81. The World's Top Twenty Spoken Languages Estimates for the world's top 20 languages (given in millions) on the basis of the number of mothertongue (first-language) speakers and population estimates for those countries where the language has official status. http://www.cftech.com/BrainBank/COMMUNICATIONS/TopLanguages.html

The World's Top Twenty Spoken Languages The table below presents speaker estimates for the world's top 20 languages (given in millions). The first column lists the languages on the basis of the number of mother-tongue (first-language) speakers they have. The second column gives population estimates for those countries where the language has official status. Note that the totals do not always coincide, since some major languages (such as Telugu and Javanese) are not official languages of whole countries, and some languages (such as Malay and Tagalog) are official languages of multilingual countries. The second column figures are often over-estimates, as by no means everyone in the countries where a second language is recognized (e.g. India) will be fluent in it. The figures are of some interest as indicators of the way languages are moving. Mother-tongue speakers Official-language populations Chinese (1,000) English (1,400) English (350) Chinese (1,000) Spanish (250) Hindi (700) Hindi (200) Spanish (280) Arabic (150) Russian (270) Bengali (150) French (220) Russia (150) Arabic (170) Portuguese (135) Portuguese (160) Japanese (120) Malay (160) German (100) Bengali (150) French (70) Japanese (120) Panjabi (70) German (100) Javanese (65) Urdu (85) Bihari (65) Italian (60) Italian (60) Korean (60) Korean (60) Vietnamese (60) Telugu (55) Persian (55) Tamil (55) Tagalog (50) Marathi (50) Thai (50) Vietnamese (50) Turkish (50) Source: The Cambridge Factfinder , Cambridge University Press, 1993 For more information try a book or magazine search

82. Linguasphere.org, World's Languages And Speech-Communities Devoted to exploration of our global linguistic environment with extracts from the Linguasphere Register of the World's languages and Speech Communities. http://www.linguasphere.org

Linguasphere Home World Language Register The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech-Communities Linguasphere Observatory ... Lib Sponsors: Database Searchengine World's Languages and Speech-Communities As we enter a new millennium, the exploration of our global linguistic environment and the achievement of a new planetary view of human languages - of humanity itself - need to be the concern of all who are interested in our common destiny. The themes and ideas on this website, addressed to a general audience, have been developed as part of the work of the Linguasphere Observatory , an independent organisation (created in 1983, with no political, religious, institutional or governmental affiliations) devoted to the worldwide study and promotion of multilingualism. The Linguasphere Observatory is a viewing-platform in cyberspace from which our linguasphere may be observed as a transnational system around the globe and from which the situation of each linguistic community, however small, may be seen in its local and global context. Observatoire Linguistique en Français Cliquez ici (other language options in preparation) The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech-Communities is the first comprehensive and transnational classification of the languages and dialects of the world and is available NOW through this website. Illustrations on this site are reproduced from '

83. Andrew Cooke: An Introduction To Programming Languages A page for people who know one language and are wondering about learning another. http://www.acooke.org/andrew/writing/lang.html

previous latest addition here An Introduction to Programming Languages home Introduction Target Audience Initial Questions ... top Introduction Target Audience Initial Questions Route Map Target Audience This web page is for people who know one language and are wondering about learning another. It describes some of the differences between common programming languages and considers why and how a new language should be learnt. It is not a detailed, scholarly exploration of all programming languages, nor does it describe the latest developments in computer science - I simply do not know enough to attempt that. Instead, I have tried to write something that is clear, unbiased, and useful to someone with no knowledge of the theory of computing. If you're not that interested in actually writing code and are looking for a more general article, focusing on the "philosophical" aspects of programming languages, then you will be much happier with this book review Initial Questions Why are there so many different programming languages? What is the difference between them? How do people learn them? Which should people learn? Should they learn more than one?

