens.

30. The Lichens Mailing Lists and Newsgroups lichensL. If you want to subscribe, you shouldsend e-mail to listproc@hawaii.edu with the message SUBSCRIBE lichens-L http://www.is.kochi-u.ac.jp/Bio/lichens/lich-f-2.html

General Third IAL ( I nternational A ... Lichen Informations System Lichenological Reserches Environmental Surveillance from Satellites by Hans Toemmervik Lichen regeneration rates and logging disturbances Reproductive study of lichens based on genetic algorithms Interactions between silicate minerals and lithobiontic microbial communities (lichens) Lapland Forest Damage Project: Lichens are most sensitive ... Threatened Lichens in Finland Journals Bryologist Lichenologist (Contents, Instruction to authors) Index to the Index of Fungi Herbaria, Checklists and Databases Asia Lichen Collection at Tel Aviv Univ. Europe Lichenes catalogue at NRM (Swedish Museum of Natural History) Information (Botanical Museum at Uppsala Univ.) Lichenologists in Baltic and Nordic countries Database_LICHEN (Red List of the epiphytic lichens of Switzerland) USA University of Minnesota Herbarium Specimen Catalogues Lichen Data Development (USDA, NRCS, National Plant Data Center) Mycological and Lichenological Information (Smithsonian Inst.) Checklist of lichenized Fungi of Guianas ... Wisconsin Cooperative Park Studies Unit Lichenological Organizations International Association for Lichenology British Lichen Society Prospectus American Bryological and Lichenological Society Address of Lichenologists Email Address of Lichenologists Index of Lichenologists (Members of IAL) Mycologists Online (MYCO) Plant Taxonomists Online (PTO) ... Collection Managers Online (CMO) Lichenologists of the World Dr. Isao Yoshimura's Home Page

31. Albert Lake Mesa 48 km northwest of Nipigon. Moraine, mesa, and cuesta. Many species of liverwort plants and lichens. Nature reserve; no facilities. Natural features, facilities, location. http://OntarioParks.com/english/albe.html

Skip over main navigation to content. Welcome Your Parks Park Zine ... Feedback Natural Features In this nature reserve, you'll find three types of landforms moraine, mesa and cuesta all in one region. A cuesta is a hill or ridge, with a steep face on one side, and a gentle slope on the other. The park is home to many species of liverwort plants and lichens, some rare, and the locally uncommon sharp-tailed grouse. Park Facilities and Activities There are no park facilities for visitors. Location: Forty-eight kilometres northwest of Nipigon, between lakes Nipigon and Superior. Park Class Size IUCN# Location Operating Park Nature Reserve 130 ha Northwest No For more information: Albert Lake Mesa Provincial Park P.O. Box 970

32. Checklist Of Japanese Lichens Checklist of Japanese lichens recorded in floristic studies since 1980 (underconstruction). Go to The lichens Go to Laboratory of Plant Taxonomy. http://www.is.kochi-u.ac.jp/Bio/lichens/fljapan.html

Checklist of Japanese lichens recorded in floristic studies since 1980 (under construction) A B C D ... Abbreviations for the localities Species Localities return to the top menu return to the top menu return to the top menu Dermatocarpon miniatum (L.) Mann.Sd, DI, Ts Dictyonema morrei (Nyl.) Henss. Fj D. sericeum (Sw.) Berk. Dimerella lutea (Dicks.) Trev. Hk, Sd Diproschistes cinereocaesius (S. W.) Vain. Dirinaria applanata (Fee) Awas. MB, DI return to the top menu return to the top menu Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale Fj, MB, Sd, DI return to the top menu return to the top menu return to the top menu Icmadophylla ericetorum (L.) Zahlbr. Fj, MB return to the top menu return to the top menu return to the top menu Nephroma bellum (Spreng.) Tuck. Hk, MB, Sd, Ts N. helveticum Ach. Fj, MB, Sd, Ts N. helveticum f. caespitosum Asah. N. laevigatum Ach. Ts N. moeszii Gyeln. Sd N. parile Ach. Sd. N. resupinatum (L.) Ach. Hk, Fj, MB, Sd, Ts N. servetiatum Gyeln. MB N. tropicum (Mull. Arg.) Zahlbr. Fj, MB, Sd, Ts Nephromopsis asahinae (Sato) Raes. Hk, MB, Sd, Ts N. ectocarpisma (Hue) Gyeln. Hk, Sd, Ts N. endocrocea Asah. Hk, MB N. nipponensis (Asah.) Lai Fj, MB, Ts N. ornata (Mull. Arg.) Hue Fj, MB, Ts N. pallescens Schaer. Hk, Fj, Ts N. pseudocomplicata (Asah.) Lai Fj, MB, Ts N. rugosa (Asah.) Sato Fj Normandina pulchella (Borr.) Nyl. Sd, Ts

33. Rhode Island's Foliose And Fruticose Lichens With Emphasis On The Nature Conserv Habitat notes, distribution maps, and color photographs of over 90 species of macrolichens by Don Flenniken. http://www.uri.edu/ce/rinhs/webpubs/lichens/

Rhode Island's Foliose and Fruticose Lichens Rhode Island's Foliose and Fruticose Lichens With Emphasis on the Nature Conservancy Preserves and Related Lands Don Flenniken Contents Publisher's intro Order on CD RINHS web pubs ... RINHS.org Flenniken, Don. 2003. Rhode Island's Foliose and Fruticose Lichens with Emphasis on the Nature Conservancy Preserves and Related Lands. Rhode Island Natural History Survey, Kingston, RI. Rhode Island Natural History Survey Science Editors Company

