1. Africa Indigenous People Baule africa, african Anthropology General Resources. By peoples. Hausa Hemba Holoholo Ibibio Idoma Igbira Igbo Ijo Kabre Karagwe Kassena Katana Kom kongo Kota Kuba http://www.archaeolink.com/africa_indigenous_people_baule.htm

Baule Home Africa, African Anthropology General Resources By peoples Akan Akuapem Akye Anyi ... Zulu ArtWorld AFRICA - Baule "One of the Akan group sharing similar language and, in general, matrilineal inheritance. They broke away from the Asante of Ghana in the 18th century, bringing with them craftsmanship in gold and gold leaf decoration." - From University of Durham - http://artworld.uea.ac.uk/teaching_modules/africa/cultural_groups_by_country/baule/welcome.html Baule People "The Baule belong to the Akan peoples who inhabit Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire. Three hundred years ago the Baule people migrated westward from Ghana when the Asante rose to power. The tale of how they broke away from the Asante has been preserved in their oral traditions." You will find material related to history, culture, religion, political structure, art and more. - From University of Iowa - http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/people/Baule.html

2. Click Afrique: Magazine: History: Africa's Ancient Empires - Kongo The kongo Empire came about as the Bakongo peoples migrated south across Congo River settling amongst and eventually absorbing the indigenous communities. http://www.clickafrique.com/0900rpt/history1009.asp

Home News Forum Directory ... Flag/Maps/Info An E-Community for Africa Magazine - Africa's Ancient Empires - Kongo. >E-Mail to a friend >Can't Find it - Ask Us ! Search ClickAfrique Quick Links Country Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde CAR Chad Comoros Congo Congo DR Côte d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Eq. Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Principe Reunion Rwanda Sao Tome SADR Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Central Africa Eastern Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western Africa Africa (General) Subject Accomodation Airlines Athletics Basketball Banks Boxing Car Hire Companies Countries Country Guides Cricket Culture Dance E-Commerce Education Embassy Film Finance Football Galleries Game Reserves Games Government Hardware Health History Hotels Insurance Investment ISPs Finance Jobs Language Magazine Mobile Phones Museums Music News Newspapers Organistions PC People Portals Property Nature Reserves Radio Resorts Shipping Software Television Theatre Tourism Office Tourist Agencies Trade Gifts and Special Offers : O% APR Offers on UK Credit Cards. Apply online for an immediate decision.

3. Slave Routes - Americas And Carabbean strongly influenced by the Ibo and kongo peoples of Central Yoruba of Nigeria, and many different peoples of africa Sevi Gine, as do the indigenous Taino, the http://www.antislavery.org/breakingthesilence/slave_routes/slave_routes_haiti.sh

Haiti Located in the Caribbean, between Cuba, Puerto Rico and Jamaica, this island (originally called Hispaniola or 'little Spain' by the Spanish) is inhabited by two independent nations, the Republic of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The first enslaved Africans were brought to the island in 1502. Mostly they were ladinos EUROPE Introduction Denmark France Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain United Kingdom AFRICA Introduction Angola Benin Gambia Ghana Mozambique Nigeria Senegal Introduction Barbados Brazil Cuba Dominican Republic Haiti Jamaica Netherlands Antilles United States Tainos Before the Spanish arrived on the island in 1492, it was inhabited by about 4,000,000 indigenous Tainos , meaning literally, 'men of the good'. The Tainos were a gentle and calm people who had migrated from South America centuries earlier. Soon after the Spanish arrived however, most were soon wiped out by enslavement, disease or massacre. Bartolomew de Las Casas Back to top In later years, Spanish priest Bartolomew de Las Casas, fought against the massacre of the Indians and demanded that the injustices committed every day against the indigenous people in Hispaniola was stopped. And as a way of ending this form of indigenous slavery, he strongly encouraged the importation of Blacks from Africa to work on the mines. So, it was partly due to him, that in 1503, the first Africans were brought to Hispaniola as slaves.

