81. Kurdulogy Center In Sulaymaniyah 1. science 2. linguistic 3. literature 4. anthropology and social science 5. translations6. history Kurd and kurdistan and geography of kurdistan 7. art 8 http://www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/~siamakr/Kurdish/Programs/sulaymaniyah.html

KURDOLOGY CENTRE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SULAYMANIYAH DEFINITION The (KURDOLOGY CENTRE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SULAYMANIYAH) KCSU is an independent organisation that liaise with the chairperson and the University committee and it is managed by the KCSU committee. OBJECTIVES 1. development of research in the fields of Kurdology 2. reserve and rehabilitate the Kurdish national resources in the fields of science, literature and national heritage 3. reserve and rehabilitate Kurdish language to achieve the science, literature and art objectives of the nation 4. establishment of Kurdish history and geography of Kurdistan 5. encourage the researchers, expertise to publish their scientific works 6. introduction of Kurds and Kurdistan to the international community via translating of Kurdish work METHODS 1. publishing a periodical 2. encourage research in the field of Kurdology 3. establishment of Kudish dictionaries which will be specialised in different scientific fields 4. collect, preserve and publish the Kurdish manuscripts and documents 5. liaise with international centres similar to KCSU 6. encouragement of writers and experts in the field of Kurdology 7. establishment of the library and publishing house of the KCSU 8. organise meetings, seminars and conferences in different field of Kurdology SUBCOMMITTEES 1. science 2. linguistic 3. literature 4. anthropology and social science 5. translations 6. history Kurd and Kurdistan and geography of Kurdistan 7. art 8. library and publications 9. heritage 10. other subcommittees, long or short terms, can be established when it became feasible PUBLICATIONS ...... COURSES ..... ADDRESS Dr Jalal Shafik, President, Office of the President Kurdology Centre University of Sulaimani Sulaimani, Iraqi Kurdistan Posts can be sent only through contacts - there is no postal service to Iraqi Kurdistan. [Provided by Rebwar Fatah]

82. The School Of Geography At Manchester University-Staff DFID kurdistan Regional Development. NERC Wetland Evaporation North KentMarshes. Df EE Key Skills in geography Teaching Numeracy, (Lead site Prof. http://www.art.man.ac.uk/Geog/staff/ca.htm

@import url(../styles/geogstyle.css); School of Geography University of Manchester Skip navigation The School Geography Research Postgraduate Studies ... Search You are at: University of Manchester Arts Geography Geography Staff Geography Staff Clive Agnew BSc (Newcastle) Phd (UEA) Professor. Broad research interests: Drought; Desertification; Wetland hydrology; Boundary layer processes; Water resources; Applied climatology. Research Profile: DFID : Kurdistan Regional Development NERC : Wetland Evaporation: North Kent Marshes D.f EE : Key Skills in Geography Teaching: Numeracy, (Lead site Prof. M. Healey, Cheltenham). E.U (IV) SHYLOC (Sytem for Hydrology using Land Observation for Model Calibration). EU Environment and Climate Programme. Current/recent postgraduate students: Jarrah Ahmed . Rainfall harvesting in Jordan. Stephen Daniels . Hydrological responses to upland peat degradation. Helen Gavin . Modelling evaporation rates, North Kent (PhD awarded 2001) Eric Patrick . Rainfall-runoff harvesting in Kenya (PhD awarded 2000) Xuezhu Long . Particulate air pollution in Central London (PhD awarded 1999) Courses taught: Hydrology.