34. Recent Literature On Lichens Recent Literature on lichens is a series published in The Bryologist,a journal of The American Bryological and Lichenological Society. http://www.toyen.uio.no/botanisk/bot-mus/lav/sok_rll.htm

Recent Literature on Lichens is a series published in The Bryologist , a journal of The American Bryological and Lichenological Society . The series aims at listing all recently published papers in lichenology, with a complete bibliographic reference, keywords, and abstract - including mention of all new scientific names and combinations. The authors are William L. Culberson (No 1 - 100, 1951 - 1978), Robert S. Egan (No 101 - 143, 1979 - 1991), and Theodore L. Esslinger (from No 144, 1991). Lists No 1 - 143 have been computerized by Robert S. Egan and lists starting from No 144 by Theodore L. Esslinger. The database is put on the World-Wide Web by Einar Timdal Lichenologists are encouraged to send a copy of their publications to Theodore L. Esslinger, Department of Botany, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, U.S.A., for entry in a coming list. Search result for non-commercial purposes, any commercial use must be by prior written agreement. The current database contains lists No 1 - 193 (25108 records). Suggested Citation: Go to the Search Form

35. Korstmossenwerk In Nederland Over korstmossenonderzoek in Nederland. Met rode lijst, checklist en foto's. http://www.biodiv.nl/lichens/index-nl.htm

Voor het bekijken van deze website hebt u een browser nodig die frames ondersteund.

36. Checklist To The Norwegian Lichens: Accepted Names Checklist to Norwegian lichens Accepted names. This checklist isbased on Santesson, R. 1993 The lichens and lichenicolous fungi http://www.toyen.uio.no/botanisk/bot-mus/lav/bmlnosj.htm

Checklist to Norwegian lichens: Accepted names This checklist is based on Santesson, R. 1993: The lichens and lichenicolous fungi of Sweden and Norway, Absconditella annexa (Arnold) Vezda Absconditella delutula Absconditella sphagnorum Absconditella trivialis (Tuck.) Vezda Acarospora amphibola Wedd. Acarospora atrata Hue Acarospora badiofusca (Nyl.) Th. Fr. Acarospora brunneola Magnusson Acarospora cervina Massal. Acarospora discreta (Ach.) Arnold Acarospora fuscata (Schrad.) Arnold Acarospora glaucocarpa Acarospora heppii Acarospora hospitans Magnusson Acarospora impressula Th. Fr. Acarospora insolata Magnusson Acarospora intricata Magnusson Acarospora macrospora (Hepp) Bagl. Acarospora molybdina (Wahlenb.) Trevisan Acarospora nitrophila Magnusson Acarospora normanii Magnusson Acarospora oligospora (Nyl.) Arnold Acarospora peliscypha Th. Fr. Acarospora praeruptorum Magnusson Acarospora rhizobola (Nyl.) Alstrup Acarospora rosulata (Th. Fr.) Magnusson Acarospora rugulosa Acarospora scabrida Magnusson Acarospora scrobiculata Magnusson Acarospora scyphulifera Vainio Acarospora sinopica Acarospora smaragdula (Wahlenb.) Massal.

37. Lichenology In The Netherlands Korstmossenonderzoek in Nederland. Informatie over korstmossen in verschillende provincies, activiteiten en foto's. (EngelsNederlands) http://www.biodiv.nl/lichens/

38. Mycological Progress - International Journal Of Fungal Sciences -----> We Are Fi Papers on all aspects of fungi, including lichens. Contains author instructions, subscription information, and contents and abstracts (2002 to present). http://www.mycological-progress.com

General Information Impressum How to Order Editorial Board Instructions to Authors Questionnaire for Authors Call for Papers Contents of Hitherto Published Volumes Abstracts of Published Contributions Contents of the Latest Issue Electronic Supple- mentary Material Mycological Progress... publishes papers on all aspects of fungi, including lichens. International Journal of Fungal Sciences

39. Links Dealing With Lichen And Lichenologists Links to lichens and Lichenologists. Scholastic Network. Short introduction to lichensin Antarctica. lichens of Boston Creek. Introduction to lichens of area. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/cpsu/hmpage.html

Links to Lichens and Lichenologists Collections Education Publications Other ... Related Societies Related Societies American Bryological and Lichenological Society Homepage Collections Searchable databases of Lichen Types Scanned Images of Swartz' lichen types Scanned Images of Acharius' lichen types Cliff Wetmore Cliff Wetmore Several lichen lists, including U.S. and Canada Gopher of collections at the National Museum of Natural History Access to type collection information, Smithsonian Institute, Washington Lichen Herbarium-Swedish Museum of Natural History List of lichens ( can be viewed as well as downloaded ) Smithsonian Institution List of lichen type specimens Check list of lichens-Guianas Lichen collections at the University of Oslo Including checklists, synonyms,distribution maps. etc. Botanical Museum, Copenhagen Breif description of collection. Education TERC Global lab, TERC homepage Lichens. Apparently for school classroom use. Some pictures Open University Walton Hall nature trail Note on lichen and air pollution.

40. Invasion Of Pollution-tolerant Lichens Research on the distribution of four pollutiontolerant non-native lichens in the Pacific Northwest. http://lichens.science.oregonstate.edu/invasion.htm

Invasion of Pollution-tolerant Lichens in the Pacific Northwest and Other Contributors Last updated: September 1998 Introduction The species Methods Sampling design and site selection Field procedures Recognizing the target species Data sheet Data management Results You can contribute

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