4. Congo - A Look At The Past speaking peoples established themselves throughout Central africa. and they largely displaced the indigenous peoples. in the area, including kongo, Kuba, Luba http://www.settlement.org/cp/english/congo/alook.html

A L OOK AT THE P AST T he indigenous peoples in Congo were forest dwellers. Their descendants, primarily members of the Efe and Mbuti tribes, still live as hunters and gatherers in the northern Ituri forest. Late in the first millennium A.D., Bantu-speaking peoples established themselves throughout Central Africa. Their culture was based on ironworking and agriculture, and they largely displaced the indigenous peoples. B y the 15th century, several kingdoms had developed in the area, including Kongo, Kuba, Luba and Lunda. When the Portuguese explorer Diogo Cam reached the mouth of the Congo River in 1482, he discovered that the coastal kingdoms were capturing people from nearby areas and sending them to work as slaves in Saudi Arabia. Over the next few centuries, Portuguese and French traders enslaved millions of Africans, and sent them to work on plantations in North and South America. The slave trade was abolished in 1885. I n 1878, King Leopold II of Belgium hired Anglo-American explorer Henry Morton Stanley to establish outposts along the Congo River. Leopold persuaded other European rulers to recognize Congo as his personal territory, which he named the Congo Free State. D uring Leopold's reign, the Congolese were brutally treated. They were forced to build a railroad and collect ivory and rubber. As many as 10 million Congolese died between 1880 and 1910. When news of the atrocities became public in 1908, the Belgian government took control of the colony and renamed it the Belgian Congo. Although the Belgian government improved working conditions slightly, it too was a harsh ruler and continued to extract natural resources. For years, the Congolese struggled to achieve independence.

5. African Art On The Internet An annotated guide resources on african art. Dogon, Fang, Hemba, Ibibio, kongo, Kota, Kuba, Lobi, Luba story architecture, Islam and indigenous african cultures, Shawabtis and 20 major peoples" from West and Central africa http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/art.html

Topics : African Art Search: Countries Topics Africa Guide Suggest a Site ... Africa Home See also: South African Art Photographs 13th Triennial Symposium on African Art, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 31 March - 3 April 2004, African Art: Roots and Routes Click on African Art Triennial . Sponsored by the Arts Council of the African Studies Association (ACASA ). Events will take place at Harvard University in Cambridge, Ma. as well as at the Peabody-Essex Museum in Salem, Ma. and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~du_bois/ Addis Art - Nouveau Art from Ethiopia Artists include Shiferaw Girma and Lulseged Retta. Photographs of each artist's work, a biography, and video. Founded by Mesai Haileleul. [KF] http://www.addis-art.com/ Adire African Textiles - Duncan Clarke History, background, and photographs of adire, adinkra, kente, bogolan, Yoruba aso-oke, akwete, ewe, kuba, and nupe textiles. The symbolism of images is often provided. One can purchase textiles as well. Clarke's Ph.D. dissertation (School of Oriental and African Studies) is on Yoruba men's weaving. Based in London. http://www.adire.clara.net Afewerk Tekle "Ethiopia’s leading artist." Biography, his paintings, sculptures, mosaics, murals, art in the artist's home. Afewerk created the stained-glass windows at the entrance of Africa Hall, headquarters of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. "In 1964, he became the first winner of the Haile Selassie I prize for Fine Arts." "In 2000, he was one of the few chosen World Laureates by the council of the ABI on the occasion of the 27th International Millennium Congress on the Arts and Communication in Washington DC." He painted Kwame Nkrumah's portrait and was awarded the American Golden Academy Award and the Cambridge Order of Excellence England. Prints of his work may be purchased online. http://www.afewerktekle.org

6. African Studies - Art And Archaeology essays on 'indigenous sculptural arts of South africa', 'modern' sculpture in the lives of african peoples. This project is Virtuelle d'Art kongoLe pays kongo ( Nekongo Networking http://www.columbia.edu/cu/libraries/indiv/area/Africa/AfArt.html

