61. African Kingdoms And Civilizations twostory architecture, Islam and indigenous African cultures the Benin Kingdom, the Luba and kuba, the Yoruba African city - Mapangubwe, the Shona People, etc. http://www.empereur.com/Africa/history/hisking.html

Welcome to Africa African Kingdoms and Civilizations Africa South of the Sahara, Northpark University - David W. Koeller Prehistory to 1950. Dr. Koeller is on the History Dept. faculty at North Park University, Chicago, Illinois. Includes bibliographies. http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/Africa/Africa.html African Indigenous Knowledge Systems Dr. Gloria Emeagwali, Professor of History, Central Connecticut State University, provides citations to books and links to web sites relating to the, "Background History of Africa, African Food Processing Techniques, African Textile Techniques, African Metallurgy, Colonialism and Africa's Technology, and Mathematics in pre-colonial Hausaland, West Africa. http://www.africahistory.net African Mathematical Union. Commission on the History of Mathematics in Africa Includes issues of their newsletter, articles on " The Ancients ", pages on mathematics in Ghana, Namibia, Nigeria Zambia, Zimbabwe, profiles of African mathematicians. The newsletter has bibliographies and web sites. Maintained by Scott W. Williams, Professor, Mathematics Dept., State Univ. of New York at Buffalo. [KF] http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/AMU/amuchma_online.html African Timelines http://www.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimelinetoc.htm

62. African States following African States Asante; Benin Kingdom; Luba and kuba; varieties of yams and cocoyams indigenous to West about when and how farming peoples occupied the http://www.zyama.com/Iowa/African States.htm

Introduction: Diffusion and other Problems in the History of African States Professor James Giblin, Department of History, The University of Iowa A discussion of the following African States: Asante Benin Kingdom Luba and Kuba The Yoruba and the States of Ife and Oyo Introduction In the study of the African past, attributing innovation to outside origins and influences has been very common. Sometimes developments are said to be the work of people who came from outside Africa, while other changes are credited to Africans from other regions. The development of states ­ institutions which create centralized government, exercise political authority through bureaucracy and armies, and integrate territories into unified economic systems - is one of the aspects of African history which has frequently been explained in this way. Writers have often claimed, for example, that the idea of the state first developed in Africa among Egyptians during the era of the pharaohs, and thereafter spread to the rest of Africa. Because these explanations remain influential, historians have been particularly interested in what might be called the "pre-history" of African states, that is, the developments which led African societies to create centralized political systems. Historians and archaeologists have learned a great deal about the developments which preceded the emergence of states in Africa. They can now say with confidence that in most cases, Africans developed states in response to local conditions and opportunities. Rarely does the diffusion of ideas from distant sources seem to have been important in bringing about the formation of a state. Today historians do not think that the history of African states is a story of the spread of influences from Egypt, Europe or Asia into the rest of Africa. Instead, the story they see involves African people living in a great variety of locations who use their political skills and wisdom to create for themselves centralized systems of government.

63. Ecotourismwatch.de Translate this page oder Mulatten im Dienstleistungsgewerbe auf kuba beschäftigt waren International Work Group for indigenous Affairs (IWGIA und dem Forest peoples Programme, ISBN http://www.ecotourismwatch.org/4.htm

Home / Zur¼ck B¼chertips " Salvaging Nature: Indigenous Peoples, Protected Areas and Biodiversity Conservation" Westlicher Naturschutz contra Ureinwohner info@fppwrm.gn.apc.org ) oder beim World Rainforest Movement (Email: wrm@wrm.org.uy ). "From Principles to Practice" gleichfalls beim FPP zu beziehen. Auf Deutsch liegen beide B¼cher nicht vor. „Mythos Wildnis“ von Norbert Suchanek, ist bisher das einzige Buch auf Deutsch, das gleichfalls dieses Thema in kritischer Weise behandelt und konkrete Beispiele nennt. Es erschien 2001 im Schmetterling-Verlag.< Fair unterwegs in S¼dafrika und Namibia Ein Reiseleitfaden von Marianne Frei, Arbeitskreis Tourismus und Entwicklung (akte). 104 Seiten. Zu Bestellen bei akte, info@akte.ch

