1. Biography Collections: Special Collections: Latin Americans, Hispanics, Latinos Lives, the Biography Resource, linking to thousands of biographyrelated sites including autobiographies, journals, letters, diaries, memoirs, biography collections, etc. Australians and New Zealanders. latin americans, Hispanics, latinos Browse sections on all aspects of art, culture, and A monthly bilingual cultural publication for Puerto Ricans. http://amillionlives.com/Collect_spec5.html

GENERAL COLLECTIONS REGIONS PROFESSIONS SPECIAL COLLECTIONS CRITICISM ERAS INDIVIDUAL LIVES - A B C D ... X-Y-Z THE SPECIAL COLLECTIONS African Americans Women The Holocaust The Civil War ... Australians and New Zealanders Latin Americans, Hispanics, Latinos Special Collections: Latin Americans, Hispanics, Latinos [Including people of all the Americas south of the United States, of the Caribbean, and of the U.S. and Canada of Latin American heritage.] Although many excellent resources are certainly available in Spanish, Portuguese, and other languages of the region, I cannot honestly evaluate them due to my limitations in those languages. Regrettably, all links point only to English language Web pages. Alamo de Parras The Untold Story of the Alamo's Early History The Amazon Throne: The Orleans-Braganza of Brazil Arts and History: Virtual Forum of Mexican Culture An outstanding collection of Mexican resources, actually many individual sites in one. Browse sections on all aspects of art, culture, and history for informative content and many fine images. Look to the literature section for a large biographical dictionary of authors, but more biographies from Mexico can be found throughout this large site. Spanish/English. Aztec Rulers - Aztecs of Mexico Barrio Life Arte El Boricua A monthly bilingual cultural publication for Puerto Ricans.

2. Cultural Aspects Of Atomic Anxieties cultural aspects of atomic anxiety. written by Professor Alan culturewatchers doubted that americans were as anxious about Constance Carrier, who taught latin at a high school http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/atomic-anxieties.html

Cultural aspects of atomic anxiety written by Professor Alan Filreis for use in discussions of Michael Frayn's Copenhagen Penn Reading Project, University of Pennsylvania, 1999 Some culture-watchers doubted that Americans were as anxious about the prospects of nuclear annihilation as everyone said they were. Was it really the "Age of Anxiety" specifically because of the bomb? The poet Rolfe Humphries, in his introduction to a 1953 anthology of New Poems by American Poets Fragmentation was one fear. The loss of control was another. The bomb symbolized the two fears in one. In an issue of Time into the home. Paul Boyer has written a book called By the Bomb's Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age (1985). He argues that after initial activism a dumb acceptance of the bomb set in. Allan Winkler's Life Under a Cloud: American Anxiety about the Atom (1993) argues the opposite: the threatened feeling continued through to the end of the cold war in the early 1990s. But Winkler and Boyer agree, as Boyer put it, that "American culture had been profoundly affected by atomic fear, by a dizzying plethora of atomic panaceas and proposals, and by endless speculation on the social and ethical implications of the new reality." No audience or reader of Michael Frayn's Copenhagen should for a moment forget Frayn's frank projection of the long view of such fears onto a conversation between two nuclear players who might not have been able to predict the culture beyond the physics. The dreams described by poet Humphries as unrelated to nuclear anxieties are the same "strange dreams" Frayn's Heisenberg has when he tries not to think about the U.S. A-bombing of Japanese cities. Once the bombs had been dropped, could Americans go on and play ping pong or poker, go shopping, shoot cap-pistols in fringed jackets and Dan'l Boaone caps? Of course. What choice did one have? Should one bite one's nails or pull at one's hair all day long because instant annihilation was always possible? When Heisenberg confronts Bohr with the deadly seriousness of the issue, one senses that he is almost mistaken in thinking he must pull Bohr out of the world of innocent quotidian acts:

3. WWW Resources On Latin America to photographs, music, and other cultural aspects of the others on Mayans, Aztecs,and Native americans. latin American Studies WWW Sites Central America and http://itc.gsw.edu/atws/latam.htm

World Wide Web Resources on LATIN AMERICA SEARCH ENGINES Alta Vista Yahoo Infoseek Lycos ... The Latino Connection: Information on Latin/Hispanic countries. Individual country pages link to history, travel, culture, maps, etc. Latin American Information Center: Most complete information on Latin American studies on the Web. Information on art, history, anthropology, politics, libraries, publications, and others. Organization of American States: (OAS) LatinoLink: Latino art, culture, and political news. South America: Overview of the socio-political situations in South America. The Virtual Institute of Caribbean Studies Caribbean Home Page: In-depth country profiles include Barbados, Jamaica, Martinique, and many other Caribbean countries. Project Central America: Maps, photos, electronic textbook, and other information on Central America. Central America: The Institute of Caribbean Studies: Good academic information on Caribbean studies. SUNY at Albany. Research projects, journal articles, book reviews, research notes. Latin American Studies: University of New Mexico.

