21. Mellen Subscription Series:African Studies Change A Study of the Sanoyea kpelle in Liberia africa’s indigenous Institutions in Nation Building by Kizza Social History of the Bakwena and peoples of the http://www.mellenpress.com/emp/mellenpress.cfm?pc=7&serieskey=2&showall=Yes

22. Liberia - Home Page african languages such as Golla, kpelle and Kru bring civilisation and Christianity to africa and so the virtual enslavement of the indigenous people of Liberia http://www.africanet.com/africanet/country/liberia/home.htm

Liberia - Home page This section of Africanet has a lot less information than we would like. If there is anything you can add please let us know Language English is the official language, although some African languages such as Golla, Kpelle and Kru are also spoken.. History Liberia began when US philantropists set out to resettle in Africa, liberated slaves who no longer wanted to work on plantations. Not all of the slaves who were offered repatriation, accepted it; many found it humiliating and refused to go. The three thousand who accepted resettlement had a hard time establishing themselves because they had to contend with the existing population who resented being alienated from their land. In 1847 the country declared itself as an independent republic. It wasn't until 1862 that the USA formerly recognised this. The new settlers saw themselves as part of a mission to bring civilisation and Christianity to Africa and so imposed a type of forced labour on the existing population. In the late 19th century the country lost large chunks of its territory to the British and French.

23. Bibliography Of Indigenous Knowledge And Institutions Resource Values on indigenous peoples Are Nonmarket Valuation Agricultural Water Management in East africa." african Affairs The Rights of indigenous peoples in InterGovernmental http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/wsl/indigbib.html

WORKSHOP RESEARCH LIBRARY Indigenous Knowledge and Institutions (2100 citations) Compiled by Charlotte Hess November 21, 2001 Abay, Fetien, Mitiku Haile, and Ann Waters-Bayer 1999. "Dynamics in IK: Innovation in Land Husbandry in Ethiopia." Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor Abbink, John. 1993. "Ethnic Conflict in the 'Tribal Zone': the Dizi and Suri in Southern Sudan." The Journal of Modern African Studies Acharya, Bipin Kumar. 1994. "Nature Cure and Indigenous Healing Practices in Nepal: A Medical Anthropological Perspective." In Anthropology of Nepal: Peoples, Problems, and Processes . M. Allen, ed. Kathmandu, Nepal: Mandala Book Point. Acheson, James M. 1994. "Transaction Costs and Business Strategies in a Mexican Indian Pueblo." In Anthropology and Institutional Economics . J. Acheson, ed. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. (Monographs in Economic Anthropology, no. 12). Acheson, James M. 1990. "The Management of Common Property in a Mexican Indian Pueblo." Presented at "Designing Sustainability on the Commons," the first annual conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Duke University, Durham, NC, September 27-30, 1990. Acres, B. D. 1984. "Local Farmers' Experience of Soils Combined with Reconnaissance Soil Survey for Land Use Planning: An Example from Tanzania."

24. GeographyIQ - World Atlas - Africa - Liberia - People Facts And Figures Ethnic groups indigenous African tribes 95% (including kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru of immigrants from the US who had been slaves), Congo People 2.5% (descendants http://www.geographyiq.com/countries/li/Liberia_people.htm

Home World Map Rankings Currency Converter Countries from A to Z A B C D ... Liberia (Facts) Liberia - People (Facts) Population: 3,317,176 (July 2003 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 43.4% (male 724,960; female 716,831) 15-64 years: 53% (male 858,191; female 898,851) 65 years and over: 3.6% (male 59,539; female 58,804) (2003 est.) Population growth rate: 1.67% (2003 est.) Birth rate: 45.28 births/1,000 population (2003 est.) Death rate: 17.84 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.) Net migration rate: -10.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population note: 200,000 Liberian refugees are in surrounding countries though slowly returning (2003 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.01 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2003 est.) Infant mortality rate: total: 132.18 deaths/1,000 live births female: 125.11 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.) male: 139.03 deaths/1,000 live births Life expectancy at birth: total population: 48.15 years male: 47.03 years

