1. Winne.com - Report On Angola - Angola's Tormented Path To Petro-diamond Led Grow Angola's remaining indigenous peoples fell into two disparate gathering bands of southern africa sometimes referred to by of the second set, kwangaliGcikuru and South Mbukushu http://www.winne.com/angola/bf04.html

document.write(messageDate); ANGOLA Angola's tormented path to petro-diamond led growth Geography Climate History Government People Provinces Economy Oil Diamonds ... Facts for travelers Population see map The Cost of the war Hundred of thousands have died from the direct or indirect effects of the war, and there are many thousands of orphans, widows and disabled people. Recent data for employment are scarce, although government figures from 1995 indicates that 63% of people working in Luanda were employed in the informal sector. Angola is ranked 160th out of 174 countries in the UN development Program's Human Development Index in 2000. Ethnicity The huge war-related population upheavals have transformed Angolan society. The first of the these upheavals was in 1960, when hundreds of thousands of Bakongo were uprooted in the north-western provinces, following the harsh colonial response to the UPA rebellion, and took refuge across the border in what is now the DRC (ex-Zaire). Other Bakongo, and Africans in some other parts of the country, were regrouped into fortified villages by the portugueses. During the 1980s, most of the Bakongo More ethnic groups.

2. Dx Listening Digest 3-031 February 23, 2003 on FM for the indigenous peoples, as was the case in South africa. This commenced in November central Namibia Rukavango Service in kwangali for the Caprivi Strip Radio Opuwo http://www.worldofradio.com/dxld3031.txt

3. Economic Development And Cultural Change as members of the kwangali, Mbunza, Giriku (sic), Sambyu in africa (Geneva WHO Press). Young, E (1995) Third World in the First Development and indigenous peoples (London http://www.mindspring.com/~okavango/bnr.html

Economic Development and Cultural Change among the Okavango Delta Peoples of Botswana By John Bock, PhD In Botswana Notes and Records , Vol. 30, Pp. 27-44, 1998 Development in Botswana In many ways, Botswana has had one of the most intense, and most successful, economic development experiences among sub-Saharan nations in the post-colonial era. This development has largely depended on mining and cattle, and has been extractive and export driven (Valentine 1993). Recently, due to concerns regarding the diminishing returns of extractive industry, environmental costs, and the vulnerability of the cattle industry to both importers' decisions and disease, tourism has played an increasingly important role in planning for Botswana's economic future (Lilywhite and Lilywhite 1991). Many other developing countries both in sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere also see tourism as a sustainable and clean way to earn foreign exchange as well as provide relatively large numbers of skilled and unskilled jobs and infrastructural development (Hitchcock 1991, Young 1995). Lastly, because indigenous peoples and other minority groups often have different languages, cultural histories and traditions, and subsistence economies from those embodied in national institutions, economic development can bring rapid, unanticipated, and detrimental change in each of these areas (Hitchcock 1997).

4. Glenn Hauser's Shortwave/DX Report on FM for the indigenous peoples, as was the case in South africa. This commenced in November central Namibia Rukavango Service in kwangali for the Caprivi Strip Radio Opuwo http://www.dxing.com/dxr/dxld3031.htm

Glenn Hauser's DX Listening Digest Home Up Front Newsroom Editorial E-Letters Features Glenn Hauser's DX Listening Digest Glenn Hauser's Continent of Media Don Schimmel's Radio Intrigue Joe Carr's Tech Notes Radio Basics Frequency vs. Wavelength Modes and Modulation Call Sign Prefixes UTC/GMT Conversion ... Radio Terms Shortwave Radio Introduction to Shortwave Listening Tuning 150 kHz to 30 MHz Selecting a Shortwave Radio Reporting and QSLs Receiver Reference Modern Shortwave Receiver Survey Favorite Tube-Type Shortwave Receivers Scanner Monitoring Introducing the "Action Bands" The World Above 30 MHz Selecting a Scanner National Scanner Frequency Guide Other Radio Hobbies Ham Radio AM Band DXing Longwave DXing Clandestine Radio ... TV/FM DXing Radio Links Shortwave Listening Radio Clubs International Broadcasters Scanner Listening ... Top of Page #03-031 February 23, 2003 edited by Glenn Hauser, wghauser@hotmail.com Click here to view the current edition Click here for index of previous editions ©2003 Glenn Hauser.