64. Emerging Africa Bates, shown with Yoruba, Ntum, and kuba pieces from have special credibility because of their indigenous origins. a floor with 10 other people, enduring pecks http://www.harvard-magazine.com/issues/ma99/africa.html

[an error occurred while processing this directive][an error occurred while processing this directive] Main Menu Search Current Issue Contact ... FAQs [ Also see African Studies and Habitats for the Humanities Illustration by Clemente Botelho "If you subject an egg and a stone to the same external environment," says kwesi Botchwey, "after a while, under the heat of the sun, a chicken will break out of the egg, but not out of the stone." The folkloric metaphor at first sounds odd, coming from an accomplished economic bureaucrat like Botchwey, who was finance minister of Ghana for 13 years before coming to Cambridge in 1995, where he now directs a new research program on development in Africa. But as he talks, it begins to seem exactly right: the perfect symbol for the changes he sees emerging as some nations of sub-Saharan Africa evolve in ways that may make them succeed in joining the world's economic and political communities. Gambia and Madagascar, and signs of economic growth in countries as diverse as Botswana and Mauritius. "The challenges posed by the developing nations animate both self-interest and conscience," wrote Bates in 1996. His conclusion"It is Africa that constitutes the development challenge of our time"now resonates even more loudly.

65. Iziko Museums Of Cape Town - New Exhibitions a fibre initiation outfit from Angola, kuba royal regalia is very likely, therefore, that people in africa The indigenous inhabitants of the subcontinent were http://www.museums.org.za/iziko/exhib.htm

home : Search April/May/June 2002 Slave Lodge Alexandria in Cape Town Maritime Museum Birkenhead Artefacts Guy Stubbs: Photographs of people and fishing Castle of Good Hope Italy: The One and Only - A Century of Photography South African National Gallery The Loom of Life: African Attire from the Iziko Collections Beyond the Material: Conceptual Art from the Permanent Collection Albert Adams : Paintings, Prints and Drawings Walter Oltmann: Standard Bank Young Artist 2001 Contemporary Prints from the Permanent Collection ReCollection: 130 Years of Acquiring Art for the Nation (1871 - 2001) Public Tours Natale Labia Museum Telling Stories South African Museum Ancient African Bone Tool Discovery Mineral Mania Go Bats! Planetarium Shows Biennial Cape Town Month of Photography Slave Lodge Alexandria in Cape Town NEW EXHIBITION From 5 April - 31 May On World Book Day, 23 April, the new great Alexandrian Library in Egypt, will be inaugurated. The opening presents Iziko Museums of Cape Town with an opportunity to celebrate this African event. The emphasis of the display in the Slave Lodge will of course be on books and literacy as well as on the intermingling of the Greek and Egyptian cultures: the Egyptian goddess Isis became Selene to the Greeks the Greek language was the key to the decipherment of the Rosetta Stone (replica on display) by Champollion ancient Egyptian and Greek styles influenced Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries clothing, ceramics, literature, etc.

66. Landrights And The Politics Of Belonging In West Africa, Workshop In Frankfurt/M kuba, Richard, University of Frankfurt, Earth priests and reified and/or redefined through people s efforts to Boni (University of Siena) indigenous blood and http://www.uni-mainz.de/~ifeas/Land/Abstracts.html

Workshop in Frankfurt/M., 3-5 October 2002 Landrights and the politics of belonging in West Africa PARTICIPANT INSTITUTION TITLE Amanor , Kojo University of Ghana, Legon Community landrights and mobile labour networks in the Eastern Region of Ghana Austin , Gareth London School of Economics and Political Science Monopoly rights over 'forest rent' and Asante-Northern relations: the state, regional inequality and communal interactions in the 19th and 20th centuries Berry , Sara Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore Privatization and the politics of belonging in West Africa Boni , Stefano University of Siena Indigenous blood and foreign labour: the ancestralisation of landrights in the West African forest belt Chauveau , Jean-Pierre Dafinger , Andreas and Michaela Pelican Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Halle Landrights and changing identities: a comparative paper on the policies of formal land allotment to pastoral groups in north-west Cameroon and Burkina Faso Diallo , Youssouf Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Halle Elwert , Georg and Ute Siebert Free University, Berlin