25. GeographyIQ - World Atlas - Africa - Liberia - People PEOPLE There are 16 ethnic groups that make up Liberia s indigenous population. The kpelle in central and western Liberia is the largest ethnic group. http://www.geographyiq.com/countries/li/Liberia_people_summary.htm

Home World Map Rankings Currency Converter Countries from A to Z A B C D ... Liberia (Notes) Liberia - People (Notes) PEOPLE There are 16 ethnic groups that make up Liberia's indigenous population. The Kpelle in central and western Liberia is the largest ethnic group. Americo-Liberians who are descendants of freed slaves that arrived in Liberia early in 1821 make up an estimated 5% of the population. There also is a sizable number of Lebanese, Indians, and other West African nationals who make up a significant part of Liberia's business community. Because of the civil war and its accompanying problem of insecurity, the number of Westerners in Liberia is low and confined largely to Monrovia and its immediate surroundings. The Liberian constitution restricts citizenship only to people of Negro descent. Liberia was traditionally noted for its hospitality and academic institutions, iron mining and rubber industry booms, and cultural skills and arts and craft works. But political upheavals beginning in the 1980s and the brutal 7-year civil war (1989-1996) brought about a steep decline in the living standards of the country, including its education and infrastructure. Facts at a Glance: Geography People Government Economy ... Currency Converter Notes and Commentary: People Economy Government and Political Conditions Historical Highlights Foreign Relations ... Relations with U.S.

26. Peoples - Encyclopedia Article About Peoples. Free Access, No Registration Neede Amhara indigenous people of central Ethiopia; Amish - North Koskimo; Koyukon - Natives of Alaska; kpelle - Group from Digueno; Kumyks - Turkic people of northern http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Peoples

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Peoples Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition This is a list of names of ethnic group Ethnicity is the cultural characteristics that connect a particular group or groups of people to each other. "Ethnicity" is sometimes used as a euphemism for "race", or as a synonym for minority group. While ethnicity and race are related concepts, the concept of ethnicity is rooted in the idea of societal groups, marked especially by shared nationality, tribal afilliation, religious faith, shared language, or cultural and traditional origins and backgrounds. Whereas race is rooted in the idea of biological classification of homo sapiens to subspecies according to morphological features such as skin color or facial characteristics. Click the link for more information. s. A group can have several names (e.g., names in English language The English language is a West Germanic language, originating from England, built from several local languages of 6th century Norse conquerors, with a strong French influence added following the Norman Conquest of 1066. English spread worldwide with the rise of British colonialism, from the British Isles to Australia, Canada, India, South Africa, New Zealand, the United States and elsewhere. Click the link for more information.

27. Map & Graph: Africa:Countries By People: Ethnic Groups Liberia, indigenous African tribes 95% (including kpelle, Bassa, Gio descendants of immigrants from the US who had been slaves), Congo People 2.5% (descendants http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/peo_eth_gro/AFR

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Factoid #60 Russia won the first World Air Games , held in Turkey in 1997. Events included hang-gliding, sky-surfing, and ballooning. Interesting Facts Make your own graph: Hold down Control and click on several. Compare All Top 5 Top 10 Top 20 Top 100 Bottom 100 Bottom 20 Bottom 10 Bottom 5 All (desc) in category: Select Category Agriculture Crime Currency Democracy Economy Education Energy Environment Food Geography Government Health Identification Immigration Internet Labor Language Manufacturing Media Military Mortality People Religion Sports Taxation Transportation Welfare with statistic: view: Correlations Printable graph / table Pie chart Scatterplot with ... * Asterisk means graphable. Added May 21 Mortality stats Multi-users ½ price Catholic stats Related Stats People who viewed "People - Ethnic groups" also viewed: Ethnic groups (note) Net migration rate Nationality (adjective) Persons per room ... People : Ethnic groups by country Scroll down for more information Show map full screen Country Description Sierra Leone 20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%, other 30%), Creole (Krio) 10% (descendants of freed