5. Carnelian International Risks Angola's remaining indigenous peoples fell into two disparate gathering bands of southern africa sometimes referred to by of the second set, kwangaliGcikuru and South Mbukushu http://www.carnelian-international.com/angola/ethnic_groups_and_languages.htm

Angola: ETHNIC GROUPS AND LANGUAGES Although Portuguese was Angola's official language, the great majority of Angolans (more than 95 percent of the total population) used languages of the Bantu familysome closely related, others remotely sothat were spoken by most Africans living south of the equator and by substantial numbers north of it. Angola's remaining indigenous peoples fell into two disparate categories. A small number, all in southern Angola, spoke so-called Click languages (after a variety of sounds characteristic of them) and differed physically from local African populations. These Click speakers shared characteristics, such as small stature and lighter skin colour, linking them to the hunting and gathering bands of southern Africa sometimes referred to by Europeans as Bushmen. The second category consisted of , largely urban and living in western Angola. Most spoke Portuguese, although some were also acquainted with African languages, and a few may have used such a language exclusively. The Definition of Ethnicity Bantu languages have been categorized by scholars into a number of sets of related tongues. Some of the languages in any set may be more or less mutually intelligible, especially in the areas where speakers of a dialect of one language have had sustained contact with speakers of a dialect of another language. Given the mobility and interpenetration of communities of Bantu speakers over the centuries, transitional languagesfor example, those that share characteristics of two tonguesdeveloped in areas between these communities. Frequently, the languages of a set, particularly those with many widely distributed speakers, would be divided into several dialects. In principle, dialects of the same language are considered mutually intelligible, although they are not always so in fact.

6. US Department Of State Post Report the south by South africa, and to the east speaking, mixedrace peoples, such as the "Coloureds main indigenous languages are Oshiwambo, spoken by the Ovambo; kwangali, spoken by http://www.foia.state.gov/MMS/postrpt/pr_view_all.asp?CntryID=104

7. Economic Development And Cultural Change identify as members of the kwangali, Mbunza, Giriku Food tables for use in africa (Geneva WHO the First Development and indigenous peoples (London Routledge http://anthro.fullerton.edu/jbock/Okavango/bnr.html

Economic Development and Cultural Change among the Okavango Delta Peoples of Botswana By John Bock, PhD In Botswana Notes and Records , Vol. 30, Pp. 27-44, 1998 Development in Botswana In many ways, Botswana has had one of the most intense, and most successful, economic development experiences among sub-Saharan nations in the post-colonial era. This development has largely depended on mining and cattle, and has been extractive and export driven (Valentine 1993). Recently, due to concerns regarding the diminishing returns of extractive industry, environmental costs, and the vulnerability of the cattle industry to both importers' decisions and disease, tourism has played an increasingly important role in planning for Botswana's economic future (Lilywhite and Lilywhite 1991). Many other developing countries both in sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere also see tourism as a sustainable and clean way to earn foreign exchange as well as provide relatively large numbers of skilled and unskilled jobs and infrastructural development (Hitchcock 1991, Young 1995). Lastly, because indigenous peoples and other minority groups often have different languages, cultural histories and traditions, and subsistence economies from those embodied in national institutions, economic development can bring rapid, unanticipated, and detrimental change in each of these areas (Hitchcock 1997).