67. Greenpepper Interactive Magazine we met at the telephone box had kept his word – we had wanted to learn about AIDS in South africa and here we were indigenous peoples and the FTAA, 200206-02. http://squat.net/cia/gp/hom3.php

Latest Edition News Sitemap Articles ... No Frames greenpepper Articles Issues Refresh List Contact greenpepper 9 Razones Para Oponerse el ALCA 9 Razones Para Oponerse el ALCA Read email A bad start for biosafety The year 2000 marked a turning point in global biosafety regulation. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (CPB), the first international law to regulate genetic engineering, was adopted by more than 130 countries. This reflected a global climate of concern Read email Lim Li Lin A Brief History of Migration Human history is the history of migration and the most 'sophisticated' civilizations arose where human traffic was heaviest. Read email Access and benefit sharing - key issues Read email Rod Harbinson Accompanimente Mientras los pueblos son hundidos en la miseria por las políticas neoliberales, su resistencia crece provocando alarma para el capital global. En un documento “consultivo” de EEUU (Santa Fe 4), esta situación se plantea como una amenaza a su seguridad nac Read email ALCA Editorial El Área de Libre Comercio de Las Américas (ALCA) es un tratado de negocios internacional disfrazado de unión propuesta con intención de crear la zona más grande de libre mercado del mundo –ésto afectaría a 650 millones de personas y movería un capital de Read email An Indigenous reaction to biopiracy Time and time again, global initiatives have provided governments and pharmaceutical companies with a legal avenue in which to exploit indigenous communities.

68. Bibliography Of Dagaare Studies peoples, Languages and Religion in Northern Ghana. Customary law of the Dagara of northern Ghana indigenous rules or a social construction (with Richard kuba). http://www.hku.hk/linguist/staff_ab.DagaareBibliog.html

Back to DagaareLinguists' Homepage Bibliograhpy of Dagaare Studies compiled by Dr. Adams B. Bodomo This bibliography aims at documenting all publications and substantial manuscripts in the field of Dagaare Studies. It is hoped that it will serve as a useful resource for scholars doing work in this emergent field. Please, help make it more and more comprehensive by sending me your latest publications and substantial manuscripts for inclusion. Alphabetically ordered by authors' last names The full bibliography is also available as PDF A B C ... D E F G H I J K L M N ... O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Alenuma, Sidonia. 2002. The Dagaare-speaking communities of West Africa: a culture area profile. Journal of Dagaare Studies Ali, Mark K. K. (year ?).The attitude of teacher and pupils towards the use of Dagaare in the teaching of Cultural Studies in JSS 2 masters thesis, (Cape Coast University ?) Angkaaraba, James. 1980. The Nominal Phrase in Dagaari. Long Essay, Department of Linguistics, University of Ghana, Accra. Anttila, Arto

69. Book Reviews the material culture of the native peoples of North the fluctuating status of dogs in indigenous cultures of Aurelien Cornet writes about the kuba wisdom basket http://www.tribalarts.com/review/review_su98.html

Current Reviews Previous Reviews Summer 1998 TRIBAL ARTS HOME FORUM LETTERS CLASSIFIEDS ... GALLERIES Art and Heritage in West Africa By Barbara E. Frank. Published in English by the Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London, 1998. Hardcover; $45. T his impressive study approaches two crafts among the Mande peoples of West Africa. Here, pottery making is an exclusively female pursuit, while leatherworking is dominated by males. The author explores the two in depth, producing a valuable contribution to the scholarship of West African culture and, at the same time, demonstrating how craft technology in addition to artistic style is essential for reconstructing and comprehending the artistic heritage of a culturally complex region. In examining the roles of these craftspeople in the rise and fall of empires, the development of trans-Saharan trade networks, and the spread of Islam, the author brings into question the "one-tribe, one-style" interpretations that have dominated studies of West African art. back Native Paths: American Indian Art from the Collection of Charles and Valerie Diker Edited by Alan Wardwell.