83. What Is Going On In Kurdistan? states, namely Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria; and a completely destructed geography. Beingthe biggest part among others, Turkish kurdistan has been the field http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/turkey/ah_kurd_aug99.html

What is Going On in Kurdistan? Summer 1999 Article scanned without permission from the Turkish Anarchist magazine 'Ates Hirsizi'. Address at end. What is Going On in Kurdistan? Thousands of Kurdish demonstrators have shaken more than 30 cities of the world, when Adullah Ocalan, president of PKK (Kurdish workers Party) was recently captured in Kenya d brought to Turkey thanks to an operation possibly organized by Turkey, US, Israel and Greece. Receiving an intensive coverage from local and international media, Ocalan's arrest we rise not only to numerous rumours, but also new discussions over Kurdish question as well a campaign of bombed attacks which have overshadowed the intoxication of Turkish government. Yet these tragic events are only the u dated versions of a long-standing bloodshed that marked the Kurdish history. 130 Years Of Agony Being one of the largest stateless nations of world, approximately 29 million Kurds are scattered in four major states, namely Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria with bits in European and former USSR countries. The fact that they have been denied simplest political and cultural rights is the very cause of Kurdish National Liberation Struggle estimated to be 130 years old. Firstly, all Kurdish bourgeois classes still maintain their existence. One can even talk about a regression in this regard; during the 70s, Kurdish bourgeois classes have received quite a good deal of blows from Kurdish socialist groups, but nowadays, all Kurdish bourgeois classes have strong links with all political groups under the pretext of patriotism.

84. Mario's Cyberspace Station: Kurdistan The objective of the kurdistan Web is to give comprehensive and accurate organizationwhose motto is For Kurdish People Worldwide .geography, politics and http://www.xs4all.nl/~mprofaca/kurdistan.html

Kurdistan News Kurds in World News Reuters: Abdullah Ocalan Yahoo!: Abdullah Ocalan Adana Century's Legal Bureau CTV Kurdish TV Kurdish National TV Informationsbulletin Kurdistan Kurd-L, Read Kurdish News Kurdistan Report Özgur Politika The Kurdistan Observer GZING, A Quarterly in South Kurmanji Rojbash, A Magazine in North Kurmanji and Turkish BARZAN, A News Paper in South Kurmanji DUGIR, A Magazine in North Kurmanji Journal of Kurdish Studies VOA Kurdish Service VOA Internet Broadcasting Kurdistan at Humanrights.de More related links Kurdistan US Sources Kurdistan Related Countries Iran Iraq Syria Turkey Kurdish Library and Documentation Center Kurdish Library (English) Kitêbxaneya Kurdî (Kurdî, Kurdish) Kurdiska Biblioteket (Svenska, Swedish) Kürt Kütüphanesi (Türkce, Turkish) Postaddress:Box 1050, S-101 39 Stockholm Visitingaddress: Slupskjulsvägen 26, Skeppsholmen SWEDEN For more information contact Nedim Dagdeviren Phone Telefax Kurdish Library is supported by Swedish Government The Foundation Culture of the Future The City of Stockholm Turkey Nabs Another Kurdish Leader Turkey on Wednesday July 21 1999 announced that it had captured a leading member of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)

85. Kurdistan Observer to carry on with the task of facilitating children command their mother tongueand to familiarize them with the history, geography, and arts of kurdistan. http://mywebpage.netscape.com/KO News/new_page_1.htm

htmlAdWH('93097763', '234', '60'); ns news headline April 30, 2003 Jay Garner Believes Barzani and Talabani Don't Want Federal State "I spent the last two days with Mr. Talabani and Mr. Barzani, and they never used that term one time," Garner said. More Crunch Time For Kurds, But New Problems On The Horizon "Since the KDP and the PUK are basically rivals, the prospect, I think, is that their rivalry will become now that the danger to them from Saddam has ceased to be a major feature of Iraqi Kurdistan and, maybe, a major feature over the way a Kurdish federal state relates to Baghdad," McDowall said. "Just imagine, if you are in Baghdad and you are not very strong, you would do everything you can to play off Barzani against Talabani, knowing that they loathe each other." More Iraqi and Kurdish Leaders Meet to Plan Reconstruction The Kurds' Long Nightmare Returning Kurds evict Arabs April 29, 2003 Dialogue Needed with Kurds KDP to Accept Long-Term US Bases in Southern Kurdistan Barham Salih says Turkey Can be Model for Post-War Iraq Rival Iraqi Groups Strike Deal on Mosul Government April 28, 2003 Rumsfeld Lashes out at Turkey Again Barzani in Baghdad for Post-Saddam Talks KDP Official: Mosul as a city is not a Kurd city, Will Stop Armed Patrols