8. MSN Encarta - Search View - Namibia 713,919 speakers), Herero (113,000), kwangali (79,000), and charges of atrocities committed against the indigenous peoples. charges against South africa to be http://uk.encarta.msn.com/text_761574992__1/Namibia.html

Search View Namibia Article View To find a specific word, name, or topic in this article, select the option in your Web browser for finding within the page. In Internet Explorer, this option is under the Edit menu. The search seeks the exact word or phrase that you type, so if you don’t find your choice, try searching for a keyword in your topic or recheck the spelling of a word or name. Namibia I. Introduction Namibia , formerly South West Africa, republic in south-western Africa, bordered on the north by Angola and Zambia, on the east by Botswana and South Africa, on the south by South Africa, and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. The total land area is 824,269 sq km (318,252 sq mi). The capital of Namibia is Windhoek. II. Land and Resources The land area of Namibia falls into three physiographical regions: a low-lying coastal belt, a central plateau, and the Kalahari desert. The coastal belt consists of the Namib Desert. It extends along the entire Atlantic coast and ranges from 100 to 160 km (60 to 100 mi) in width. To the east, the central plateau rises abruptly at the Great Escarpment. The plateau averages about 1,100 m (3,600 ft) above sea level, but rises in several mountainous areas to elevations greater than 1,800 m (5,900 ft). Along the eastern border is the Kalahari, a highland area containing vast sandy tracts, which extends into neighbouring Botswana. A.

9. The Mongongo Nut, Ricinodendron Rautanenii mugonga Herero mangetti, mongongo kwangali - ugongo (ngongo indigenous people have been reported as eating were comandeering the local peoples most important http://www.naturalhub.com/natural_food_guide_nuts_uncommon_Ricinodendron_rautane

HEALTH, NUTRITION; THEORY THE EVOLUTIONARILY APPROPRIATE DIET NUTS and OTHER TREE SEEDS THE MONGONGO NUT feel free to 'deep link 'to this page: http://www.naturalhub.com/natural_food_guide_nuts_uncommon_Ricinodendron_rautanenii.htm THE MONGONGO/MANKETTI NUT Ricinodendron rautanenii (Schinziophyton rautanenii) Names: !Kung Bushmen - //xa, mongongo Lozi - mungongo Shona - mungongoma Tswana - mongongo, mugonga Herero - mangetti, mongongo Kwangali - ugongo (ngongo) Africaans - wilde okkerneut English - manketti nut, mongongo nut, featherweight tree (the wood is very light) Description of the tree and fruit Ricinodendron rautaneii is a large (up to 15 metres) straight trunked tree, with a broad spreading crown with dark green compound leaves of 5 to 7 ovate to elliptical leaflets at the end of a stalk up to 15cm (6 inches) long, not unlike those of Casimiroa edulis dried flesh of each manketti fruit. But the sugar content is only part of the story. The big value is in the seed. The skin takes up 10% of the fruit by volume, the flesh 20%. The remaining 70% is the nut-like seed, including the wide hard shell around it. The 'shell' (endocarp) around the 'kernel' is very thick indeed, and although porous, it is very hard and tough. So hard that even elephants, which love the sweet fruit, can't crack them. "A forester in Rhodesia [Zimbabwe] set this author some Manketti nuts and on the package under the scientific name Ricinodendron , he had written "recovered from elephant dung". This startled me. The nuts are like oversized pecans which have had smallpox and were covered with pockmarks. I wrote the forester to ask why the special inscription, and he replied that there are three reasons: (1) The elephants eat the fruits greedily and it is much easier to let the elephants do the job of picking; (2) The seed will not germinate until it has spent a week inside the elephant, and (3) The elephant enjoys the fruit but his digestive mechanism does not affect the extremely hard shell and the nut inside. The natives of Rhodesia, therefore, follow the elephant, recover the hardshelled nuts where they have been dropped, clean and dry them, then crack the extremely hard shell, and find the contents perfectly delicious."