28. TDS; Passports, Visas, Travel Documents Liberia africa. PEOPLE There are 16 ethnic groups that make up Liberia s indigenous population. The kpelle in central and western Liberia is the largest ethnic http://www.traveldocs.com/lr/people.htm

Liberia Africa PEOPLE There are 16 ethnic groups that make up Liberia's indigenous population. The Kpelle in central and western Liberia is the largest ethnic group. Americo-Liberians who are descendants of freed slaves that arrived in Liberia early in 1821 make up an estimated 5% of the population. There also is a sizable number of Lebanese, Indians, and other West African nationals who make up a significant part of Liberia's business community. Because of the civil war and its accompanying problem of insecurity, the number of Westerners in Liberia is low and confined largely to Monrovia and its immediate surroundings. The Liberian constitution restricts citizenship only to people of Negro descent. Liberia was traditionally noted for its hospitality and academic institutions, iron mining and rubber industry booms, and cultural skills and arts and craft works. But political upheavals beginning in the 1980s and the brutal 7-year civil war (1989-1996) brought about a steep decline in the living standards of the country, including its education and infrastructure. Nationality: noun and adjective-Liberian(s).

29. Information Resources -- Clippings Service as AmericoLiberians and approached indigenous peoples in the who made inroads into greater indigenous participation in the He spoke kpelle, and was the first http://www.onliberia.org/Liberia.htm

About Liberia Your browser does not support script THE PROJECT THE COLLECTIONS INFORMATION SEARCH ... News Updates General Geography, Culture, and Economy The Republic of Liberia lies on the western coast of Africa. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to the northwest, Guinea to the north, and Cote d’Ivoire to the east. It is roughly the size of the state of Tennessee, Monrovia is the capital, and the population is nearing 3.3 million. There are three main linguistic groups in Liberia: the Mande, Kwa, and Mel. Two thirds of the population is Christian, one seventh is Muslim, and one fifth hold traditional beliefs, though many people honor beliefs originating in more than one religious tradition. Before the country fell back into civil war in 1989, Liberia’s market economy relied heavily on agriculture and iron ore exports. Rubber, coffee, and cacao were the principle cash crops. Timber and mining were also important to the country’s economy. return to top History of the Republic, 1822-1940s

30. Liberian History to a country populated by many other African peoples. language groups, Liberia embraces 20 indigenous languages, a few such as Vai, Bassa, kpelle and Loma http://www.onliberia.org/Liberia_History.htm

Your browser does not support script THE PROJECT THE COLLECTIONS INFORMATION SEARCH ... HOME Introduction to the Republic of Liberia top Pre-Liberia—Social, Political, Cultural and Economic Systems to 1822 Although limited, archaeology and oral traditions reveal a record of human habitation in the territorial entity now known as Liberia that can be traced to antiquity. While precise dates cannot be given, there is some evidence that the area may have been occupied during the Sangoan period of the Stone Age. These earliest settlers are presumed to have been hunters and gatherers with some possible rudimentary forms of root horticulture. They probably were a part of the large Niger-Congo speaking people that populates much of West Africa to this day, and the earliest group in the Liberian area probably spoke a form of what today is classified as the Mel languages, represented here by the Kissi and Gola. In the eastern section of Liberia, the area inhabited by Kruan-speaking peoples (Dei, Kuwaa [Belle], Bassa, Wee [Kran], Kru, Grebo), there is evidence of a general westward-south westward movement of these peoples and of their linguistic and ethnic similarities to peoples in the western Cote d'Ivoire. In addition, we know that a branch of these people, the Dei, reached as far as the mouth of the Mano River, on Liberia's western boundary, prior to 1500. In a like manner, linguistic evidence demonstrates the westward spread of the Kuwaa (Belle) just to the interior of the Dei.