4. Social And Cultural Aspects Of Drinking - Culture Chemistry And Consequences Social and cultural aspects of Drinking France and Italy, or the latinstyle drinking-places established by and Los Angeles, Chicanos, Mexican-americans and Anglos mix freely in http://www.sirc.org/publik/drinking6.html

Social and Cultural Aspects of Drinking Social and cultural roles of alcohol Given overwhelming evidence for the primacy of sociocultural factors in determining both drinking patterns and their consequences, it is clear that ethnographic research findings on the social and cultural roles of alcohol may have important implications for policy-makers – particularly in areas such as Europe where economic and political ‘convergence’ could have significant impact on drinking-cultures and their associated lifestyles. In this context, it is essential for those concerned with policy and legislation on alcohol to have a clear understanding of the sociocultural functions and meanings of drinking. This section outlines the principal conclusions that can be drawn from the available cross-cultural material regarding the symbolic uses of alcoholic beverages, the social functions of drinking-places and the roles of alcohol in transitional and celebratory rituals. Symbolic roles From the ethnographic material available, it is clear that in all cultures where more than one type of alcoholic beverage is available, drinks are classified in terms of their social meaning, and the classification of drinks is used to define the social world. Few, if any, alcoholic beverages are ‘socially neutral’: every drink is loaded with symbolic meaning, every drink conveys a message. Alcohol is a symbolic vehicle for identifying, describing, constructing and manipulating cultural systems, values, interpersonal relationships, behavioural norms and expectations. Choice of beverage is rarely a matter of personal taste.

5. INTERNET RESOURCES FOR LATIN AMERICA scholarly research on Chicanos/Mexican americans. Coverage begins in for documentation on all aspects of trade in the academic and cultural information networks in latin America and http://lib.nmsu.edu/subject/bord/laguia

LA GUIA, Internet Resources for Latin America, http://lib.nmsu.edu/subject/bord/laguia Molly Molloy Molly E. Molloy, mmolloy@lib.nmsu.edu This new version of LA GUIA is still under construction! I have made links back to some sections of the previous version when appropriate. See http://lib.nmsu.edu/subject/bord/laguia/lag1999.html document.write("Page last updated on "); document.writeln(document.lastModified); Border Studies InternshipGeorge Mason University, Summer 2004, http://globaled.gmu.edu/internships/cgeinternborder.html Students will have the opportunity to intern with organizations in the New Mexico/Texas/Chihuahua border area and participate in academic seminars and site visits to Cd. Juárez, Chihuahua City and Cuauhtémoc, Mexico. In addition, students will see the border through the perspective of the U. S. Border Patrol, the Mexican Consulate and the U. S. Consulate in Cd. Juárez. Walking and driving tours will allow students to feel what it is like to live in the border region. Jump to these Guide sections: Current Events Links Latin American Directories Subscription DatabasesLatin America Subscription DatabasesGeneral ... La Busqueda en Espan~ol Selected current events links!!

6. Cultural Aspects Of Foods, Food Resource, Oregon State University This page is from http//food.oregonstate.edu/ which generally contains images, links, references, and instructional materials on food and their resource. the steady loss of cultural and biological diversity by pyramids" based on Mediterranean, latin American and Asian diets The British, the americans, the Canadians and the Australians http://food.oregonstate.edu/ref/culture/laudan.html