86. Kurdistan Observer In a large geography spanning from Southern kurdistan to southern and southeasternparts of Turkey an understanding of common commercial area and free trade http://mywebpage.netscape.com/KO News/25-9-03-opinion-mete-tky-rumors.html

htmlAdWH('93097763', '234', '60'); ns news headline Aug 30, 2003 Car Bombing Kills Mohammad Bagr al-Hakim , 82 Others Kurdish Deputy Security Chief killed by Ansar al-Islam Kurds Gives US a Lesson in Efficiency Why Send Troops To Iraq? Aug 29, 2003 U.S. Seeks Help From Kurds against Sunni Insurgency Kurds, Ethnic Turks Sign Agreement to prevent clashes News Snapshot Commenting on Turkmen in Southern Kurdistan, Turkish ex-pm Ecevit said, it is obvious that Turkmen are facing a danger of genocide. Turkey should definitely give Kurdish clans in Iraq serious warnings. Turkey should take control of certain localities in northern Iraq immediately, otherwise big problems are likely to emerge." Aug 28, 2003 Analysis: U.S.-Turkish Troubled Relations The Turks are demanding that Iraqi-Kurdish militias be disarmed and that the Turkmen be given special privileges and protection, something the U.S. military is unlikely to do. More Governor of Falluja: Falluja Would be a Grave for Turkish Troops News Snapshot Turkey sent a message to Dr. Mahmud Osman, member of the Iraqi Governing Council, asking him not to visit Ankara. This official message came as seven officials the Iraqi Governing Council are expected to arrive in Turkey in the second week of September.

87. Kurdistan Regional Government Home kurdistan Maps Photos. See Kurdish Vistas! Enjoy beautiful imagesof kurdistan in this online slideshow. Enjoy another online http://www.krg.org/reference/maps.asp

Wednesday, 9 June 2004 Home Contact Useful Links Feedback ... Books See Kurdish Vistas! Enjoy beautiful images of Kurdistan in this online slideshow Enjoy another online slideshow Shaqlawa in Autumn: Online Slideshow Halabja pictures (there pictures may be disturbing) The city of Amadiya in the distance, 1997 Maps of Iraqi Kurdistan and the surrounding Region The following are a collection of maps of Iraqi Kurdistan and the region. More maps will be added soon. Map 1 Map 2 Map 3 Map 4 Map 5 Map 6 Map 7 Map 8 Map 9 Map 10 Map 11 Map 12 Map 13 Map 14 You can see a sub-way style map of Duhok and Erbil governorates in this PDF file: Duhok-Erbil Sub-Way Map Where is Kurdistan? This 1992 map shows the Kurdish region and the countries it spans. Larger version This map is from the the Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection at the University of Texas at Austin. Get a Close Look...

88. Encyclopedia: Kurdistan The borders of kurdistan are hard to define, as none of the states in questionacknowledge kurdistan as a demographic or geographical region. http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Kurdistan

