81. LacusCurtius • Ptolemy's Geography — Book IV, Chapter 5 Marmarica, libya, and Egypt the chapter from the geography of Ptolemy, in a bad English translation, with a map drawn to his coördinates. http://www.ukans.edu/history/index/europe/ancient_rome/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman

mail: Bill Thayer Aiuto previous chapter next chapter Book IV, Chapter 5 Embracing all of Marmarica, Libya, and Egypt (from the Third Map of Libya) General Note on the Text: The text of this chapter was subjected in the 1932 edition to a particularly poor rendering, in which Greek, Latin and English grammar all went by the board, as well as punctuation, capitalization and consistency in translation, and with them all vestiges of common sense. To be fair, the technical difficulties of translation involved in the Geography are nowhere more evident than here. The words that appear here as placenames mix loose appellations like "sandy area" with medievally filtered Latin versions of Greek translations of original Egyptian placenames, and it is often very hard to decide past which level not to translate. The 1932 editor, however, seems not to have made any real effort. I've therefore had to massage the more glaring defects out of the text: Busiriticum river and Busiriticus river both appear because the cases were different in a Latin text; the nome appears in the Greek adjectival form Busirites Busiris Thebarum nome Thebae the nome of Thebes ; etc.)

82. Columbus World Travel Guide - Africa - Libyan Arab Jamahiriya - General Informat Population Density 3.0 per sq km. Capital Tripoli. Population 1,313,996 (1995). geography libya consists mostly of huge areas of desert. http://www.worldtravelguide.net/data/lby/lby.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/Africa/LibyanArabJamahiriya/GeneralInformation'; document.write('Research Libyan Arab Jamahiriya hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses General Information Passport/Visa Money ... Africa /Libya LIBYA General Information Area: 1,775,500 sq km (685,520 sq miles). Population: Population Density: 3.0 per sq km. Capital: Tripoli. Population: GEOGRAPHY: Libya consists mostly of huge areas of desert. It shares borders with Tunisia and Algeria in the west and Egypt in the east, while the Sahara extends across the southern frontiers with Niger, Chad and the Sudan. There are almost 2000km (1250 miles) of Mediterranean coast, with a low plain extending from the Tunisian border to the Jebel Akhdar (Green Mountain) area in the east. Inland the terrain becomes more hilly. Agriculture has developed mainly on the coast between Zuwarah and Misratah in the west and from Marsa Susa to Benghazi in the east. In the uplands of the old province of Cyrenaica and on Jebel Akhdar the vegetation is more lush. With the exception of the ‘Sand Sea’ of the Sarir Calanscio, and the Saharan mountains of the Sarir Tibesti, there are oases scattered throughout the country. Government: Jamahiriya (state of the masses). Gained independence from Italy in 1951.

83. Libya : CTI Geography, Geology And Meteorology US); libya Homepage (US); World Factbook 1999 (US). Home Places Comments via form or email cti@le.ac.uk . Page updated 17/09/99 © CTI geography, Geology http://www.geog.le.ac.uk/cti/places/libya.html

Libya CityNet: Libya (US) Libya Resources on the Internet (US) Libya Homepage (US) World Factbook 1999 (US) Home Places form or email cti@le.ac.uk Page updated 17/09/99

84. TDS; Passports, Visas, Travel Documents geography disputes the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled in February 1994 that the 100,000 sq km Aozou Strip between Chad and libya belongs to Chad http://www.traveldocs.com/ly/geog.htm

Libya Africa GEOGRAPHY Cities: CapitalTripoli (pop. 1.5 mil-lion). OtherBenghazi (800,000). Terrain: Desert and semidesert; hills south of Tripoli and east of Benghazi. Climate: Mediterranean on coast; arid. Location: Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and Tunisia Map references: Africa Area: total area: 1,759,540 sq km land area: 1,759,540 sq km comparative area: slightly larger than Alaska Land boundaries: total 4,383 km, Algeria 982 km, Chad 1,055 km, Egypt 1,150 km, Niger 354 km, Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km Coastline: 1,770 km Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm Gulf of Sidra closing line: 32 degrees 30 minutes north International disputes: the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled in February 1994 that the 100,000 sq km Aozou Strip between Chad and Libya belongs to Chad, and that Libya must withdraw from it by 31 May 1994; Libya has withdrawn some its forces in response to the ICJ ruling, but still maintains an airfield in the disputed area; maritime boundary dispute with Tunisia; claims part of northern Niger and part of southeastern Algeria Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, gypsum