10. “One Chief Is Enough” at the conference. Africas indigenous peoples First peoples or Marginalised Minorities? limit the dominant role of the Kwanyama and kwangali traditional leaders http://www.kalaharipeoples.org/documents/EdinburghPaperfinalMay2000.htm

“ONE CHIEF IS ENOUGH!”: UNDERSTANDING SAN TRADITIONAL AUTHORITIES IN THE NAMIBIAN CONTEXT Paper for presentation at the conference Africa’s Indigenous Peoples: ‘First Peoples’ or ‘Marginalised Minorities’? Centre of African Studies University of Edinburgh 24-25 May 2000 Prepared by Joram /Useb with assistance from Magdalena Brörmann of The Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA) Introduction Already in 1935 many influential people in southern Africa and Britain shared Chief Tshekedi Kkama’s sentiment that the San lack leaders. When asked by a member of the South African District Committee of the London Missionary Society whether the Masarwa are “politically on the same basis as the servant class of the Bamangwatos”, the Chief stated, ”Yes, that is so and in my experience I have never known of one of their own people who could stand for them or lead them.” (London Missionary Society, 1935: 19) Nowadays my San colleagues and I have to listen to government officials and others making statements to this effect: “You people have never had leaders. Why do you need leaders today?” or, “If you want a leader, appoint one chief for all of you, because all of you speak the same Bushman language anyway.”

11. UNITA-A Case Study In Modern Insurgency southern africa. As a result, a number of information gaps that gave the indigenous population greater access to schools money), the peoples Republic of China (advisers and equipment http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/BRR.htm

UNITA-A Case Study In Modern Insurgency CSC 1984 SUBJECT AREA Strategic Issues ABSTRACT Author: Burke, Robert R., Major, USMC Title: UNITA - A Case Study in Modern Insurgency Publisher: Marine Corps Command and Staff College Date: 2 April 1984 After nearly 400 years of Portuguese rule, Angola finally became independent in November 1975. This independence was the culmination of nearly 14 years of civil war in which three insurgencies vied for control of Angola: the Movimento Popular de Libertacao de Angola (MPLA), the Frente Nacional de Libertacao de Angola (FNLA), and the Unizo Nacional para Independencia Total de Angola (UNITA). With the help of nearly 15,000 Cuban troops and massive aid from the Soviet Union, the Marxist MPLA defeated FNLA and UNITA in the Angolian civil war of 1975-76 and established a communist government in Angola. Despite the communist victory, fighting has not ended in Angola. Although FNLA has ceased to be a viable insurgency, UNITA has staged a remarkable recovery since the civil war. UNITA now controls at least one third of

12. 115-1973 the CommissionerGeneral of the indigenous peoples, Jannie de the restricted mobility of people in the official languages are English, Afrikaans and kwangali. http://www.klausdierks.com/Chronology/115.htm

Since 1973 there has been concerted opposition from SWAPO, especially from the SWAPO Youth League, to the Odendaal-type elections in Ovamboland, and this triggers an increased crackdown by the SA Police. Nahas Angula of SWAPO establishes the Namibia Education Centre for Displaced Children in Zambia (and leads this institution until 1976). The Ovamboland Independence Party (OIP) is formed by Silas Ipumbu. Namibia has 3 600 km of trunk roads, 9 248 km of main roads, 19 627 km of district roads and 25 408 km of farm roads. SWA/Namibia Administrator BJ van der Walt initiates the installation of the first government computer in the new administration building. The inflation rate in Namibia is 7%. The Otjihase mine is developed by the Otjihase Mining Company. February The Brandberg West Mine is closed. March Chief Hendrik Witbooi of Gibeon, supported by the headmen of Berseba and Soromas, sends a telegram to the UN Secretary-General, asking him to " urgently free us from South African colonial rule ".