31. MapZones.com People groups that make up Liberia s indigenous population The kpelle in central and western Liberia is the constitution restricts citizenship only to people of Negro http://www.mapzones.com/world/africa/liberia/peopleindex.php

Country Info Liberia Introduction Liberia General Data Liberia Maps Liberia Culture ... Liberia Time and Date Liberia People Back to Top The people of Liberia are classified into three major groups: the indigenous people, who are in the majority and who migrated from the western Sudan in the late Middle Ages; black immigrants from the United States (known historically as Americo-Liberians) and the West Indies; and other black immigrants from neighbouring western African states who came during the anti-slave-trade campaign and European colonial rule. The Americo-Liberians are most closely associated with founding Liberia. Most of them migrated to Liberia between 1820 and 1865; continued migration has been intermittent. Americo-Liberians controlled the government until a military coup in 1980. Liberia has a population (2001 estimate) of 3,225,837, giving the country an overall population density of 33 persons per sq km (84 per sq mi). Civil war between 1989 and 1996 drove hundreds of thousands of Liberians into neighboring countries as refugees. An estimated 47 percent of those remaining live in cities and towns. Before the war, a majority of the population was engaged in agriculture, and many maintained their traditional ways of life. There are 16 ethnic groups that make up Liberia's indigenous population. The Kpelle in central and western Liberia is the largest ethnic group. Americo-Liberians who are descendants of freed slaves that arrived in Liberia early in 1821 make up an estimated 5% of the population.

32. Operation World - Detailed Information 11 groups, largest kpelle 690,000; Mano 252,000; Loma 200,000; Gio 9 Lessreached peoples. Of all Liberia’s indigenous peoples, only three are majority http://www.gmi.org/ow/country/libe/owtext.html

Liberia Republic of Liberia July 27 Africa Quick Find Home About Us Authors Calendar CD Developer CD-ROM Contact Information Errata Web Links Factbook FAQ Feedback GMI Maps OM Literature One Hundred Days Operation World book Other Languages Overhead Transparencies OW Team Paternoster Permissions Policy Pray Today Prayer Resources Publisher Technical Support Technical Specifications Updates Wall Map Web Developer Window on the World Home Pray Today Summary Religion ... Tech Support click to enlarge GEOGRAPHY Area 99,067 sq.km. Heavily forested coastal state adjoining Sierra Leone, Guinea and Côte d’Ivoire. Population Ann.Gr. Density 32 per sq. km. 45 per sq. km. 67 per sq. km. In the 1990s 250,000 were killed and over 1,000,000 became refugees abroad. About 500,000 Liberians still remain in surrounding lands. Capital Monrovia 1,150,000. About half the population are civil war refugees. Urbanites PEOPLES There are 16 major ethnic groups divided in three language families. These figures include refugees in surrounding lands. Mande 47.2%. 11 groups, largest: Kpelle 690,000; Mano 252,000; Loma 200,000; Gio 147,000; Vai 126,000; Bandi 100,000; Mandingo 60,000. Kru 41.3%. Over 25 groups, largest: Bassa 492,000; Grebo(8) 387,000; Kru (Klao) 261,000; Krahn(3) 140,000.

33. Africa.iafrica.com | Countryinfo | Liberia | People LIBERIA People. Population 2 923 725 (July 1999 est.). Ethnic groups indigenous African tribes 95% (including kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, Mano, Krahn http://africa.iafrica.com/countryinfo/liberia/people/

var fullhost = window.location.hostname; document.cookie = 'site_session=5;domain=' + fullhost + ';path=/;'; Communities: [ h o m e ] AFRICA NEWS Exchange Rates African Sites World Links Travel in Africa Thu, 10 Jun 2004 LIBERIA general geography people ... travel [Select country] Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Cent.Afr.Rep Chad Comoros Cote D'Ivoire DRC Djibouti Egypt Eq. Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rep. of Congo Reunion Rwanda Sao Tome Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa St Helena Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda W. Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Stock Exchange Egypt Ghana Kenya Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria South Africa Tanzania Tunisia Zimbabwe You are in: Country Info Liberia People LIBERIA People Population: 2 923 725 (July 1999 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 45% (male 656 101; female 649 389) 15-64 years: 52% (male 775 429; female 738 904) 65 years and over: 3% (male 50 126; female 53 776) (1999 est.)