84. E L A - Exotic Languages Agency Flash needed Translation and interpretation services for business, legal, technical, medical, conferences and the entertainment industries in 152 languages. http://www.ela1.com/

85. The Afroasiatic Index Project THE AFROASIATIC index PROJECT. Project, as a whole, began to look outward, beyondCushitic and Omotic, toward the more general Afroasiatic language superfamily. http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/PROJ/CUS/AAindex.html

what's new announcements public programs comments ... ANNUAL REPORTS INTRODUCTION The Afroasiatic Index Project is a scholarly initiative that aims at creating an etymological database of Afroasiatic languages. THE AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES Afroasiatic languages are a group of related languages spoken by various communities from a large area in West African centered around Lake Chad ( Chadic ), all the way across North Africa ( Berber ) into Egypt ( Egyptian ), Ethiopia, and Somalia, and down the Great Rift Valley to the foot of Mt. Kilimanjaro ( Cushitic / Omotic ). Crossing over into Western Asia ( Semitic ), they are also spoken in the Middle East through Palestine and Syria, down around the Arabian Peninsula into Yemen and Oman, and up into Iraq. This huge area encompasses and enormous variety of people who have shared over many thousands of years a common linguistic bond, the nature of which can be discovered only by careful investigation and comparison of the respective languages. It was to facilitate this process of bringing together as many Afroasiatic cognate sets, and as much pertinent literature, as possible that the Afroasiatic Index Project was conceived.

86. Universal Language Dictionary Project An attempt to create a list of concepts, described in English, along with words to express those concepts in several natural and artificial languages. http://ogden.basic-english.org/dicintro.html

Universal Language Dictionary filename: introduc.txt version: 1995.09.01 The current version of this subject has been found at: http://www.invisiblelighthouse.com/uld/ - July'02 The following is from an earlier ULD site that closed with no forwarding address. This earlier project contained a program to prepare parallel word lists of any two languages that I don't see on the new site and I find the new all-languages-in-one-listing approach more difficult for those interested only in English. jlb 10Aug97 acknowledgement - This project is entirely the result of volunteer effort. Special thanks to those who took the time to type various vocabularies into their computers and e-mail them to me. (Their names are mentioned at the beginning of each *.DIC file) introduction bibliography The choice of items was not made arbitrarily, but was based upon an examination of the lists mentioned below. Of course, a few of the items might seem idiosyncratic, and there are always difficulties involved in trying to translate a list of terms from one language to another; sometimes exact equivalents are not available. These flaws are inevitable in this kind of project. The selection of vocabulary items was influenced by: Basic English wordlist; Esperanto baza radikaro; Loglan predicate list; Lojban predicate list; VOA Special English wordlist; Concise Dictionary of 26 Languages; Roget's Thesaurus; New Horizon Ladder Dictionary of the English Language; Minimum Vocabularies of Written Chinese; Jo^yo^ kanji list.

87. Multilingual Software (Windows/Macintosh): Dictionary And Language Translation S Spellchecker. Downloadable languages Spanish, French, German, English. languagesEnglish to/from Spanish, French, German, and English. It s COLLINS ! http://www.allvirtualware.com/languages/

Language Translation Software dictionary and translation software language software spell check keyboard support fonts OCR handheld electronic translator Translation Software - PERSONAL PROFESSIONAL Comments LogoMedia Translate (European Languages) Spanish French German Italian ... Polish Translation Software. European Packages LogoMedia Translate (Asian Languages) Japanese Chinese Korean Translation Software Asian Packages Hebrew Links - Trade Translation Software - PROFESSIONAL Comments Reverso Pro (Spanish-English) Spanish Translation Software. Reverso Voice/Pro (French-English) French Translation Software. German Translation Software. Reverso Pro (German-English) @promt Professional (German-English) Other Language: PARS Russian PARS Polish PARS Ukrainian PARS Dutch ... ProMT Russian Translation Software - ENTERPRISE SOLUTIONS Comments Translation Solutions: LogoMedia Passport, Enterprise Server, Site License

88. Dictionary Of Programming Languages Compendium of computer coding methods assembled to provide information and aid appreciation for computer science history. http://cgibin.erols.com/ziring/cgi-bin/cep/cep.pl

Welcome to the Dictionary of Programming Languages, a compendium of computer coding methods assembled to provide information and aid your appreciation for computer science history. Browse the dictionary by clicking on a section: A B C D ... WXYZ+ Get a full dump of the dictionary: List of Names Short Form Full Form To search for languages in the dictionary type a name or regular expression into the text field below, then click on the Find button. in All fields Name only Cross-refs Link URLs display List Short Full Information about the dictionary: Dictionary working master list Questions and Answers about this project How entries get added to the dictionary Perl source code for CGI back-end Here are some other sites that have surveys or dictionaries of programming languages. NCSA Computing Languages List Pretty broad list, with short descriptions and links for most entries. Also includes some data-description and formatting languages. [Large flat HTML file with links] Tunes Review of Programming Languages As part of the TUNES project, F. Rideau is examining all existing languages, operating systems, virtual machines, and UI systems. This language list is pretty broad, contains both subjective and objective critique of the various languages, and the related reviews under the main