13. NamibWeb.com - The Online Guide To Namibia: People Of Namibia father s families unlike other southern africa s indigenous groups. consist of five tribes kwangali, Shambyu, Gciriku Kavango are a river people subsisting off http://www.namibweb.com/people.html

The people of Namibia: Information on ethnic groups More information on diversity of population groups of our country. Inhabitants of the Republic of Namibia vary from hunter-gatherers, herders and farmers to an urban population consisting of traders, civil servants, industrialists and individuals in a wide diversity of professions, belonging to many different cultural and ethnic groups. The Owambo This is collective name for a group of tribes in northern Namibia and southern part of Angola. In the middle of 16 century these tribes which belonged to Bantu group moved southwards from the great lakes area in the East Africa and settled between Kunene and Okavango rivers.There are eight tribes of this group in northern Namibia at present with a total population of around 700 000 which represents almost half of the population of the country (45%). As agriculturists producing mostly millet and pastoralists, they supplemented their subsistence economy with hunting, fishing and gathering wild foods. Kwanyama and Ndongo are the largest tribes (approx. 36 and 27% respectively) while Kwambi, Ngandjera, Mbalanhu, Kwaluudhi, Eunda and Nkolonkadhi are the smaller tribes. They have own dialects. The Owambo social organization is matrilineal (children belong to the mother's clan) although they are changing it towards patrilineal system. The chief's position and a man's health are inherited by his younger brother or sister's son, and not by his own children, since they belong to the mother's family. The tribe is traditionally headed by a hereditary chief, although more and more councils of senior headmen make the decisions.

14. Lang Classification Sources for the Numbers List Languages of the peoples of the USSR, Izdat'el'stvo Nauka Migeod, The Languages of West africa, Books for Libraries Press The Harris volume (The indigenous http://www.zompist.com/sources.htm

Sources for the Numbers List This page gives the sources for each language on <a href="numbers.shtml">the Numbers from 1 to 10 page</a>. Sometimes half the work in dealing with a new language is finding out what it is, and relating it to the sometimes wildly varying classifications from Ruhlen , Voegelin, and the Ethnologue. There are notes relating to this, as well as information on dialects , and names of languages I don't have yet. ’ÄîM.R. Totals : 4792 entries -238 conlangs -411 dead langs -325 dialect/variant = living languages I have 80.1% of Ruhlen’Äôs 4750 languages. Dialects I have but not in the list: 835, so the grand total is about 5612. Thanks to the following people who've sent me numbers over the net (biggest contributors first; abbreviations in boldface): <!1520> <a href="http://hometown.aol.com/nahali/myhomepage/profile.html"> Jarel Deaton</a> ( JD <!696> <a href="http://euslchan.tripod.com/index.html">Eugene S.L. Chan</a> ( NO PP CM RS CS <!15> Jennifer Runner (who has a <a href="http://www.elite.net/~runner/jennifers/">

15. Publications Analysis of the Main Kavango Languages kwangali, Gciriku and and Pastoral Perceptions Degradation and indigenous Knowledge in Nomadic peoples 4 NS (in print). http://www.uni-koeln.de/inter-fak/sfb389/publications/publications.htm

African Studies Botany Egyptology Geography ... Links African Studies Brenzinger, M. 1997): Moving to survive: Kxoe communities in arid lands. Khoisan Forum (University of Cologne) 2. Brinkmann, I. (1999): Violence, Exile and Ethnicity: Nyemba Refugees in Kaisosi and Kehemu (Rundu, Namibia) in: Journal of Southern African Studies, Volume 25, No. 3, September 1999. 1999): Grandmother's footsteps. Oral tradition and south-east Angolan narratives on the colonial encounter. Cologne: Ruediger Koeppe, History and Cultural Innovations in Africa, vol. 7. Eckl, A. Fisch, M. Fleisch, Axel Fleisch, Axel E.D. Heine, Bernd 1997a): On gender agreement in Central Khoisan. Khoisan Forum (University of Cologne) 4. (1997b): Cognitive foundations of grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (1997c): On spatial orientation in Kxoe: Some preliminary observations. Khoisan Forum (University of Cologne) 6. (1997d): Kxoe texts. Khoisan Forum (University of Cologne) 8. !Xun morphology and syntax. To appear in: Vossen, Rainer (ed.): The Khoesan languages. Richmond: Curzon. (in print)