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Factoid #32 Qataris have lots and lots of gas Interesting Facts Make your own graph: Hold down Control and click on several. Compare All Top 5 Top 10 Top 20 Top 100 Bottom 100 Bottom 20 Bottom 10 Bottom 5 All (desc) in category: Select Category Agriculture Crime Currency Democracy Economy Education Energy Environment Food Geography Government Health Identification Immigration Internet Labor Language Manufacturing Media Military Mortality People Religion Sports Taxation Transportation Welfare with statistic: view: Correlations Printable graph / table Pie chart Scatterplot with ... * Asterisk means graphable. Added May 21 Mortality stats Multi-users ½ price Catholic stats Related Articles People who viewed "Kurdistan" also viewed: Kurds Kurd History of the Kurds Battle of Manila Bay Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Populous Most Militaristic ... More Stats Categories Agriculture Background Crime Currency ... Welfare Updated: May 20, 2004 Encyclopedia : Kurdistan Sponsored links: Kurdistan Persian ) is an area in the Middle East , inhabited mainly by the Kurds . Kurdistan covers parts of Turkey Iraq Iran Georgia and Syria . The borders of Kurdistan are hard to define, as none of the states in question acknowledge Kurdistan as a demographic or geographical region. There is a

89. Encyclopedia: Patriotic Union Of Kurdistan Category. Encyclopedia Patriotic Union of kurdistan. http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Patriotic-Union-of-Kurdistan

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Factoid #45 South America is unusual in that it is both urbanized and poor Interesting Facts Make your own graph: Hold down Control and click on several. Compare All Top 5 Top 10 Top 20 Top 100 Bottom 100 Bottom 20 Bottom 10 Bottom 5 All (desc) in category: Select Category Agriculture Crime Currency Democracy Economy Education Energy Environment Food Geography Government Health Identification Immigration Internet Labor Language Manufacturing Media Military Mortality People Religion Sports Taxation Transportation Welfare with statistic: view: Correlations Printable graph / table Pie chart Scatterplot with ... * Asterisk means graphable. Added May 21 Mortality stats Multi-users ½ price Catholic stats Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Populous Most Militaristic ... More Stats Categories Agriculture Background Crime Currency ... Welfare Updated: Jan 23, 2004 Encyclopedia : Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Sponsored links: The Patriotic Union of Kurdistan PUK ) is a leftist Kurdish Iraqi opposition group led by Jalal Talabani , based near the Iran ian border.

90. Text News national voluntary union with Arabs in Iraq, and guaranteeing the rights of othernational minorities within the boundaries of geographic kurdistan like Turkmen http://home.cogeco.ca/~kurdistan1/1-2-04-op-ed-hawramani-kurdish-demand-conforms

Previous op/ed A Letter To President of the United States of America Kurdish choices in Iraq: A binational Federation or Separation? The Wall Street Journal ... and the Kurds: Guess Where the Paper Gets Its Cues? KurdistanObserver.com Kurdish Demands For Federation Within Iraq Conforms With US policy Dr. Nazhad Khasraw Hawramany Feb 1, 2004 The Kurdish leaders have asserted repeatedly that they are seeking a federation within Iraqi unity and have no plans for separation or division of Iraq, they are leaving sovereignty issues like oil resources, foreign affairs, defence, currency in the hands of the a central federal government, they are seeking a bi-national voluntary union with Arabs in Iraq, and guaranteeing the rights of other national minorities within the boundaries of geographic Kurdistan like Turkmen, Arabs, and Chaldo-Assyrians, yet there was a very hostile reaction from some Arab elements in Iraqi Governing Council and from neighbouring countries with its own repressed Kurdish minorities, distorting and exaggerating the scope of Kurdish demands and depicting the Kurdish federal plan as a step to jeopardize the Iraqi territorial integrity.

91. Kurdistan Definition Of Kurdistan. What Is Kurdistan? Meaning Of Kurdistan. What kurdistan. Word Word. Noun, 1. kurdistan an extensive geographical regionin the Middle East south of the Caucacus http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Kurdistan