85. YourDictionary.com • Counterterrorism Glossaries geography of Terrorism. libya, The libyan government is a form of Islam combined with socialism foisted on the nation by Colonel Mu`ammar alQadhafi, who rose to http://www.yourdictionary.com/library/terror.html

About Store Register Contact The Dictionaries: Language Specialty Multilingual Translation ... More Geography of Terrorism Afghanistan The U.S.S.R. invaded Afghanistan (1979-1989) to protect the civilian regime from overthrow by several militant mujahideen , supplied and supported by the U.S. over the Pakistani border. Political chaos followed the Soviet withdrawal and the fundamentalist Taliban eventually gained control. Only Pakistan Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirate have recognized the Taliban as the legal government of Afghanistan. Iran Known as Persia until 1935, Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979 when the U.S. under Carter withdrew support for the current shah Reza Pahlavi. Militant Iranian students seized the US Embassy in Tehran on November 4, 1979 and held it until January 20, 1981. Iran is currently ruled by a conservative clerical government that supports various terrorist groups. [LOC Country Study] Iraq Iraq gained its independence from Turkey in 1932. Since 1958 it has been controlled by the military, the latest being Saddam Hussein. Attempts at territorial expansion led to a costly war with Iran (1980-1988) and the Gulf War with the U.S when it seized Kuwait. It is now under U.N. sanctions which make it strongly anti-U.S. [LOC Country Study] Israel Following World War II, the British withdrew from Palestine and the U.N. partitioned it into Arab and Jewish sectors over vociferous objections by the Arabs. In 1967 Israel expanded its territories at the expense of Palestine, Egypt

86. ArabicNews.com Country Basic Facts Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and Tunisia Geographic coordinates 25 the 100,000 sq km Aozou Strip between Chad and libya belongs to http://www.arabicnews.com/BasicFacts/LIBYA/Geography.html

Search News Calendar Resources Weather Letters to the Editor Book Store Science and Technology ... Subscribe and Services Marketplace Advertising Info Basic Country Facts Geography Location: Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and Tunisia Geographic coordinates: 25 00 N, 17 00 E Map references: Africa Area: total area: 1,759,540 sq km land area: 1,759,540 sq km comparative area: slightly larger than Alaska Land boundaries: total: 4,383 km border countries: Algeria 982 km, Chad 1,055 km, Egypt 1,150 km, Niger 354 km, Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km Coastline: 1,770 km Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm Gulf of Sidra closing line: 32 degrees 30 minutes north International disputes: the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled in February 1994 that the 100,000 sq km Aozou Strip between Chad and Libya belongs to Chad and that Libya must withdraw from it by 31 May 1994; Libya has withdrawn some of its forces in response to the ICJ ruling, but still maintains part of the airfield and a small military presence at the airfield's water supply located in Chad; maritime boundary dispute with Tunisia; claims part of northern Niger and part of southeastern Algeria Climate: Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior

87. Libya - Atlapedia Online LOCATION geography libya is located along the Mediterranean coast of North Africa. It is bound by Tunisia to the northwest, Algeria http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/libya.htm

OFFICIAL NAME: Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriyah CAPITAL: Tripoli SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT: Socialist Military Dictatorship AREA: 1,759,540 Sq Km (679,362 Sq Mi) ESTIMATED 2000 POPULATION: Libya is located along the Mediterranean coast of North Africa. It is bound by Tunisia to the northwest, Algeria to the west, Niger to the southwest, Chad to the south, Sudan to the southeast, Egypt to the east and the Mediterranean Sea to the north. The principal topographical regions are Tripolitania or Western Muqataa, Cyrenaica or Eastern Muqataa and Fezzan or Southern Muqataa. Around 93% of Libya's land area is semidesert or comprised of the Sahara Desert. The country is generally low lying with two northern upland areas while to the south the land rises to form the Tibesti and Uweinat Massifs. The country has no permanent rivers, although water courses known as wadis flow during rains. Major Cities (pop. est.); Tripoli 591,100, Banghazi 446,300, Misratah 121,700 (1988). Land Use; forested 0.5%, pastures 7.5%, agricultural-cultivated 1%, desert and other 91% (1993). CLIMATE: Libya has two climatic zones, (1.) a Mediterranean along the coast and the northern areas which is generally characterized by warm dry summers with cold winters and a variable precipitation up to 600 mm (24 inches) between October and March. (2.) A hot and dry desert climate in the south with rainfall seldom exceeding 500 mm (19 inches) annually. The prevailing winds are from the north and east between May and October as well as the north and west between November and April. Average temperature ranges in Tripoli are from 8 to 16 degrees Celsius (46 to 61 degrees Fahrenheit) in January to 22 to 30 degrees Celsius (72 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit) in August.