70. Book Reviews and explore his interest in the indigenous arts while cultural history of the Amerindian peoples through an most remote villages of the kuba, Mangbetu, Bwaka http://www.tribalarts.com/review/autumn2001.html

Current Reviews Previous Reviews Summer/Autumn 2001 TRIBAL ARTS HOME FORUM LETTERS CLASSIFIEDS ... CALENDAR BOOKS ABOUT TRIBAL ARTS MAGAZINE INDEX SUBSCRIBE GALLERIES A WORLD OF EARRINGS, AFRICA, ASIA, AMERICA By Anne van Cutsem Published in English, French, German, and Italian by Skira Editions, Milan, 2001 Format: 24 x 28 cm, 359 pp., 285 color and B/W illustrations Hardcover: 60Eu Captions describe materials, size, and function, and an index and glossary supply additional information.This book will be followed by a volume on bracelets. back ARTS PRÉCOLOMBIENS DE L'AMÉRIQUE CENTRALE.NICARAGUA, COSTA RICA ET PANAMÁ

71. Democratic Republic Of The Congo / DRC (Kinshasa) An annotated guide to internet resources on the Democratic Republic of the Congo. kuba, the Yoruba and the States of Ife and Oyo, by Professor Giblin, Department of History, University of Iowa in http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/zaire.html

Countries Democratic Republic of the Congo Search: Countries Topics Africa Guide Suggest a Site ... Africa Home See also: DRC News ABC Nightline - Heart of Darkness Site for the five-part TV series hosted by Ted Koppel. Program transcripts, a journal by the producer of life in the Eastern Congo, people profiles, relief efforts, the link between coltan, cell phones and the DRC. http://abcnews.go.com/sections/nightline/ Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-mer (Bruxelles, Belgium) In French, English, Dutch. "The Royal Academy of Overseas Sciences was founded in 1928 with the aim of promoting scientific knowledge in overseas regions" [esp. Congo-Kinshasa]. "The Academy is divided into three Sections: the Section of Moral and Political Sciences, the Section of Natural and Medical Sciences and the Section of Technical Sciences." Publishes Biographie belge d'Outre-Mer (first pub. in 1941, formerly la Biographie Coloniale Belge . Publishes three series of . http://users.skynet.be/kaowarsom/ Aequatoria Archives Research Project Based at the Research Center of the International Pragmatics Association, University of Antwerp, and works with the

72. PEARSON COLLEGE ONE WORLD '98 PERFORMANCE Daniel G., David R., Javier, Jose, kuba, Lukas, Miguel Now, indigenous people have stood up to say it is enough . of Hiroshima, a home of 400,000 people, in an http://www.uwc.ca/oneworld98/oneworld98.htm

ONE WORLD 98 THREE PERFORMANCES BY THE STUDENTS OF LESTER B. PEARSON COLLEGE: FEB 21, 1998 AT THE ROYAL THEATRE IN VICTORIA, B.C. (2:00 and 8:00 p.m.) FEB 23, 1998 AT THE MICHAEL J. FOX THEATRE IN BURNABY, B.C. (2:00 p.m.) NOTE:This file represents the complete program with some large size photos. It may take a few minutes to download. 1. PEARSON COLLEGE CHOIR Soprano : Andrea, Anni, Belinda, Christie, Danielle, Eddie, Eleonora, Eri, Erta, Jasmin, Karin, Karine, Kathrin, Kelly, Kristina C., Loreto, Marianna, Miriama, Moliehi, Ragen, Reka, Rhianydd, Rime, Sarah F. Alto : Alexandra, Ana B., Ana, Maria V., Ana Maria R., Annick, Auralia, Bele, Donnaya, Eri, Erin, Eva, Fiona F., Fiona T-S, Frances, Genevieve, Ima, Jessica, Kristina J., Laura, Leonie, Mari, Marianna, Marieta, Megan, Miyako, Monica, Nadia, Nitya, Raynell, Rita, Rocio, Sarah M., Serena, Sipi, Sonam, Stine, Suzanne, Vira, Wang, Xian, Yoriko Tenor : Christian, Daniel G., David R., Javier, Jose, Kuba, Lukas, Miguel, Nicole, Samuel, Stephen Bass The united, international voices of the Pearson College Choir performing a selection from

