1. Laos History | Lonely Planet World Guide By the time a ceasefire was negotiated in 1973, Laos had the dubious distinctionof being the most bombed country in the history of warfare. http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/south_east_asia/laos/history.htm

home search help worldguide ... Postcards Laos History The country has long been occupied by migrating Thais (including Shans, Siamese and Lao) and slash-and-burn Hmong/Mien hill tribes. The first Lao principalities were consolidated in the 13th century following the invasion of south-west China by Kublai Khan's Mongol hordes. In the mid-14th century, a Khmer-sponsored warlord, Fa Ngum, combined a number of scattered principalities around Luang Prabang to form his own kingdom, Lan Xang ('a million elephants'). The kingdom initially prospered, but internal divisions and pressure from neighbours caused it to split in the 17th century into three warring kingdoms centred on Luang Prabang, Wieng Chan (Vientiane) and Champasak. By the end of the 18th century, most of Laos came under Siamese (Thai) suzerainty but the territory was also being pressured by Vietnam. Unable or unwilling to serve two masters, the country went to war with Siam in the 1820s. This disastrous ploy led to all three kingdoms falling under Thai control. By the late 19th century, France had established French Indochina in the Vietnamese provinces of Tonkin and Annam. The Thais eventually ceded all of Laos to the French, who were content to use the territory merely as a buffer between its colonial holdings and Siam. During WWII, the Japanese occupied Indochina and a Lao resistance group, Lao Issara, was formed to prevent the return of the French. Independence was achieved in 1953 but conflict persisted between royalist, neutralist and communist factions. The USA began bombing North Vietnamese troops on the Ho Chi Minh Trail in eastern Laos in 1964, escalating conflict between the royalist Vientiane government and the communist Pathet Lao who fought alongside the North Vietnamese. By the time a ceasefire was negotiated in 1973, Laos had the dubious distinction of being the most bombed country in the history of warfare.

2. Laos: History Related content from HighBeam Research on laos history. Prince usesart to bring change in Laos (Agence France Presse English). Prince http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0859186.html

HOTWORDS CITE PRINT EMAIL in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Home Almanacs Atlas Dictionary ... Father's Day Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map Also from Infoplease Search Infoplease Info search tips Search Biographies Bio search tips Encyclopedia Laos History Early History to Independence The Laotians are descendants of Thai tribes that were pushed southward from Yunnan, China, in the 13th cent. and gradually infiltrated the territory of the Khmer Empire In the early 19th cent. Siam was dominant over the two Laotian kingdoms, although Siamese claims were disputed by Annam. After French explorations in the late 19th cent. Siam was forced (1893) to recognize a French protectorate over Laos, which was incorporated into the union of Indochina . During World War II, Laos was gradually occupied by the Japanese, who in 1945 persuaded the king of Luang Phabang to declare the country's independence. In 1946 the French reestablished dominion over Laos, recognizing the king as constitutional monarch of the entire country. The French granted an increasing measure of self-government, and in 1949 Laos became a semiautonomous state within the French Union. In 1951, a Communist Laotian nationalist movement, the Pathet Lao, was formed by Prince Souphanouvong in North Vietnam. In 1953, Pathet Lao guerrillas accompanied a Viet Minh invasion of Laos from Vietnam and established a government at Samneua in N Laos. That year Laos attained full sovereignty; admission into the United Nations came in 1955.

3. LAOS The Secret War Dedicated to American, Lao and other supportive Veterans of the Secret War in Laos LAOS Geography. Laos is a landlocked 91 429 sq NOTE Royal Laos National Anthem. NOTE laos history, onward from 1353 A.D http://www.angelfire.com/in/Laos

LAOS : The Secret War "Nyob zoo" .....Welcome var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "angelfire.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" The Royal Laos National Flag as proudly flown until 1975 LAOS : Originally known as "Lan Xang" : "Land of the Million Elephants" ASSIGNMENT : Support Secret War in Laos "There are risks and costs to a program of action, but they are far less than the long range risks and costs of comfortable inaction." John F. Kennedy LAOS : Geography Laos is sub-divided into 16 Provinces : Attapu [Attopeu], Bokeo, Bolikhamxai, Champasak, [ Champassak ], Houa Phan, Khammouan [Khammouane], Louang Namtha [Houa Khong], Louangphabang [ Luang Prabang ], Oudomxai, Phongsali [Phong Saly], Salavan [Saravan], Savannakhet, Viangchan [ Vientiane ], Xaignabouli [Sayaboury], Xekong, Xiangkhoang [Xieng Khouang] The Mekong River , flows from 17,000 ft above sea level, in the Tibetan Plateau, southward through Laos 2,600 miles (4,200 km), to the South China Sea. NOTE : Laos : Big Picture NOTE : U.S. Embassy in