Updated January2000 A WORLD OF INAUTHENTIC CUISINE Rachel Laudan Calle de Tenaza 23 San Javier, Guanajuato Guanajuato 36000, Mexico Phone and Fax: 52-473-2-89-96 Email: rclaudan@bigfoot.com Luddism is not a new culinary philosophy. We can trace its roots to figures such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau in the eighteenth century, and Percy Bysshe Shelley or Sylvester Graham in the nineteenth. By the end of World War II, it had become the dominant stance of the aptly if inelegantly named foodies. In the 1950s, the English author, Elizabeth David, gave it sophisticated expression in a series of cookbooks. In the 1960s, the counter culture took it up, preparing brown rice and handmade brown bread with ingredients bought at organic food coops. In the 1970s, John and Karen Hess laid out its tenets in great detail in their classic attack on the American food establishment, The Taste of America. Culinary Luddism has continued to gain ground in recent years. Enthusiastically endorsed by a slew of intellectuals, journalists, and cookbook authors, it is on its way to becoming the official culinary philosophy among the educated public. A few examples will remind us just how ubiquitous it is. In the south of France, rhapsodizes Richard Olney, author of Simple French Cooking Culinary Luddism has its institutions as well as its prophets. Among them is Slow Food, a loose consortium with its headquarters in Italy. "Our century," begins its manifesto, "which began and has developed under the insignia of industrial civilization, first invented the machine and then took it as its life model. We are enslaved by speed and have all succumbed to the same insidious virus: Fast Life, which disrupts our habits, pervades the privacy of our homes and forces us to eat Fast Foods...Slow Food is now the only truly progressive answer."[5] Founded in 1989, this self-described Green Peace for Food now has 60,000 members in 35 countries. Its Salone de Gusto in Turin in the fall of 1998 was, it claims, the biggest wine and food even ever held, with almost 127,000 visitors and 354 artisans' stands. "Our real enemy," one of its spokesmen was reported as saying in the

7. Cross Cultural Negotiations Lecture 7: Cross cultural Negotiations Lecture 7 " Can you Talk the Talk?" Verbal aspects of Negotiations. Verbal aspects of Negotiations. . Different cultural systems can produce divergent negotiating stylesstyles than logic for Mexicans. latin americans place a high value on verbal http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/9158/kwulectureccn7.html

Cross Cultural Negotiations Lecture 7: "Can you Talk the Talk?" Verbal Aspects of Negotiations . In Spanish, juego limpio The tendency of many a U.S. business negotiator to get straight to the point has been responsible for many a failed cross-cultural negotiation: in most places in the world, the one who asks questions controls the process of negotiation and thereby accomplishes more in bargaining situations. Americans are, as a rule, good at arguing but terrible at listening. Dean Rusk said "One of the best ways to persuade others is with your earsby listening." An old Farmer’s adage is "God gave you two ears but only one mouth so you can listen twice as much as you talk." An Arabic proverb says, "If I listen, I have the advantage; if I speak, others have it. " It is never appropriate to speak unless you can improve the silence. Balance Listening and Talking haragei , to talk around a subject in order to get a holistic view. Only after this is accomplished will they go into details. The Japanese prefer avoiding any area in which an agreement cannot be easily reached. Instead they tend to move to another topic in its place. To Americans, this often appears like the Japanese are trying to elude the issue. To an American, an unsolved issue is a point of contention. This, not any general principle, must be first dealt with before the agreement as a whole can be considered. Many cultures are holistic, especially in the Far East; all issues are discussed at once and no decisions made until the end.

8. Web Page Communication Between latin americans. and Anglo americans find an explanation on the role of cultural aspects in these latin American organizations and how culture affects them http://students.usm.maine.edu/lfoss71

Communication Between Latin Americans and Anglo Americans By Leticia C. Foss M enu I ntroduction B etween Latin Americans and North Americans ... tyles of Communication INTRODUCTION Intercultural communication is becoming an every day matter for people around the world. Nowadays most long distance communication takes place through the internet. Focusing in the business environment, it is easy to realize that most business people make an effort to be accommodating, sympathetic, and kind when interacting with a customer and, perhaps these efforts become even greater when they have to deal with someone from a different culture. What encouraged me to research about intercultural communication was the curiosity to know whether the communication between Latin Americans and Anglo Americans in the business environment had improved since the arrival of the internet. In past experiences, I had known of several businesses whose efforts in communicating over the phone with Spanish speaking clients resulted in frustrating attempts. As a result, there was always the uncertainty of whether they had made themselves understood, and whether they had gotten their message across. Many of us have or choose to make contact with people of many different countries through the internet or through the phone. Here, in the United States, most business people hope that the person on the other side of the line will speak English. So, their first question when establishing contact with a person in another country