73. FAF - Preamble were all attached to wealth in indigenous systems. The wealthy were important people with influence in governmental In kuba society of Zaire, wealth is a http://www.freeafrica.org/concept_of_wealth.html

Home Indigenous Africa The Concept Of Wealth In Traditional Africa George B.N. Ayittey Most lineages in traditional Africa have a "family pot," a general welfare fund managed by the head of the extended family. Income-earning members are obligated to make contributions to this fund. Obligations vary from family to family and tribe to tribe. The contributor in some cases may make a minimum regular payment. In other cases, the contribution may be irregular and based upon financial ability. In some families, contributions may be entirely voluntary for those who no longer live in the village. However, failure to contribute is often interpreted as an abandonment of one's family, which is considered a serious transgression. The offender may be ostracized or caused to forfeit his inheritance rights. However, atonement can often be made with one "large" contribution to cover past arrears. Across Africa, the family pot, called the agbadoho among the Ewe seine fishermen of Ghana, is used for a variety of purposes: to provide the initial start-up capital for a business or trade; to finance the education, hospitalization and the foreign trip of a member of the extended family; to cover funeral expenses; to finance improvement costs to the family land; or to construct new dwellings. The African family pot, not well understood, has also been the source of much confusion and myth. The erroneous corollary was the assumption that there were neither poverty nor rich peasants in pre-colonial Africa. Even the United Nations Regional Department on Social Welfare Policy and Training of the Economic Commission for Africa, succumbed to this myth in 1972:

74. MSN Encarta - African Art And Architecture the architecture in Whydah, where indigenous mudbrick of the inhabitants Arab traders, rulers, and common people. the Congo, the palaces of kuba kings were http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574805_3/African_Art_and_Architecture.htm

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Send us feedback Related Items African cultural revival African Mud Architecture more... Magazines Search the Encarta Magazine Center for magazine and news articles about this topic Further Reading Editors' Picks African Art and Architecture News Search MSNBC for news about African Art and Architecture Internet Search Search Encarta about African Art and Architecture Search MSN for Web sites about African Art and Architecture Also on Encarta Editor's picks: Good books about Iraq Compare top online degrees What's so funny? The history of humor Also on MSN Summer shopping: From grills to home decor D-Day remembered on Discovery Switch to MSN in 3 easy steps Our Partners Capella University: Online degrees LearnitToday: Computer courses CollegeBound Network: ReadySetGo Kaplan Test Prep and Admissions Encyclopedia Article from Encarta Advertisement document.write('');

75. Joshua Project - Peoples By Country Profiles People Name General Ma. indigenous Fellowship of 100 http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=105949&rog3=CG

76. Joshua Project - Peoples By Country Profiles People Name General Bangobango. indigenous Fellowship of 100 http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=100987&rog3=CG

77. Democratic Republic Of Congo - The People And Their History First indigenous Societies. Different groups of people speaking Bantu languages migrated during the first Wellknown are the Kongo, Luba, Lunda and kuba Empires http://www.pcusa.org/pcusa/wmd/ep/country/dempeop.htm