4. World History Archives: Southeast Asia, Laos History of Laos. Hartford Web Publishing (Haines Brown) is not the author of the documents in World History Archives and does not presume to validate their accuracy or authenticity. History of Southeast Asia in general http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54/index-c.html

History of Laos Hartford Web Publishing (Haines Brown) is not the author of the documents in World History Archives and does not presume to validate their accuracy or authenticity. History of Southeast Asia in general General and political history Souphanouvong, "red prince'' of Laos, dies aged 86 Reuter. 12 January, 1995. Short notice re Souphanouvong, the national hero in the Pathet Lao liberation struggle and President of Laos, 1975 to 1986, when he retired for reasons of health. He had to fight constantly against his right-wing half brother, Prince Souvanna Phouma. Citation: R. Warner, Back Fire: The CIA's Secret War in Laos and its Link to the War in Vietnam From Ralph McGehee. 4 October, 1995. Citation of this an another work on the same subject. Bombing Laos From Ralph McGehee, 9 October, 1995. Information from soc.history.war.vietnam on the bombing raids on Laos. An appeal to the world community to support Laos in defense of her national identity, independence and sovereigny Against the secret military occupation of Laos by Vietnam and massive abuses of human rights, by Bounthanh Thammavong, 3 March, 1997. A curious document that seems to be an effort by an overseas group of Laotian students, perhaps supporters of Prince Souvanna Phouma, to overthrow the government of Laos. Economy and environment World Bank president urged to halt Transfield dam in Laos From International Rivers Network, AID/Watch media release, 29 September, 1997.

5. Laos History History of Laos. History Home Page, CountryReports.org. Subscription,Discuss World Issues! Historical Setting EARLY HISTORY Power Centers http://www.countryreports.org/history/laoshist.htm

History of Laos History Home Page CountryReports.org Subscription Discuss World Issues! ... Developments in the Lao People's Democratic Republic Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Bolivia Bulgaria Cambodia Chad Chile China Congo, Dem. Rep. Colombia Comoros Cyprus Czech Republic Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Ethiopia Finland Georgia Germany Ghana Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakstan Korea, North Korea, South Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Libya Madagascar Mauritania Moldova Mongolia Nepal Nicaragua Nigeria Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Saudi Arabia Seychelles Singapore Somalia Spain

6. Laos History - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Curr laos history Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, CurrentIssues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/laos/laos_history_index.html

Country Ranks Introduction History Geography People Government Gov. Leaders ... [TOP] Laos History Index http://workmall.com/wfb2001/laos/laos_history_index.html Source: The Library of Congress Country Studies History Introduction Historical Setting EARLY HISTORY Power Centers in the Middle Mekong Valley ... Developments in the Lao People's Democratic Republic NOTE: The information regarding Laos on this page is re-published from The Library of Congress Country Studies. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Laos History information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Laos History should be addressed to the Library of Congress. Please put this page in your BOOKMARKS - - - - - Enter your e-mail address to receive e-mail when this web site is updated. Your Internet e-mail address: http://workmall.com/wfb2001/laos/laos_history_index.html Revised 04-Jul-02 Photius Coutsoukis

7. Laos History & Laos Culture | IExplore laos history. http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Laos/History

dateString = 1092302331; FORBES' #1 ADVENTURE TRAVEL SITE 4 YEARS IN A ROW TIME MAGAZINE TOP 50 Your experts in adventure and experiential travel Keyword Search: Home Trip Finder Destination Guides Join / Sign-in ... Laos History E-mail this page Laos Travel Travel and Trips Laos Overview The Essentials Where to Go ... Health and Vaccinations Monthly Newsletter Sign-up for monthly travel specials Save up to 50% Privacy Statement Popular Trips to Laos Luang Prabang Mekong River Laos History The fortunes and misfortunes of this beautiful, landlocked country have long been tied to those of its neighbors in Southeast Asia. Through the centuries, separate Lao kingdoms were overrun repeatedly by Siamese and Vietnamese conquerors: Laos did not take its present national boundaries until French rule in 1890s. After independence in 1953, it suffered through two decades of civil war, including invasion by the North Vietnam Army and saturation bombing by the U.S. Air Force, as it was drawn into the larger war based in Vietnam. In 1975, the new People's Democratic Republic deposed King Sisavang Vatthana, ending six centuries of royal rule. Economic decline and isolation following the coup left Laos one of the poorest countries in the world. Facing the starvation of its people, the government realigned the economy in the late 1980s to promote private enterprise and foreign investment. Although inflation is still high, most city dwellers are now much better off than they were previously. Prosperity has been slow to reach the rural areas, but with large amounts of foreign aid and the potential for income from the sale of hydroelectric power, the government is slowly extending services to these areas as well. Remarkably, despite all the hardships caused by foreign powers, most Lao people welcome visitors.