89. Mts Languages International - Sprogrejser,sprogkurser,sprogskoler Og Universitet Denmark based language travel (Sprachreisen/ sprogrejser) site, many languages (in Danish) http://home9.inet.tele.dk/mtssprog

mts languages international FRANKRIG SPANIEN TYSKLAND ENGLAND ... NEW ZEALAND mts sprog - Sprogkurser for voksne - Sprogkurser for unge - Eksamenskurser i sprog - Lange sprogophold - Sprog, teater, mode, mad, kunst, vin... - Feriekurser i sprog - Sprog for erhvervslivet - Intensive sprogkurser Ring, fax eller send en e-mail efter en brochure. land og sprog , du er interesseret i. mts languages international - mts sprog Julmosevej 1 Tel.: (+45) 4581 2338 Fax: (+45) 4581 2338 Web: www.sprogrejse.dk E-mail: sprogrejse@mail.dk Kontakt: Thomas Schramm

90. Welcome To Certified Languages International Telephone interpretation and translation for hospitals, banks and insurers. http://www.certifiedlanguages.com/

Certified Languages International provides real-time telephone interpreting services in over 150 languages. Our qualified interpreters and translators are trained in a wide variety of industries to aid in all your communication needs. In less than a minute, you and your limited English speaker can be connected with an interpreter for any language, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year! CLI can be reached toll free at 1-800-CERTIFIED Or, click HERE to contact us online. You can also send a fax to Please call us anytime between 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. PST for more information or a free translation or interpreting estimate. Certified Languages International can be reached toll free at: 1-800-CERTIFIED (1-800-237-8434) To send us an e-mail, please click on the following address:

91. LANGUAGES AND THE MEDIA Dec 46, 2002 in Berlin, German. Mainly for those in the media industry and language industry specialist. Includes conference theme, registration fees, registration forms, conference structure, call for papers http://www.languages-media.com/files/main.htm

LANGUAGES AND THE MEDIA Digital technologies are changing the media landscape, improving the technical quality of media products and diversifying distribution. But what about the content? Are viewers getting what they want in the languages and form they want? Does it make marketing sense for broadcasters and license holders to provide multilingual versions? What about media products for the blind and hard-of-hearing? Is equal access to the media a right or simply sound marketing logic? If interactivity is more than just a buzzword, what role does language play in broadcasters' strategies? What are the new media trends and what part does language transfer play in them? Programme distributors have to be sensitive to consumers' wishes if they want to market their products successfully. For this reason, the 4th International Languages and the Media conference and exhibition has chosen Viewers, Languages and Marketing

92. Swearsaurus Swear Words: Swearing, Cursing, Cussing And Insulting! SLANG. JOKES. How to insult, swear, cuss, and curse in 156 languages! UPDATED! Thousandsof new entries and 6 new languages added. Afrikaans, Gujarati, Romanian. http://www.insultmonger.com/swearing/

SWEARSAURUS GENERATORS INSULTS ASK A BASTARD ... JOKES How to insult, swear, cuss, and curse in 156 languages! Thanks to over 4,000 contributors, Swearsaurus is the world's largest resource of multilingual swearing. It will teach you a vast array of swearing, profanity, obscenity, blasphemy, cursing, cussing, and insulting in a massive 156 languages - because it's good to experience cultural diversity! Pop Picks: Spanish Italian French German ... Yiddish UPDATED! Thousands of new entries and 6 new languages added. Afrikaans Gujarati Romanian Albanian ... Submissions

93. Welcome To Radio Korea International RKI (Radio Korea International), an international broadcast service. Information and connection to live Real Audio broadcasts. RKi brings 10 languages news and Korean songs. http://rki.kbs.co.kr/

m JUN 10, 2004 G8 Singles Out N. Korea, Iran on Nuke Concerns Latest News RKI News Korean Kaleidoscope Wonderful Korea Seoul Report ... Korean Pop Interactive Select Language :::::::::: Arabic Chinese English French German Indonesian Japanese Korean Russian Spanish RKI NEWS Today's News Politics Economy Sports ... Others PROGRAMS Korean Kaleidoscope Tour Figure of the Week Music Trap ABOUT RKI History RKI Interactive Getting in Touch Programs ... Roh Opposed to Disclosure of Apt. Construction Costs