9. Pulso: Current Issue: Cultural And Journalistic Differences Between US And Latin cultural and Journalistic Differences between U.S. and latin American Newsrooms know nothing about other aspects of a newspaper operation Many latin americans know quite a lot http://www.pulso.org/English/Archives/Cultural Differences.htm

CURRENT ISSUE: CONTENTS BACK ISSUES THE MEDIA ON ... BACK ISSUES Cultural and Journalistic Differences between U.S. and Latin American Newsrooms By Liza Gross These remarks were taken from a speech on Press Freedom in the 21st. Century given by Liza Gross at a conference held by The Robert R. McCormick Tribune Foundation on June 8 in Antigua, Guatemala There is an enormous range of size and resources in newspapers in Latin America. of Argentina, with 700,000 circulation daily and over a million on Sundays, is the largest Spanish language daily in the world. Folha de Sao Paulo sells 650,000 daily and 1.2 million on Sundays. These papers, for example, are much larger than many U.S. papers and belong to corporate holdings much vaster than many U.S. newspaper chains. These newsrooms have much more in common with U.S. newsrooms from the standpoint of resources, the way they operate and their approach to business than with newsrooms in their own countries. But Latin America also has newspapers like the multilingual El Regional , a Guatemalan weekly published in Spanish and five Maya languages. Most of the staffers in this paper barely completed primary schooling, and most, though not all, are Maya.

10. Concordia University Wisconsin - History Department - Introduction To Latin Amer dealing with latin America and latin americans, and then and of latin americans to americans. 6. explore the cultural effects of the development of various aspects of latin http://www.cuw.edu/history/latin_american_syllabus.htm

HOME SITE INDEX SEARCH INFORMATION ... CUW HOME HISTORY DEPARTMENT HIST 241 Introduction to Latin America Dr. William Cario MWF 2:10-3pm, R001 Office: LU 221/262-243-4263 William.Cario@cuw.edu Purpose and Goals The purpose of this course is to introduce students to a noteworthy part of the world that also happens to be a close neighbor to the United States. Latin American and the United States are inextricably tied together. The history of Latin America mirrors that of the United States in its complexity and in its general contours. But its history also show significant differences from that of the US. This course will provide background for the student to confront and evaluate issues dealing with Latin America and Latin Americans, and then look at those same issues in our own society. By the end of this course, students will: examine the meeting and mixing of three races – African, American, and European – in Latin America and its effect on that society; explore the effect of colonialism on Latin American history;

11. Cross-cultural Service Expectations Conceptual of the Behavior of latin americans and Hispanics " in Crosscultural and National Studies in Social 1987), "When West Meets East cultural aspects of Doing Business in Asia http://webcomposer.pace.edu/kwinsted/culture.html

Click here to go to Professor Winsted's website SERVICE ENCOUNTER EXPECTATIONS: A CROSS-CULTURAL ANALYSIS Journal of Transnational Management Development, Spring 1997 Kathryn Frazer Winsted, Ph.D. Pace University 861 Bedford Road Pleasantville, NY 10598 FAX: 914/773-3908 email: winsted@pace.edu

12. The Out-of-Door Academy a comprehensive study of grammar and the cultural aspects of France they will translatepassages of increasing difficulty from latin for americans, Book One http://www.oda.edu/about/lakewood/foreign.asp

About ODA The ODA Experience Graduation Requirements English ... Who's Who Foreign Language 7th and 8th Grade Spanish Sequence In this course students are introduced to the Spanish language and the various Hispanic cultures of Spain and Latin America. Students also learn about the extensive Hispanic community of the United States. Emphasis is placed mostly on communicative skills although basic grammar is also acquired through reading, writing, paired and group activities, cassettes and videotapes. The seventh and eighth grade Spanish program is designed to satisfy the objectives of the Spanish I course at the Upper School. Students who are sufficiently prepared would then enter Spanish II having satisfied the requirements of Spanish I during their seventh and eighth grade years. Spanish I Full Year Course 1 credit In this foundation course, students are introduced to the Spanish language and Hispanic culture in the United States, the Americas, and in Spain. The elements of basic Spanish grammar are acquired through reading, writing, paired and group activities, cassettes and videotapes. Emphasis is given to developing listening and speaking skills in the target language. Spanish II Full Year Course 1 credit This course is designed to help the student develop proficiency in the language skills of listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Although emphasis is placed on the conversational skills, a comprehensive study of grammar and the cultural aspects of Spain and other Spanish speaking countries are also encouraged through the use of various activities and materials.