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Kurdistan Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition Noun Kurdistan - an extensive geographical region in the Middle East south of the Caucacus Jund-ul-Islam Soldiers of God - an Islamic extremist group of Kurds who oppose secular control with bombings and assassinations; believed to have ties with al-Qaeda geographic area geographic region geographical area geographical region - a demarcated area of the Earth Iran Islamic Republic of Iran Persia - a theocratic islamic republic in the Middle East in western Asia; Iran was the core of the ancient empire that was known as Persia until 1935; rich in oil; involved in state-sponsored terrorism Al-Iraq Irak Iraq Republic of Iraq - a republic in the Middle East in western Asia; the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia was in the area now known as Iraq; modern government is involved in state-sponsored terrorism Syria Syrian Arab Republic - an Asian republic in the Middle East at the east end of the Mediterranean; site of some of the world's most ancient centers of civilization; involved in state-sponsored terrorism Iraqi Kurdistan - the part of Kurdistan that is in northwestern Iraq Republic of Turkey Turkey - a Eurasian republic in Asia Minor and the Balkans; achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1923

92. Kurdistan Pictures Kurdistan English Summary OFK Paris Information Informations Political events. kurdistan a regional profile An economic study about Iraqikurdistan, Please, say it to your friends. kurdistan Pictures kurdistan Picture. http://www.redacservices.fr/ofk/pagesanglais/sommairea.htm

Some articles are not translated into English, but you can read them by clicking their link in this page, then by using the translator integrated in the top of the article. News forum Travels forum Political events "Kurdistan : a regional profile" An economic study about Iraqi Kurdistan ... Aktamar Antakya Bitlis Cizre Dersim Divrigi Diyarbakir Dogubayazit Elazig/Harput Erzurum Haci Bektas Harran Hasankeyf Istanbul Keban Malatya Mardin/Kiziltepe Midyat Nemrut Dag i /Adiyaman Siirt Silvan/Malabadi Sivas Urfa Van/Muradiye/Ahlat Your pictures Adult's portraits Children's portraits Syria Theatre The Kurdish Marwanid princes and Syriac scholars Hasankeyf Mem and Zîn or the burning wings of love Exhibition of pictures Kurdistan Gods and Princes' land Interview IHD Diyarbakir Universal Declaration of Human Rights Baran Orphans in Istanbul History Towns Interview 07/1999 Istanbul Interview 09/2000 Carikli ... Agora You liked this site? Please, say it to your friends.

93. Tapez Le Titre Ici Geographical. Area. Population Million. Percentage against the population of theKurds. Percentage against the population of the states conquering kurdistan. http://mapage.noos.fr/piling/politique/pol_pirbal2_chap_2.htm

2. Kurdistan and the Kurdish nation ( general background) Kurdistan, A Regional Profile An Economic Study about Iraqi Kurdistan by Khasro Pirbal The origins of the Kurds Geography Geopolitic ... Kurdistan General content Presentation Introduction Kurdistan and the Kurdish nation The economy of Kurdistan ... Home The Origin of Kurds The origin of Kurdish people belongs to all the Indo-European tribes who migrated to Kurdistan, and melted the native inhabitants of this land in their crucible. The Kurds have existed in what is on ethnic grounds defined as Kurdistan for several thousands of years. The ancestry to Kurds is often traced back to the Medes, a tribal group which moved into the Iranian plateau from central Asia at the end of the second millennium. The Medes has been a great power in 612 BC, and expanded their empire over a larger area before collapsing in 550 BC( D. Mackdonwall, p.85, 1992 ). th century BC. ( B.Yassin,1985 p.35 ). The Kurds appear to be descendants of diverse ancient groups, including Caucasian peoples in the north and people that had originally inhabited the mountainous western territories of the Caspian Sea from the earliest times. The central part of these territories lies on both sides of the Zagros mountain range and stretches south and west through lower Anatolia into the mountainous area of northern Iraq and Syria.