94. Multi-Languages Translations And Interpretations Provides translation and interpretation in most languages. http://www.multi-languages.com/

If you cannot see the frames, click here

95. BYTE.com A special Byte Magazine article published for Byte's 20th anniversary special report http://www.byte.com/art/9509/sec7/art19.htm

Search BYTE.com Write to Byte Editorial Calendar Categories Previous Editions Columns Features Print Archives About Us Byte Editorial Staff Advertise with Byte Privacy Policy Free E-mail Newsletter from BYTE.com Byte.com Update Text only A Brief History of Programming Languages September 1995 20th Anniversary / A Brief History of Programming Languages We've come a long way from computers programmed with wires and punch cards. Maybe not as far as some would like, though. Here are the innovations in programming. ca. 1946 Konrad Zuse , a German engineer working alone while hiding out in the Bavarian Alps, develops Plankalkul. He applies the language to, among other things, chess. Short Code , the first computer language actually used on an electronic computing device, appears. It is, however, a "hand-compiled" language. Grace Hopper , working for Remington Rand, begins design work on the first widely known compiler, named A-0. When the language is released by Rand in 1957, it is called MATH-MATIC. Alick E. Glennie

96. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SALISH AND NEIGHBORING LANGUAGES Conference reports on Salish and other languages. Some links given. http://www.cas.unt.edu/~montler/icsnl.htm

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SALISH AND NEIGHBORING LANGUAGES The 39th International Conference on Salish and Neighboring Languages will be hosted by the Squamish Nation and will take place in North Vancouver, British Columbia on August 11-13, 2004. Papers on all aspects of the study, preservation, and teaching of Salish and neighboring languages are welcome. Papers for the ICSNL should be submitted by Friday, May 28, 2004, and will be printed and distributed prior to the conference by the University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, as was done last year. There are no page limits. Electronic submissions are encouraged. Word files with any special fonts will be accepted; however, PDF files are preferred. A style sheet is available at http://www.linguistics.ubc.ca/UBCWPL/ . Contact the editors at Linguistics- UBCWPL@arts.ubc.ca for updated information. Papers should be submitted to: The editors, ICSNL 39, 2004 UBCWPL c/o Department of Linguistics, UBC E-270 1866 Main Mall Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z1

97. Welcome To WWW.KAHONWES.COM Where Everything Is Iroquois Related Iroquois Language index. Mohawk Language Resources A section of electroniccharacters devoted to Kanienkeha Lang. for people all http://www.kahonwes.com/language/

Iroquois Language Index Mohawk Language Resources A section of electronic characters devoted to Kanienkeha Lang. for people all over the world to see and enjoy. Iroquois Language Resources Another testing ground for my skills at finding other Iroquois languages, there resources and what ever else I can. Kanienkeha Language A section devoted to Kanienkeha words, translations, and everything else.

98. Listing Of OO Languages Contains a listing of object oriented languages that have come into existence in academia, research and/or realworld environments. http://www.cios.sbu.ac.uk/oohb/OOLanguages.html

99. Policy Specification Languages Two languages to express security policies. Keynote language more general, express most kinds of policy in form that can be used to automatically test conditions expressed in same format. Security Policy Specification Language, SPSL more limited, for communications security policies; easily usable to implement firewall rules, control IPSEC connections. http://www.nixu.fi/~minna/draft2.html

Policy Specification Languages Minna Kangasluoma Department of Computer Science Helsinki University of Technology minna.kangasluoma@hut.fi Abstract This paper describes two languages designed to express security policies. The Keynote language is a general way of expressing almost any kind of policies in a form that can be used to automatically test conditions expressed in the same format to see if they conform to the policy. Security Policy Specification Language (SPSL) is a more limited language designed for communications security policies. It is easily usable to implement firewall rules or to control IPSEC connections. Contents Introduction Contents Policies and their specification Keynote ... Further Information 1 Introduction 1.1 Contents This paper describes two policy specification languages, Keynote and Security Policy Specification Language (SPSL). Both languages are first described; their syntax, expressiveness and usage domain are studied. Then the two languages are compared, and their similarities and differences described. Finally some conclusions are made about the suitability of each language for different purposes. 1.2 Policies and their specification

100. Redirect UBC Home Page, UBC Home Page UBC Home Page, UBC languages, Cultures and Travel, UBC Continuing Studies Registration Search. Home. Language Programs. http://www.cstudies.ubc.ca/languages/

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