34. DAWN Africa - Liberia Capital City Monrovia People indigenous African tribes 95% (including kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, Dei, Bella http://www.dawnministries.org/regions/africa/countries/liberia/

LIBERIA LIBERIA Home Current DAWN Projects Research Articles ... Adopt-A-Church Planter Statistics (The World Factbook 2002) Full Country Name: Republic of Liberia Area: 111,370 sq km Population: 3,288,198 (July 2002 est.) About half of the population are civil war refugees. Capital City: Monrovia People: indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, Dei, Bella, Mandingo, and Mende), Americo- Liberians 2.5% (descendants of immigrants from the US who had been slaves), Congo People 2.5% (descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean who had been slaves) Language: English 20% (official), some 20 ethnic group languages, of which a few can be written and are used in correspondence Religions: Liberia was founded as a Christian state. Indigenous beliefs 40%, Christian 40%, Muslim 20% Government: Republic President: President Charles Ghankay TAYLOR (since 2 August 1997)

35. Adam Carr's Electoral Archive the entire population is of African descent, but there is a distinction between indigenous African peoples (including the kpelle, Bassa, Gio http://psephos.adam-carr.net/liberia/statsliberia.html

REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA Official name: Republic of Liberia Location: West Africa International organisations: The African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States The African Union The Non-Aligned Movement The United Nations Borders: Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Sierra Leone Coastline: Atlantic Ocean Land area: 111,370 Km2 Population: 3,200,000 Ethnicity: Almost the entire population is of African descent, but there is a distinction between "indigenous" African peoples (including the Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru and many others), and the Americo-Liberians (about 5% of the population), who are descendants of freed slaves from the United States and the Caribbean. Languages: English is the official language and the language of government, business and communications. It is spoken by about 5% of the population as a first language, and most of the population use Liberian Pidgin English as a second language. The major African languages are Kpelle (18%), Bassa (13%), Dan (7%), Klao (7%), Mano (7%) and Loma (5%). Religion: Indigenous beliefs 40%, Christian (mostly Protestant) 40%, Sunni Moslem 20% Form of government: Presidential republic. Liberia is divided into 15 counties.

36. Liberia The largest ones are kpelle in the centre, the Bassa The AmericoLiberian people who constitute 3% of the The indigenous tribes have tried to hold on to http://www.journeymart.com/DExplorer/Africa/Liberia/default.asp?SubLink=DExplore

37. Liberian Refugees are approximately 16 different ethnic groups indigenous to the country, including kpelle, Bassa, Gio themselves as superior to the tribal peoples of the http://www.baylor.edu/~Charles_Kemp/liberian_refugees.htm

Back to Refugee Health Liberian Refugees in the United States and Europe Introduction Liberia is a diverse country, and one that has undergone rapid socio-cultural change even in the last 25 years. This makes generalizations about "Liberian people" and "Liberian culture" somewhat difficult and overly simplistic. A Liberian from the capital city, for example, may feel much closer to American culture than to that of someone from the rural hinterland. All Liberians have, however, been touched in some way by the incredibly bloody conflict that was the Liberian civil war. The following is written in an attempt to share some of the common experiences Liberians suffered during their war and elucidate some of the social and cultural responses to it. Country and Demographic Profile Liberia is located on the "grain coast" of West Africa, between 6 and 9 degrees north of the equator, bordering Sierra Leone, C"te d'Ivoire, and Guinea. It has vast resources of iron ore, timber, diamonds, and gold, but due to both the conflict and widespread corruption, most Liberians have never benefited from these. There are approximately 16 different ethnic groups indigenous to the country, including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, and Bella. "Americo-Liberians" (those descended from former slaves) compose about 5% of the population. Infant mortality rates in the country are high, estimated at 108.1 deaths / 1,000 live births (CIA World Factbook 1996). Life expectancy at birth is 56 years for men; 61 years for women. The average woman bears 6.23 children in her lifetime. Literacy rate for those older than 15 years is 53.9% for men, but only 22.4% for women.