88. Libya: Complete Travel Information To Libya, Travel Facts, Business Information, POPULATION DENSITY 2.6 per sq km. CAPITAL Tripoli. Population 481,295 (1973). geography libya consists mostly of huge areas of desert. http://www.mideasttravelnet.com/mideastsite/libya/gn.htm

LIBYA GENERAL AREA: 1,775,500 sq km (685,520 sq miles). POPULATION: 4,700,000 (1993 estimate). POPULATION DENSITY: 2.6 per sq km. CAPITAL: Tripoli. Population: GEOGRAPHY: Libya consists mostly of huge areas of desert. It shares borders with Tunisia and Algeria in the west, and Egypt in the east, while the Sahara extends across the southern frontiers with Niger, Chad and the Sudan. There are almost 2000km (1250 miles) of Mediterranean coast, with a low plain extending from the Tunisian border to the Jebel Akhdar (Green Mountain) area in the east. Climate : Summers are hot and winters mild with cooler evenings. The desert has hot days and cold nights. LANGUAGE: Arabic (which must be used for all official purposes), with some English or Italian. English is normally understood by people working in hotels, restaurants and shops. Religion: Sunni Muslim. TIME: GMT + 2. Home Page General Brief History Travel Information ... After Hours Useful Addresses Business Briefing Shopping Conference Add a Link ... Feedback Sites

89. Dr. Massimiliano Cricco Current Research. The metamorphosis of libya on the international scene. Allan, John Antony libya, the experience of Oil, London, Croom Helm, 1981. http://www2.soas.ac.uk/Geography/Research/Personalpages/Max.htm

Dr. Massimiliano Cricco Degree Political Science (Perugia), MA Diplomatic Studies (LUISS, Rome), MA European Studies (Perugia), PhD. History of International Relations (Florence) Post-doctoral Researcher e-mail: massicricco@yahoo.com Current Research The metamorphosis of Libya on the international scene. From a pro-Western Kingdom, bastion for the defence of the Mediterranean, to a rich of oil 'Revolutionary Republic' (1959-1973). The discovery of oil and its extraction on a large scale deeply changed Libya's international relations from 1959. Before the discovery of oil in Libya the interests of the United States and Great Britain had been exclusively of a strategic-military nature, since the Arab country was a bastion for the defence of the Mediterranean; after the discovery of oil, the economic weight of Libya as a 'West of Suez' reserve of crude oil became preponderant for the Western Powers. The birth of OPEC in March 1960, by which the oil producing countries intended to determine the price of crude oil, strengthened the position of Libya within the (economic) balance of powers. As a non-OPEC country tied by important military and commercial agreements to the Western Powers, and placed to the West of Suez, Libya was a vital oil reserve for the West (the oil that came from the Persian Gulf could reach Western Europe only through the Suez Canal, controlled by Egypt, and therefore Nasser). From the beginning of the Sixties a great amount of crude oil was extracted from the Libyan wells.

90. :: Ez2Find :: Libya Info Translate - Open New Window Country overview, including history, geography, culture and government. URL http//www.arab.net/libya/; BBC Country http://ez2find.com/cgi-bin/directory/meta/search.pl/Regional/Africa/Libya/

Guide : Libya Global Metasearch Any Language English Afrikaans Arabic Bahasa Melayu Belarusian Bulgarian Catala Chinese Simplified Chinese Traditional Cymraeg Czech Dansk Deutsch Eesti Espanol Euskara Faroese Francais Frysk Galego Greek Hebrew Hrvatski Indonesia Islenska Italiano Japanese Korean Latvian Lietuviu Lingua Latina Magyar Netherlands Norsk Polska Portugues Romana Russian Shqip Slovensko Slovensky Srpski Suomi Svenska Thai Turkce Ukrainian Vietnamese Mode All Words Any Word Phrase Results Timeout Depth Adult Filter Add to Favorites Other Search Web News Newsgroups Images Guides Libya ez2Find Home Directory Regional Africa : Libya Arts and Entertainment Business and Economy Education Government ... Travel and Tourism Related Categories Regional: Africa: Regions: North Africa Regional: Europe: Regions: Mediterranean World: Arabic Web Sites ArabNet - Libya [Site Info] [Translate] [Open New Window] Country overview, including history, geography, culture and government. URL: http://www.arab.net/libya/ BBC Country Profile [Site Info] [Translate] [Open New Window] Key facts, figures and dates. URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/middle_east/country_profiles/newsid_819000/819291.stm