94. FINDING THE KURDS A WAY: KURDISTAN AND THE DISCOURSE OF THE NATION-STATE kurdistan is best described, therefore, as a cultural geographic reality thathappens coincidentally to be a political geographic impossibility. http://www.utexas.edu/courses/speclass/intern98/kuswax.html

FINDING THE KURDS A WAY: KURDISTAN AND THE DISCOURSE OF THE NATION-STATE Kevin Kuswa Advisor: Ronald Walter Greene, PhD Finding the Kurds a Way: Kurdistan and the Discourse of the Nation-State Abstract This project assesses the Kurdish situation by employing a critical rhetorical perspective. Who constitutes the Kurds and how does Kurdish nationalism bubble to the surface? Although their sense of nationalism is strong, the Kurds do not possess sovereignty or independent territory. Combining the Iraqi, Syrian, Iranian, Turkish, and "other" Kurds (the diaspora) may provide an approximate ideal of the "Kurdish nation-state." But, it is at that point that the traditional discourse of the state fails to add any explanatory value to "nation." Tracing the location of Kurdishness in international relations and human rights rhetoric, it appears evident that statism has produced its own diasporic flaw. Consequently, the Kurdish dilemma offers a poignant example of the interplay between the rhetoric of the New World (Dis)order, national identity, cultural expression, and physical security. No one finds it easy to live uncomplainingly and fearlessly with the thesis that human reality is constantly being made and unmade, and that anything like a stable essence is constantly under threat.

95. Notebook Iran and of its art was largely influenced by the geographical conditions of northwesternIran except for the road which winds through kurdistan over mountain http://www.noteaccess.com/Texts/Porada/1.htm

Notebook Preface Geography and Trade Beginnings of Art ... Sasanian Art The Art of Ancient Iran, Pre-Islamic Cultures Chapter One Geography of Ancient Iran As important as the roads which brought foreign influence into the country were the mountainous areas provided a refuge for peoples fleeing from invasions for a brief or permanent stay in the security of their mountain strongholds. The point has recently been made that 'the plains were the melting-pots [p. 17] of various peoples while the mountains provided isolated areas where various religious beliefs [or heresies], old traditions and customs could be maintained in comparative isolation from the great areas of history'. The surprising survival of motifs and techniques in Iranian art over many centuries, and even millennia, may be explained by the traditions maintained in these refuge areas. An example of such an areas is seen in the mountain valleys of western Pakistan in a region formerly called Kafiristan or 'Land of the Infidels'. Horses of an ancestor statue in a graveyard in the Rumbur valley wear ornaments which are very similar to those seen on Assyrian reliefs and which also resemble finds of such ornaments made in Iran in Luristan and at Ziwiye in Kurdistan. . . . . [p. 18]

96. Swaratoka survives today in the Kurdish clans of Mattini and Motikan/Moti who inhabitthe exact same geographical areas of kurdistan as the ancient Mittani. http://meltingpot.fortunecity.com/austria/898/koerdistan.html

web hosting domain names email addresses Swaratoka Kurdistan Favorite Links Politieke partijen Politieke partijen swaratoka@fcmail.com This page has been visited times. web hosting domain names web design online games ... online casino

97. Welcome To Routledge Trapped Between the Map and Reality geography and Perceptions ofKurdistan by Maria Theresa O Shea. Area Middle East Studies http://www.routledge-ny.com/books.cfm?isbn=0415947669

98. Middle East Report 225: The Kurds' Secret Scenarios, By Chris Kutschera The Iraqi kurdistan region includes the provinces of Kirkuk, Suleimaniya and Erbil,within the administrative boundaries in place The geographic boundaries of http://www.merip.org/mer/mer225/225_kutschera.html