8. Laos History Inhabited by the Lao and Hmong peoples and long dominated by its stronger neighbors(Thailand and Vietnam), Laos was made a protectorate of France in 1893. http://www.nationbynation.com/Laos/History1.html

BACK TO THE FRONT PAGE BASIC INFO. ECONOMY GEOGRAPHY ... LAOS Inhabited by the Lao and Hmong peoples and long dominated by its stronger neighbors (Thailand and Vietnam), Laos was made a protectorate of France in 1893. It was not until 1949 that France granted Laos local autonomy. With France's withdrawal from Indochina in 1954, Laos became independent. As the war in Vietnam raged, Laos faced challenges from within: the Laotian Communist Party. In 1975, the Pathet Lao took control of the capital and declared the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Many Laotians fled to Thailand in the aftermath of the communist take-over. Vietnam has played a significant role in Laos, with troops stationed in the country. The first election was not held until 1989 and a new constitution was confirmed in 1991.

9. Laos History & Laos Culture | IExplore laos history. http://iexplore.nationalgeographic.com/dmap/Laos/History

dateString = 1092301157; Home Site Index Customer Service Shop MAGAZINES: National Traveler Adventure NG Kids NG Explorer TV AND FILM: Channel (U.S.) Channel (Intl) Explorer GUIDES: Adventure and Animals and History and Maps and News Photography Travel For Kids For Students For Teachers Complete Site Complete Site Index Subscribe Shop Call 1-800-iExplore Keyword Trip Search: Home Trip Finder Destination Guides Join / Sign-in ... Laos History E-mail this page Keyword Search Help Laos Travel Travel and Trips Laos Overview The Essentials Where to Go ... Health and Vaccinations Monthly Newsletter Sign-up for monthly travel specials Save up to 50% Privacy Statement Popular Trips to Laos Luang Prabang Mekong River Laos History The fortunes and misfortunes of this beautiful, landlocked country have long been tied to those of its neighbors in Southeast Asia. Through the centuries, separate Lao kingdoms were overrun repeatedly by Siamese and Vietnamese conquerors: Laos did not take its present national boundaries until French rule in 1890s. After independence in 1953, it suffered through two decades of civil war, including invasion by the North Vietnam Army and saturation bombing by the U.S. Air Force, as it was drawn into the larger war based in Vietnam. In 1975, the new People's Democratic Republic deposed King Sisavang Vatthana, ending six centuries of royal rule. Economic decline and isolation following the coup left Laos one of the poorest countries in the world. Facing the starvation of its people, the government realigned the economy in the late 1980s to promote private enterprise and foreign investment. Although inflation is still high, most city dwellers are now much better off than they were previously. Prosperity has been slow to reach the rural areas, but with large amounts of foreign aid and the potential for income from the sale of hydroelectric power, the government is slowly extending services to these areas as well. Remarkably, despite all the hardships caused by foreign powers, most Lao people welcome visitors.

10. Laos History AsiaDiscovery.com. Laos Travel Guide. History of Laos. On a per capitabasis Laos is hence the most heavily bombed nation in history. http://www.asia-discovery.com/Laos/travel-guide/history.htm

Asia-Discovery.com Laos Travel Guide History of Laos Laos Travel Packages Laos Tours Laos Hotels Visa on Laos Laos Travel Guide Laos Introduction Culture in Laos Common Courtesy History of Laos ... Laos Map Tourist Attractions Find Knowledge base on the main provinces of Laos at Tourist Attraction Stone tools discovered in Huaphan and Luang Prabang provinces attest the presence of prehistoric man in its stage of hunters and gatherers over the Lao territory since at least 40,000 years ago. Agriculturist society seemed to appear during the 4th millenia BC as evidences have been found by archeologists- jar burials and other kinds of sepulchres have revealed a complex society in which Bronze objects appeared around 1500 BD and iron tools were known since 700 BC. The proto historic period is characterized by contacts with Chinese and Indian civilizations. As a result between the forth and eighth century. Between the fourth and eighth century communities along the Mekong river began to form into townships, so-called muang. This development culminated in the formation of the Lane Xang (million elephants) kingdom in 1353 by King FaNgum and established Xieng Thong now know as Luang Prabang to capital of Lane Xang Kingdom.