16. US Department Of State Post Report Afrikaansspeaking, mixed-race peoples, such as the Coloureds The main indigenous languages are Oshiwambo, spoken by the Ovambo; kwangali, spoken by the http://foia.state.gov/MMS/postrpt/pr_view_all.asp?CntryID=104

17. Namibie Translate this page le herero (113 000), le kwangali (80 000 du Sud-Ouest africain (South West africa People’s Organization indigenous Languages Deserve More Respect» dans The http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/namibie.htm

République de Namibie Namibie Republic of Namibia Capitale: Windhoek Population: 1,9 million (est. 2003) Langue officielle: anglais Groupe majoritaire: aucun Groupes minoritaires: afrikaans (6,6 %), herero (6,4 %), anglais (4,5 %), nama (4 %), fwe, subia, tswana... Langue coloniale: allemand et anglais Système politique: république unitaire Articles constitutionnels (langue): art. 3, 11, 19, 24 et 65 de la Constitution du 29 mars 1990 Lois linguistiques: sans objet 1 Situation générale La Namibie (off. république de Namibie voir la carte La Namibie, une immensité désertique, couvre une superficie de 823 144 km², soit l'équivalent de quatre fois la Grande-Bretagne et plus de deux fois l'Allemagne. La capitale est Windhoek (150 000 habitants). Le pays compte plusieurs grandes régions : le Nord ( Northern region ), le désert de Namib ( Namib region ), le Centre ou Plateau central (Central region), le Sud (Southern region). De plus, la Namibie est subdivisée en 13 régions administratives : Omusati, Oshana, Ohangwena, Oshikoto, Okavango, Liambezi, Kunene, Otjozondjupa, Erongo, Omaheke, Khomas, Hardap et Karas. Ancien Sud-Ouest africain, devenu Namibie en 1968, le pays, colonisé par l’Allemagne, puis par l’Afrique du Sud, n’a accédé à l’indépendance qu’en 1990.

18. Joshua Project - Peoples By Country Profiles People Name General Hukwe. indigenous Fellowship of 100+ http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=103904&rog3=BC

19. Joshua Project - Peoples By Country Profiles indigenous Fellowship of 100+ Click here to submit people profile URL People Profile URL. http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=107604&rog3=BC

20. The Early History And Migration Of The People Of The Kavango was very scarcely populated by indigenous people during the Various Clans The Mashi people consisted of various later separated into the kwangali and Mbundza http://www.economist.com.na/2001/261001/story21.htm

Your Source of business intelligence! The early history and migration of the people of the Kavango By Oswald Theart, Ngandu Safari Lodge, Rundu RUNDU: The extensive waterless areas which isolate the Kavango from the rest of Namibia is possibly the major reason why this area was only discovered by Europeans very late during the nineteenth century. This may also be the reason why the Kavango was very scarcely populated by indigenous people during the middle of that century. Prior to the Europeans' arrival in the Kavango these people's history and migratory routes were not recorded in writing. Without recorded information it is not only difficult but almost impossible to establish their history and migratory routes with accuracy. For this reason one necessarily have to relate to folklore and folktales, which form part of an extensive but varied oral tradition regarding their origins. To establish specific patterns referring to their history and migratory routes one also have to rely on logical deductions. With this in mind, there are quite a few indicators available which serve as clues from which deductions can be made in order to record their general history and migratory patterns. Stone age Period One of these clues is the discovery of many stone age tools dating back to as far as the oldest stone age period (Paleaolithic era), the later mesolithic and younger neolothic era. Based on this it is assumed that the Kavango has been inhabited by people for at least a hundred thousand years. However not much of the history of these earliest inhabitants are known today.

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