38. John & Kernick - IP In Africa - Liberia - Fact Sheet HIV/AIDS people living with HIV/AIDS 39,000 (1999 est.). Ethnic groups indigenous African tribes 95% (including kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, Mano http://www.johnandkernick.co.za/JK_IP_Africa/Liberia/JK_IPA_LR_FactSheet.htm

LIBERIA - FACT SHEET Background Seven years of civil strife were brought to a close in 1996 when free and open presidential and legislative elections were held. President TAYLOR now holds strong executive power with no real political opposition. The years of fighting coupled with the flight of most businesses have disrupted formal economic activity. A still unsettled domestic security situation has slowed the process of rebuilding the social and economic structure of this war-torn country. Geography Location : Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Cote d'Ivoire and Sierra Leone Surface Area : 111,370 sq km ( water : 15,050 sq km) Climate: Tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers Terrain: Mostly flat to rolling coastal plains rising to rolling plateau and low mountains in northeast Natural resources: Iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold, hydropower Coastline and Maritime Claims: 579 km;

39. Liberia located in the Guinea Highlands among the kpelle people. Liberian Center Learn about Liberia s people, history, food the life of an indigenousLiberian village http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/liberia.html

Countries : Liberia Search: Countries Topics Africa Guide Suggest a Site ... Africa Home See also: Liberia News Accord: An International Review of Peace Initiatives (London) Published by Conciliation Resources, London. Has the full text of special issues - " The Liberian Peace Process 1990-1996 " [1996]. Includes a Chronology, 1989-1996 . http://www.c-r.org/accord/ Africa Online Liberia Forum Messages posted to the discussion forum run by the Prodigy-owned network, Africa Online. http://www.africaonline.com/AfricaOnline/cgi/chat.cgi?conf=Liberia African Internet Connectivity-Mike Jensen Information on internet service providers, telecommunications in Liberia. Maintained by Mike Jensen. http://www2.sn.apc.org/africa/countdet.CFM?countriesISO_Code=LR All About Liberia "By Liberians in Liberia." Current news, political commentary , articles from Liberian print newspapers , sports, tourism, business news, photographs, "letters to the editor." Based in Monrovia, Liberia. [KF] http://www.allaboutliberia.com/ American Society for Colonizing the Free People of Color of the United States Four page account of efforts to establish a colony in Sierra Leone or Liberia for free African-Americans. Part of the

40. Exploring Africa -> Teachers -> Curriculum-> Background And History Of African M For example, the kpelle people of Liberia use a single context of South africa, the Vhavenda people have the Most of of the indigenous religious practices have http://ex.matrix.msu.edu/africa/Live_site/curriculum/lm13/bkgdnotes.html

A brief background and history of African Music Music and Dance Dance, music, and story-telling are among the ancient art forms that have flourished for many centuries in Africa. Music and dance are terms that we will use to denote musical practices of African people. Ancient African society did not separate their every day life activities from their music and other cultural experience. Stone (1998) attests to the difficulty of separating music from the cultural context as she says: Oral traditions African people traditionally and in the modern day have a rich oral tradition that insure the passage of cultural practices from one generation to another. Scholars such as Malmusi, 1990; Rycroft,1962, Stone,1982 argue that oral literature and music are intimately connected in most parts of Africa and are often impossible to separate (Shelemany in Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicans , 2001). Listening has been an important skill that has been perfected by oral traditional practices. A number of African musical songs and dances were and are still transmitted from one generation or group to another by word of mouth.

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