11. Laos History Book Finder, Book Reviews and Compare Prices for laos history History AsiaHistory laos history. laos history Book Review and Price Comparison. http://www.bookfinder.us/History/Asia_History/Laos__History.html

Book Reviews and Compare Prices for Laos History History : Asia History : Laos History Home Browse Books Bookstore List Top Selling Books ... Rate Book Stores Search: Title/Author/Keywords/ISBN History Asia History Laos History Book Review and Price Comparison Pages: Next Top Selling Books for Laos History A Short History of Laos: The Land in Between (Short History of Asia Series) AUTHOR: Grant Evans, Milton Osborne ISBN: 1864489979 Publish Date: April 2003 Format: Paperback Compare prices for this book Kennedy's Wars AUTHOR: Freedman, Lawrence ISBN: 0195134532 Format: Hardcover Compare prices for this book The Hunt for Bin Laden AUTHOR: Robin Moore ISBN: 0375508619 Publish Date: March 2003 Format: Hardcover Compare prices for this book Anaximander, Heraclitus, Parmenides, Plotinus, Lao-Tzu, Nagarjuna: From the Great Philosophers: The Original Thinkers (Harvest Book, Hb 288) AUTHOR: Karl Jaspers, et al ISBN: 0156075008 Publish Date: October 1974 Format: Paperback Compare prices for this book The Libertarian Reader; Classic and Contemporary Writings from Lao-Tzu to Milton Friedman

12. 1Up Travel : Laos - History And Culture Of Laos. Seek info on history and culture in laos. The country laos has longbeen laos history and Culture. History The country has long been http://www.1uptravel.com/international/asia/laos/history-culture.html

Flags Maps Sightseeing Travel Warnings ... National Parks More Categories Introduction Topography Local Life Local Cuisine Local Holidays Festivals-Events Embassies Administration News Stand Worth a See !! Sight Seeing Maps Flags Shopping Eating Out Recreation Travel Essentials Country Facts Geography People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military Airline Tickets Car Rentals Cruises Hotels ... Vacations You are here 1Up Travel Countries of the World Asia Laos ADVERTISEMENT Country At a Glance Introduction Topography Life Cuisine ... Newstand Worth a Visit !! Cities Attractions Shopping Eating Out ... Travel Links Country Facts Introduction Geography People Government ... Transnational issues Related Laos Guide Laos Maps Laos Hotels Laos Flag ... Laos Travel Warning Laos History and Culture History The country has long been occupied by migrating Thais (including Shans, Siamese and Lao) and slash-and-burn Hmong/Mien hill tribes. The first Lao principalities were consolidated in the 13th century following the invasion of south-west China by Kublai Khan's Mongol hordes. In the mid-14th century, a Khmer-sponsored warlord, Fa Ngum, combined a number of scattered principalities around Luang Prabang to form his own kingdom, Lan Xang ('a million elephants').

13. Laos History And Hotels Information - Tours And Accommodation In Laos Newsletter. Sign up for our Newsletter enter your email address here. Laoshistory and travel information. Current results. laos history, ••. http://www.resorthotel.net/laos/history.htm

Thailand Malaysia Cambodia Laos ... Myanmar Laos Destinations Vientiane Luang Prabang Champasak General Info ... Maps Newsletter Sign up for our Newsletter enter your email address here Laos history and travel information Main Menu Home Hotels Listing Thailand Malaysia ... China Travel Tools Weather Weather.com Enter city or US Zip Currency Cerrency Converter Tell a Friend " To recommend this site to a friend Click here ! " Travel Poll Where do you want to go today? Thailand Malaysia Cambodia Laos Vietnam China-Yunnan Myanmar Current results Laos History Stone tool discovered in Huaphan and Luang Prabang province attest the presence of prehistoric man in its stage of hunters and gatherers over the Lao territory since at least 40,000 years ago. Agriculturist seemed to appear during the 4th millennia BC as evidences have been found by archeologists-jar burials and other kinds of sepulchers have revealed a complex society in which Bronze objects appeared around 1500 BC and in iron tools were known since 700 BC the proto historic period characterized by contacts with Chinese and Indian civilizations. As a result between the fourth and eighth century.