91. Zeal.com - United States - New - Travel - Destinations - Africa - Countries - Li 1. libya About.com, geography http//geography.about.com/library/maps/bllibya.htm Expert guide has assembled a collection of various map types, sources of http://zeal.com/category/preview.jhtml?cid=71916

92. Libya Africa Regional English ArabNet libya www.arab.net/libya/ Regional Africa libya. Country overview ( ArabNet - libya ) including history, geography, culture and government. http://www.interactiva.org/Dir/I/English/Regional/Africa/Libya/

www.interactiva.org English Deutsch Espa±ol ... Libya Libya : Regional Africa Libya: Localities Arts and Entertainment Business and Economy Education ... Travel and Tourism Arabic: Arabic English Regional Europe Regions: Mediterranean English Regional Africa Regions: North Africa Libya Country Study lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/lytoc.html Regional Africa Libya. Country profile ( Libya Country Study ) history, geography, economy, politics. BBC Country Profile news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/middle_east/country_profiles/newsid_819000/819291.stm Regional Africa Libya. Key facts ( BBC Country Profile ) figures and dates. CIA Factbook - Libya www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ly.html Regional Africa Libya. Features map and brief descriptions of geography ( CIA Factbook - Libya ) economy, government, and people. FOC Country Profile - Libya Regional Africa Libya. Notes on geography ( FOC Country Profile - Libya ) history, politics, economy, international relations, travel, current affairs. ArabNet - Libya www.arab.net/libya/ Regional Africa Libya. Country overview ( ArabNet - Libya ) including history, geography, culture and government.

93. Libya Country Information. libya Remarks and Statements - Fact Sheets - Quick Links to Selected Annual Reports. libya. The U.S. does not maintain an embassy in libya; neither does libya have an embassy http://www.state.gov/p/nea/ci/c2415.htm

Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs Country Information Libya Remarks and Statements Fact Sheets Quick Links to Selected Annual Reports Libya Background Notes for Libya Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members World Factbook (CIA) Country Study (Library of Congress) The U.S. does not maintain an embassy in Libya; neither does Libya have an embassy in the U.S. This site is managed by the Bureau of Public Affairs, U.S. Department of State. External links to other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views contained therein.

94. Economy Of Libya The Economy of libya. Climatic conditions and poor soils severely limit farm output, and libya imports about 75% of its food requirements. http://www.abacci.com/atlas/economy.asp?countryID=250

95. Libya Vacation Guide: Libya Vacations, Libya Safaries Libyan support for terrorism decreased after UN sanctions were imposed in bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and Tunisia Geographic coordinates 25 http://www.travelwizard.com/africa/Libya_Overview.html

Site Index Africa Luxury Vacations: Call 1-415-662-2683 to book. Open every day! Places in Africa Algeria Angola Benin ... Zimbabwe Libya: Overview Since he took power in a 1969 military coup, Col. Muammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI has espoused his own political system - a combination of socialism and Islam - which he calls the Third International Theory. Viewing himself as a revolutionary leader, he used oil funds during the 1970s and 1980s to promote his ideology outside Libya, even supporting subversives and terrorists abroad to hasten the end of Marxism and capitalism. Libyan military adventures failed, e.g., the prolonged foray of Libyan troops into the Aozou Strip in northern Chad was finally repulsed in 1987. Libyan support for terrorism decreased after UN sanctions were imposed in 1992. Those sanctions were suspended in April 1999. Location: Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and Tunisia Geographic coordinates: 25 00 N, 17 00 E Map references: Africa Area: total: 1,759,540 sq km land: 1,759,540 sq km

96. Libyan Geography http://www.libyana.org/maps/

97. LIBYA GeographyLibya is located along the northeastern coast of Africa. Tourism Information If you have any information we will be glad to post it. http://www.hmnet.com/africa/libya/libya.html