Ecumenical Partnership Central and West Africa Democratic Republic of Congo Democratic Republic of Congo DRC The People and Their History The rain forest covering most of the Congo River basin obscures archaeological sites, making knowledge of human origins in present-day Congo and evidence of past societies scarce. First Indigenous Societies By the middle of the second millennium A.D., the Bantu had begun to organize themselves into small states governed by chiefs, some of which were later formed into larger kingdoms. Well-known are the Kongo, Luba, Lunda and Kuba Empires. In that same period, two groups of people speaking non-Bantu languages started to penetrate the northern region. These migrations have laid the basis for the Congo's present day population, comprising of numerous ethnic groups which are designated by the external boundaries. Explorations, Slave Raids and Colonialism In the fifteenth century, Portuguese explorers landed on the coast at the mouth of the Congo River. There they found an organized society, the Bakongo Kingdom, which included parts of areas presently known as Angola, Congo (Kinshasa) and Congo (Brazzaville). The Portuguese named the area, Congo, after this kingdom and soon after their arrival they began buying slaves from the Kongo people. The impact of this trade on local communities became even more disastrous with extensive slave raids carried out by Afro-Arabs from Zanzibar. These events caused a serious depopulation of the area and crippled the Congo for almost 400 years.

78. The Blacksmith's Art From Africa to interpret the metallurgical processes the people witnessed when inexpensive iron onto the shores of africa. By 1920 indigenous furnaces ceased to produce http://www.africans-art.com/index.php3?action=page&id_art=363

79. The Colonial State The Kongo, Lunda, Luba, and kuba state systems to gain military superiority over the indigenous population of Once they conquered a people, the Chokwe rapidly http://www.congo2000.net/english/history/kingdom.html

The Former Kingdoms The western bantou are at the origin of more Ancient kingdoms in Democratic Republic of Congo, the most known is the Kongo kingdom (15th century) and the other one is probably the Kuba kingdom (17th century). The oriental bantou began with the kingdoms Luba (16th century) and Lunda (17th century). The Kongo, Lunda, Luba, and Kuba state systems shared certain common features, I.The Kongo kingdom The Kongo Kingdom was the first state on the west coast of Central Africa to come into contact with Europeans. Portuguese sailors under Diogo Cao landed at the mouth of the Congo River in 1482 . Cao traveled from Portugal to Kongo and back several times during the 1480s, bringing missionaries to the Kongo court and taking Kongo nobles to Portugal in 1485. In the 1490s, the king of Kongo asked Portugal for missionaries and technical assistance in exchange for ivory and other desirable items, such as slaves and copperwares a relationship, ultimately detrimental to the Kongo, which continued for centuries. Competition over the slave trade had repercussions far beyond the boundaries of Kongo society. Slave-trading activities created powerful vested interests among both Africans and foreigners; the Portuguese and later the Dutch, French, British, and Arabs.

80. POME 11 article on (a)symmetries in kuba art (cf. South African Resource Centre for indigenous Knowledge alwyn mathematicians, and other interested people to discuss http://www.ex.ac.uk/~PErnest/pome11/art14.htm

PHILOSOPHY OF MATHEMATICS EDUCATION JOURNAL 11 (1999) AMUCHMA-NEWSLETTER-20 Chairman: Paulus Gerdes (Mozambique) Secretary: Ahmed Djebbar (Algeria) Treasurer: Salimata Doumbia (Côte d'Ivoire) Members: Kgomotso Garegae-Garekwe (Botswana), Maassouma Kazim (Egypt), Cornelio Abungu (Kenya), Ahmedou Haouba (Mauritania), Mohamed Aballagh (Morocco), Ruben Ayeni (Nigeria), Abdoulaye Kane (Senegal), David Mosimege (South Africa), Mohamed Souissi (Tunisia), David Mtwetwa (Zimbabwe) Universidade Pedagógica (UP), Maputo (Mozambique), 25.08.1998 1. OBJECTIVES The African Mathematical Union Commission on the History of Mathematics in Africa (AMUCHMA), formed in 1986, has the following objectives: a. to improve communication among those interested in the history of mathematics in Africa; b. to promote active cooperation between historians, mathematicians, archaeologists, ethnographers, sociologists, etc., doing research in, or related to, the history of mathematics in Africa; c. to promote research in the history of mathematics in Africa, and the publication of its results, in order to contribute to the demystification of the still-dominant Eurocentric bias in the historiography of mathematics;

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