14. South East Asian Destinations, Laos - History Mystical Laos. landlocked laos a closely guarded secret for nearly20 years. laos - history. Laos - History. The country has long http://www.symbiosis-travel.com/destinations/laos/lhistory.htm

About us Mission statement Accommodations Scuba diving ... Contact Us WEBSITE CONTENTS DESTINATION > LAOS LAOS Overview Geography Culture ... Home Mystical Laos landlocked - laos ... a closely guarded secret for nearly 20 years l a o s - h i s t o r y Laos - History The country has long been occupied by migrating Thais (including Shans, Siamese and Lao) and slash-and-burn Hmong/Mien hill tribes. The first Lao principalities were consolidated in the 13th century following the invasion of south-west China by Kublai Khan's Mongol hordes. In the mid-14th century, a Khmer-sponsored warlord, Fa Ngum, combined a number of scattered principalities around Luang Prabang to form his own kingdom, Lan Xang ('a million elephants'). The kingdom initially prospered, but internal divisions and pressure from neighbours caused it to split in the 17th century into three warring kingdoms centred on Luang Prabang, Wieng Chan (Vientiane) and Champasak. By the end of the 18th century, most of Laos came under Siamese (Thai) suzerainty, but the territory was also being pressured by Vietnam. Unable or unwilling to serve two masters, the country went to war with Siam in the 1820s. This disastrous ploy led to all three kingdoms falling under Thai control. By the late 19th century, France had established French Indochina in the Vietnamese provinces of Tonkin and Annam. The Thais eventually ceded all of Laos to the French, who were content to use the territory merely as a buffer between its colonial holdings and Siam.

15. Laos History, Culture And Travel Information tools and other artifacts at many sites around Laos that indicate that human settlementin the region dates back as far as 10,000 years, the history of country http://www.laos-hotels.com/history.htm

Laos-hotels.com Vientiane Luang Prabang Other Hotels Eco Lodges ... Map of Luang Prabang History Under threat from both Siamese, Burmese and Chinese invaders in the sixteenth century, the capital of the faltering Lane Xang was moved to Vieng Chan (Vientiane) by King Setthathirat in 1560. The Burmese were not to be put off by this tactical move and finally occupied the city in 1575, holding it for seven years and finally bringing an end to the once great Lane Xang. European ambitions in the region, at the end of the nineteenth century, were of serious concern to the Siamese kings for many years. In 1893, to guarantee that the French colonialists would not challenge the country's sovereignty, Siam gave them Laos. The French - soon realising that the colony was not quite the grand acquisition they had hoped, and that the Mekong River's potential as a backdoor trade route into China had been vastly over estimated - made Laos a protectorate and left much of the running of the country to the Lao people.

16. Laos: History Click to go to text menu. You are here History. Laos. In the 14thcentury Sam Sen Tal, a Burmese ruler united the present northeast http://gbgm-umc.org/country_profiles/country_history.cfm?Id=66

17. Laos: History Encyclopedia—laos history. Early History to Independence. The Laotiansare descendants of Thai tribes that were pushed southward http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/world/A0859186.html

Encyclopedia Laos History Early History to Independence The Laotians are descendants of Thai tribes that were pushed southward from Yunnan, China, in the 13th cent. and gradually infiltrated the territory of the Khmer Empire In the early 19th cent. Siam was dominant over the two Laotian kingdoms, although Siamese claims were disputed by Annam. After French explorations in the late 19th cent. Siam was forced (1893) to recognize a French protectorate over Laos, which was incorporated into the union of Indochina . During World War II, Laos was gradually occupied by the Japanese, who in 1945 persuaded the king of Luang Phabang to declare the country's independence. In 1946 the French reestablished dominion over Laos, recognizing the king as constitutional monarch of the entire country. The French granted an increasing measure of self-government, and in 1949 Laos became a semiautonomous state within the French Union. In 1951, a Communist Laotian nationalist movement, the Pathet Lao, was formed by Prince Souphanouvong in North Vietnam. In 1953, Pathet Lao guerrillas accompanied a Viet Minh invasion of Laos from Vietnam and established a government at Samneua in N Laos. That year Laos attained full sovereignty; admission into the United Nations came in 1955.