13. SBC Knowledge Network Explorer : Online Learning : Some Spanish Language Places CNN En Españolconsists of various sectins Portal, World, latin American, US/Canada,Economy Hispanic americans in Congress, 18221995. cultural aspects. http://www.kn.pacbell.com/wired/Algunos/spanish.html

Note: Algunos Lugares began in 1995 as part of the former Pacific Bell Education First Initiative. It remains online as an archived model. No support - including link checking - is provided. Spanish Version Newspapers and Magazines Dictionaries, Translators, and References Government and Politics ... Interesting Home Pages Here are some places on the Internet where you can find information in Spanish. This page is only a list of links. If you want ideas and activities for the classroom or library, try Newspapers and Magazines Hispanic newspapers and magazines from LatinoWeb Infosel Ole! is a resource for news, sports, entertainment, finance,shopping, children, and more. Medios de Comunicación pages from the Universidad Nacional Autonoma in Mexico. Contains links to newspapers, magazines , and more. consists of various sectins: Portal, World, Latin American, U.S./Canada, Economy, Sports, Health, etc. General Interest Magazines a large list of titles in Spanish as well as Top News of the Day is avaiblle from Yahoo. News from Lycos. They offer politics, business, sports, and daily news by supplying the lead-in statement and then a link to thee article.

14. Let's Go - Resources - Latin America a site that offers travel advice and information to latin American countries withthe Fun info on cultural aspects, though not much factual information for the http://www.letsgo.com/resources/latinam

@import "/styles/main.css"; Home Destinations Bookstore Resources ... About Us Resources For the Traveler Safety Travel Advisories Health Transportation Packages Airline Tickets Keeping in Touch Let's Go E-Cards Let's Go Communications Services General Travel Accommodations Entertainment Travel Gear ... Travel Libraries By Location Africa Boston Britain California ... Washington, D.C. Latin America Latin America: General Planeta.com . Here's a site that offers travel advice and information to Latin American countries with the intent of promoting ecological conservation, cultural understanding and local economic development in these areas. They provide links to other sites, local reports and current events to promote "ecotourism" among us gringos. Belize Travel Belize . The Belize Tourism Board's official site. Comprehensive and well-organized, including travel tips and destinations. Belizeit . General interest site on Belize, with info on culture and travel. Bolivia World Travel Guide: Bolivia This link proves especially useful in obtaining both general information on Bolivia and on more specific aspects of visiting the country. From basic geography, to passport and visa information, to sports and activities, the WGT Bolivia web site serves as an easily accessible resource for potential travelers. The information, however, is not extremely detailed, nor footnoted, so, as with all internet sources, use caution when using information found here. Library of Congress Bolivia page This web site contains a lot of interesting information on Bolivia, including a detailed country profile, a fairly detailed history of Bolivia, the economic situation, in addition to many other aspects of country-specific information. While the web site is extremely useful in obtaining general history and geography of the region, it is based on a study and information gathered in the late 1980s, and therefore is outdated, especially with the constantly changing political arena there.

15. Ultrabaroque: Aspects Of Post-Latin American Art Press Release The Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth presents Ultrabaroque aspects of PostLatinAmerican Art at the Modern s cultural District location February 4-May 6, 2001 http://www.themodern.org/ultrabaroque.html

Modern Art Museum Home the museum the collection the building ... home FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE The Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth presents Ultrabaroque: Aspects of Post-Latin American Art at the Modern's Cultural District location February 4-May 6, 2001 . This exhibition is a challenging presentation of works by sixteen contemporary artists who share a Latin American heritage and, more importantly, a resolve to work across geographical and conceptual borders. While the work of these innovative young artists shares a common resonance, Ultrabaroque presents paintings, sculptures, photographs, prints, video and multimedia installations that demonstrate a broad range of artistic styles, forms and content. The term baroque designates a style of art prevalent in seventeenth-century Europe known for its bold, dramatic compositions, complex forms and a sense of drama, tension and movement. When the Americas were colonized, the excess and drama of the baroque intermingled with the styles of indigenous American cultures to create an intensified, hybrid style that has since been associated with Latin American art. Ultrabaroque presents a critical reevaluation of the baroque and its use as an important cultural metaphor in contemporary art.