In the Shadow of War: Iraq, Israel and Palestine (Middle East Report 225, Winter 2002) Back to 225 Table of Contents The Kurds' Secret Scenarios Chris Kutschera Kurdish fighters on parade, fall 2002. (Chris Kutschera) Never have the gardens of Sarchinar and the slopes of Mount Azmar welcomed so many Kurdish families fleeing the heat of Suleimaniya than during the exceptionally long Indian summer of 2002. Squatting on the ground or sitting around tables, grilling shish-kebabs on improvised barbecues or unpacking home-cooked dishes, women dressed in colorful robes mix with men in traditional attire, listening to the last cassette of the Kurdish crooner Omar Dizai, drinking yogurt mixed with water, tea, beer or raki , while children run around nearby. The crowd revels late into the night, seemingly without a care in the world. "For once," says Azad, an engineer, "we Kurds are on the right side of the fence." The Kurds delight in watching George W. Bush reaffirm daily his determination to get rid of Saddam Hussein's regime. Rumors of war and surgical strikes are met with aplomb, if not with pleasure: for the first time, Kurdistan will not be the battlefield, but rather Baghdad and Saddam Hussein's garrisons and palaces.

99. National Geographic TV: EXPLORER On MSNBC--Saddam And The Kurds Renowned National Geographic magazine photographer Reza plunges into one of theworld s hot spots—the Kurdish enclave in northern Iraq known as kurdistan. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/tv/explorer/exp011903.html

Home Site Index Customer Service Shop MAGAZINES: National Traveler Adventure NG Kids NG Explorer TV AND FILM: Channel (U.S.) Channel (Intl) Explorer GUIDES: Adventure and Animals and History and Maps and News Photography Travel For Kids For Students For Teachers Complete Site Site Index Subscribe Shop (book) National Geographic explains this multifaceted region in a single, comprehensive volume. EXPLORER Home Archive Premiere! In the Shadow of Saddam Sunday, January 19, 8 p.m. and 11 p.m. ET Renowned National Geographic Iranian-born Reza has a history with the Kurds. In 1979, he risked torture and possibly death to photograph the atrocities of the Khomeini regime against Iran's Kurds. This was just months after being released from an Iranian prison, where he had been locked away for three years and tortured for five months. Today the Kurds have settled in northern Iraq in a semi-autonomous enclave the size of Switzerland. The lingering shadow of past violence, political infighting, and economic hardship continues to plague their society, yet Kurdistan offers an antidote to the stereotypical view of a Middle East filled with fanatical Muslims and autocratic regimes. Kurdistan is fairly democratic, has a free press, and has separation of religion and the state. Is this what a democratic Iraq could look like? ALSO IN THIS EPISODE Holy War, Inc.

100. Iraq THE OTTOMAN PERIOD, 1534-1918 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, N geographic.org; Home; Page The resistance made it impossible for the Ottomans tomaintain even nominal suzerainty over Iraqi kurdistan (land of the Kurds). http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/iraq/iraq_history_the_ottoman_period_1534_1918.h

HISTORY INDEX Country Ranks Introduction History ... [TOP] Iraq THE OTTOMAN PERIOD, 1534-1918 http://workmall.com/wfb2001/iraq/iraq_history_the_ottoman_period_1534_1918.html Source: The Library of Congress Country Studies < BACK TO HISTORY CONTENTS Unavailable Figure 4. The Ottoman Empire in the Mid-Seventeenth Century Source: Based on information from Roderic H. Davidson, Turkey , Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1968, 51; and Philip K. Hitti, The Near East in History , New York, 1961, 334. fig. 4 The major impact of the Safavid-Ottoman conflict on Iraqi history was the deepening of the Shia-Sunni rift. Both the Ottomans and the Safavids used Sunni and Shia Islam respectively to mobilize domestic support. Thus, Iraq's Sunni population suffered immeasurably during the brief Safavid reign (1623-38), while Iraq's Shias were excluded from power altogether during the longer period of Ottoman supremacy (1638-1916). During the Ottoman period, the Sunnis gained the administrative experience that would allow them to monopolize political power in the twentieth century. The Sunnis were able to take advantage of new economic and educational opportunities while the Shias, frozen out of the political process, remained politically impotent and economically depressed. The Shia-Sunni rift continued as an important element of Iraqi social structure in the 1980s (see Religious Life , ch. 2).

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