18. Laos History - World66 more.. Change image Upload image. The first recorded history ofthe Lao begins with the unification of Laos in 1353 by King Fa Ngum. http://www.world66.com/world/asia/southeastasia/laos/history

the travel guide you write Recent Changes login register Home ... Laos Sections Laos Map History Practical Information ... [Add Section] Maps View Enlargement History [edit this] This is no World66 image. It was found using an Internet search. more.. [Change image] [Upload image] The first recorded history of the Lao begins with the unification of Laos in 1353 by King Fa Ngum. King Fa Ngum established his capital at Luang Prabang and ruled a kingdom called Lane Xang (literally million elephants ) which covered much of what today is Thailand and Laos. His successors especially King Setthathirat in the 16th century helped establish Buddhism as the predominant religion of the country. In the 18th century Lane Xang entered a period of decline caused by dynastic struggle and conflicts with Burma Siam (now Thailand) Vietnam and the Khmer kingdom. In the 19th century the Siamese established hegemony over much of what is now Laos. The region was divided into principalities centered on Luang Prabang Vientiane and Champassak. Vietnamese influence was felt in Xieng Khouang and northwest Laos. Late in the century the French supplanted the Siamese. France integrated all of Laos into the French empire as directly ruled provinces except for Luang Prabang which was ruled as a protectorate. The Franco-Siamese treaty of 1907 defined the present Lao boundary with Thailand. During World War II the Japanese occupied French Indochina including Laos. King Sisavang Vong of Luang Prabang was induced to declare independence from France in 1945 just prior to Japan's surrender. In September 1945 Vientiane and Champassak united with Luang Prabang to form an independent government under the Free Lao (Lao Issara) banner. In 1946 French troops reoccupied the country and conferred limited autonomy on Laos following elections for a constituent assembly.

19. Laos History laos history. Search For Home. Overview History. Human beings beganliving in the present territory of Laos more than 10,000 years ago. http://www.asiavoyage24.com/laos-travel-guide/history.html

Laos History Search For: Home Asia laos Travel Guide Overview Food Transportation Travel Advice Attraction ... Overview History Human beings began living in the present territory of Laos more than 10,000 years ago. Stone tools implements and skulls discovered in Huaphan and Luang Prabang provinces certify the existence of such settlements. The giant jars in Xieng Khouang province and stone columns in Huaphan province date FROM the Neolithic period. As clearly as the last century B.C. humans in Laos used iron to forge their tools. The rural community grouping of people slowly formed INTO muang (townships) between fourth and eight century on both sides of the Mekong River and along its tributaries. In 1349-1357, a movement emerged under the command of King Fa Ngoum, a national hero, to GROUP the muang INTO a unified Lan Xang Kingdom, the capital of which stood at Xiengdong Xiengthong, now known as Luang Prabang. From then on, the Kingdom of Lan xang entered INTO an era of national defense and construction under King Fa Ngoum who first introduced Hinayana Buddhism FROM the Khmer Kingdom INTO Laos, which is still the religion professed by the majority of Lao people. From 1479 to 1570, the Lao people were forced to defend the country against foreign aggressors.

20. Laos History time a ceasefire was negotiated in 1973 Laos had the dubious reputation of beingthe most heavily bombed country on a per capita basis in the history of warfare http://www.germantravelnetwork.com/Html/D/Asien/indochina/Laos/history.htm

The first recorded history of the Lao begins with King Fa Ngum, by legend the 23rd successor of Khoun Lo, who first united Laos in 1353. He established his capital at Luang Prabang and ruled a kingdom called Lan Xang (literally, ‘million elephants’) that covered much of present-day Thailand and Laos. He also established Buddhism as the state religion. In the 16th century Lan Xang entered a period of decline caused by dynastic struggles and conflicts with Burma, Siam (now Thailand), Vietnam, and the Khmer Kingdom. By the 18th century, the Siamese and Vietnamese kingdoms were competing for control of Laos. In the 19th century, the Siamese dominated much of what is now Laos and divided it into principalities centred on Luang Prabang, Vientiane, and Champassak. Late in the century, the French, who already controlled present-day Vietnam, supplanted them. In 1899 France established protectorates and direct rule over all of the principalities, and Laos became part of French Indochina. The Franco-Siamese treaty of 1907 defined the present Lao boundary with Thailand. During World War II the Japanese occupied Indochina. A Lao resistance group, Lao Issara, was formed to prevent the return of the French. Independence was achieved in 1953 but conflict persisted between royalist, neutralist and communist fractions. The US began bombing North Vietnamese troops on the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Eastern Laos in 1964, escalating the conflict between the royalist Vientiane government and the communist Pathet Lao who fought alongside the North Vietnamese. By the time a ceasefire was negotiated in 1973 Laos had the dubious reputation of being the most heavily bombed country on a per capita basis in the history of warfare.

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