16. SPAN 25-Introduction To Latin-American Culture: An Exploration Of Identity Throu evaluate, compare, contrast and discuss topics listed below relating to the social,historical, political and cultural aspects of latin America I. What is http://www.solano.edu/webcms/display.asp?course_id=10894

17. BUS3413 Cultural Aspects Of Doing Business In Latin America BUS3413 cultural aspects of Doing Business in latin America BBA, 1cr, elective, one module. Summary Objective The course is aimed http://www.i-u.de/programs/bba/BUS3413.htm

BUS3413: Cultural Aspects of Doing Business in Latin America BBA, 1 cr, elective, one module Summary

18. Africans In The Caribbean/Latin America speech forms, and religious practices in latin America and the brought a variety ofAfrican cultural influences to groups, they abandoned some aspects of their http://www.saxakali.com/caribbean/shamil.htm

African Americans in the Caribbean and Latin America Shamil Cruz Dr. Moses Seenarine BLPR 101-052 Spring 2000 INTRODUCTION The Latin American and Caribbean regions were the first areas of the Americas to be populated by African immigrants. African immigration to the Americas may have begun before European exploration of the region. Blacks sailed with Christopher Columbus even on his first voyage in 1492, and the earliest Spanish and Portuguese explorers were likewise accompanied by black Africans who had been born and reared in Iberia. In the following four centuries millions of immigrants from Africa were brought to the New World as slaves. Today, their descendants form significant ethnic minorities in several Latin American countries, and they are the dominant element in many of the Caribbean nations. Over the centuries, black people have added their original contributions to the cultural mix of their respective societies and thus exerted a profound influence on all facets of life in Latin America. EARLY IMMIGRATION AND SLAVERY such as Pedro Alonso Niño, a navigator who accompanied Columbus on his first voyage, and the

19. Latin America's Problems Come From Within - (United Press International) exist about why latin America, in spite of its great destiny and potential, has gonedown such a painful road. For those who emphasize cultural aspects, a lack http://washingtontimes.com/upi-breaking/20040421-105859-8143r.htm

April 23, 2004 Advertise Subscribe Site Map Front Page ... Wash. Golf Monthly Latin America's problems come from within UNITED PRESS INTERNATIONAL Montevideo, , Apr. 21 (UPI) Is Latin America still an area of hope? When the Cold War ended, Latin America recovered its self-image of being a land of hope and promise. Today uncertainty about the future is rising in the region. The period that followed the end of the Cold War was characterized in our continent by the strengthening of democratic systems, the end of Marxist insurgencies, the influx of international investments, economic reforms, the processes of regional integration, the announcement of a process of continental economic integration and a growing rapprochement between South American regional agreements and the European Union. Now all these advances have been slowed or halted by rising regional tension and an increasingly confused hemispheric situation. The democratic system is threatened by government corruption; by government leaders' loss of credibility; by fights between the political right and left, that while less ideological and more crudely "pragmatic" are still harmful; and by a hunger for power that often entails violating constitutional norms. Other regional problems include organized crime, with mobsters increasingly acting with impunity, as well as drug trafficking. Armed insurgencies frequently accompany the drug trade, and in Colombia one has succeeded in carving out a state within the state.

20. Language And Culture:  Hidden Aspects Of Communication Europe, the Middle East, and latin America, much more late. It generally takes aNorth American child at years to master these subtle cultural aspects of time http://anthro.palomar.edu/language/language_6.htm

Hidden Aspects of Communication C ommunication is far more than speech and writing. Most of us are unaware that we are communicating in many different ways even when we are not speaking. The same goes for many other social animal species. We rarely learn about this mostly non-verbal communication in school even though it is very important for effective interaction with others. Growing up in a society, we learn how to use gestures, glances, slight changes in tone of voice, and other auxiliary communication devices to alter or emphasize what we say and do. We learn these highly culture bound techniques over years largely by observing others and imitating them. What do you think this couple is communicating non-verbally? Click the button to see if you are correct. L inguists refer to all of these auxiliary communication devices as paralanguage . It is part of the redundancy in communication that helps prevent ineffective communication. It can prevent the wrong message from inadvertently being passed on, as often is the case in a telephone call and even more so in a letter. The paralanguage messages that can be observed through face to face contact also makes it more difficult to lie or to hide emotions. Paralanguage is often more important in communication than what is actually being said orally. It has been suggested that at least 60% of what we communicate when talking directly with others is through paralanguage.

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