LIBYA Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya GEOGRAPHY: Location:- Northern Africa Area: Total area:- 1,759,540 sq. km Land area:- 1,759,540 sq. km Capital city:- Tripoli Natural Resources: Petroleum, natural gas, gypsum PEOPLE: Population: 5,690,727 Literacy rate: 76.2% of total population, (Males:87.9%, Females:63%) Languages: Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the major cities. Religious:- 97%- Sunni Muslim VITAL STATISTICS: Birth rate:- 43.94 (per 1,000 population)(1997) Death rate:- 7.49 (per 1,000 population) Infant Mortality rate: 57.7 (deaths per 1,000 live births) Fertility rate:- 6.19 (per woman) Life Expectancy at birth: Total population:- 65.05 (Males:62.84, Females:67.37) GOVERNMENT: Type of Government: Jamahiriya (a state of the masses) in theory, goverment by the populace through local councils; in fact, a military dictatorship. Independence: December 24, 1951 (from Italy) President: Revolutinary Leader Col. Muammar Gadhafi Head of Government: Secretary of the General People's Committee (Premier) Ahmad Muhammad al-Manqush ECONOMY: GDP:- purchasing power parity - $34.5 billion (1995)

98. DinoData Geography Lybia Africa geography Africa Dinosaurs geography Timescale . Ca No Rh He Si Pl To Aa Ba Ba Ca Ox Ki Ti Be Va Ha Ba Ap Al Ce Tu Co Sa Ca Ma . geography. Lybia. http://www.dinodata.net/Dd/Namelist/GEO/Lybia.htm

Africa Geography Africa Dinosaurs Geography Timescale ... Ma Geography Lybia CARCHARODONTOSAURUS CARCHARODONTOSAURUS saharicus ELAPHROSAURUS iguidiensis MEGALOSAURUS africanus ... DinoData

99. Geography Of The Libyan Desert geography of the Libyan Desert. The Sahara is diagonally split into a western and an eastern half by a series of highlands. In the http://www.fjexpeditions.com/desert/geography/geography.htm

Geography of the Libyan Desert Since the second world war the north-eastern part of the Libyan desert, lying in Egypt, is usually referred to as the Western Desert (that is, lying to the west of the Nile). The whole area is composed of a flat plain gently sloping towards the Mediterranean Sea. The tilted rock strata are eroded as the land rises southwards, resulting in a series of scarps that run parallel to the sea, and form cliffs sometimes several hundred metres high. At some points at the base of the scarps the wind has excavated depressions which reach into an aquifyer layer lying under the whole of the Libyan desert, forming oases. Aside the scarps, the general flatness is only interrupted by a series of plateaus and massifs near the centre of the Libyan Desert, around the convergence of the Egyptian-Sudanese-Libyan Borders. The Gilf Kebir plateau rises about 300 metres above the general plain, and lies entirely in Egypt. It roughly equals Switzerland in size, and is similar in structure to the other sandstone plateaus of the central Sahara. It's South-eastern part is well defined on all sides, with sheer cliffs and deep, narrow wadis. The

100. GlobalCircle Portal  L-M Latvia, Latvia geography, demographics, economy, modern history to 1994 The Latvian Human Rights Committee The Baltic Inernational Center of Human Education Gay http://globalcircle.net/00l-m.htm

click on any letter for alphabetized topics see Topic Connections Map Main Topic Index A B C D ... Z Continent Index for Countries Africa Asia Pacific Canada ... World l La Causa See Cesar Chavez La Raza National Council of La Raza (NCLR) (See Hispanic labor , sweatshops SEE labor page Lachapelle , Dolores Educating for Deep Ecology About a meeting with Arne Naess Ritual is Essential, Seeing ritual and ceremony as sophisticated social and spiritual technology Books: Sacred Land, Sacred Sex : Rapture of the Deep : Concerning Deep Ecology and Celebrating Life D. H. Lawrence Future Primitive (see ecology LaDuke , Winona Anishinaabe Philosophy and Spirituality Book: All Our Relations - Native Struggles for Land and Life , by Winona Laduke An Open Letter too Winona LaDuke and Ralph Nader , by WaBun-Inini, aka, Vernon Bellecourt, White Earth Anishinabe Ojibwa Nation, National Representative, American Indian Movement Grand Governing Council (see indigenous-USA Makah Laguna Pueblo, New Mexico, U.S.

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