African Studies Internet Resources African Studies Email: africa @libraries.cul.columbia.edu African Studies Internet Resources home WWW Virtual Library ... Department home Art and Archaeology of Africa A-Afri Afro Art B ... Adire African Textiles (Dr. Duncan Clarke, London, UK) A commercial site that contains useful information on the history and manufacturing techniques of adire cloth and other textiles of western Nigeria; plus links. Africa Forum (H-Africa, H-Net Humanities and Social Sciences OnLine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.) "Photography and colonial vision," by Paul S. Landau (May 19, 1999, Dept. of History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut) Excerpt from "The visual image in Africa: an introduction" in Images and empires: visuality in colonial and post-colonial Africa, ed. by Paul S. Landau and Deborah Kaspin. The full text article reprinted from History in Africa. 22 (1995): 369-408. H-Africa Africa Forum Home Page H-Africa Network Home Page Africa Reparations Movement (UK) Campaign for Return of the Benin Bronzes (via ARC Net Ltd., UK) Note : this site has not been updated since 2002.

7. Search Results For Indigenous People - Encyclopædia Britannica whom are immigrants from other parts of western africa. The groups indigenous to Togo live in the Congo s inhabitants belong to the kongo peoples, whose major http://www.britannica.com/search?query=indigenous people&fuzzy=N&ct=ebi&start=6&

8. Commentary over and frequently oppressed indigenous peoples. Whites were in africa, but whether they were ever of are also quite specific to kongospeaking peoples. These readings come from http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/tburke1/8bsyllabus/Commentary.html

Commentaries Use this guide to review the subject matter to be covered in each discussion and lecture. In particular, I recommend you examine the guide the day before each discussion session. This is NOT a substitute for attending lectures: at best, this guide serves only as a reminder of what was covered, and cannot possibly be of use if you were not in attendance at the lecture itself. books to purchase: Henry Morton Stanley, Through the Dark Continent, Volume 2 Cheikh Hamidou Kane, Ambiguous Adventure Shula Marks, ed., Not Either an Experimental Doll M.G. Vassanji, The Gunny Sack Maliqalim Simone and David Hecht, Invisible Governance Redmond O'Hanlon, No Mercy Basic resources: Map of Africa (1997) Map of Africa (1890) Other maps of Africa Documentary Glimpses 1 These readings are designed to introduce you to some of the kinds of readings we will work with in the course. See what sense you can make of them. Even without any background in the subject matter, what can (and can't) you say about specific histories based on these readings? What specific passages and ideas most grab your attention and why? Look at the dates of publication, and see if you can make some guesses about the nature of the text from which each selection comes. Don't worry too much about the specifics behind these readings, though you might note particular terms or subjects that you can't understand without some kind of background briefing and ask about those in class.

9. Liaison Language Center | The Languages Of Africa the largest subgroup (over 600 languages) and they include Swahili, Lingala and kongo (in the Congo As the many indigenous peoples of africa, such as the Egyptians, Berbers http://liaisonlanguage.com/page13.htm

The Languages of Africa Within the African continent, there exists a great variety of languages and ethnicities with thousands of years of history and culture. Of the languages spoken in Africa , the majority are native to the land. The clear exceptions are Arabic and European languages such as French, English, and Portuguese. However, these languages too have become an integral part of African culture and identity. Arabic itself is part of the Afro-Asiatic family of languages, that include other Semitic languages spoken in East Africa such as Amharic (official language of Ethiopia), Gurage Tigrina Tigré (sometimes known as Ge’ez). Other groups within the Afro-Asiatic family include Camitic (Berber languages such as Tuareg and Tamazight), Cushitic Somali Oromo ) and Chadic (Hausa). Virtually all of these languages are found throughout the northern half of the continent, that is, the Sahara , the Sahel , and East Africa . In the Nile River Valley we also find several languages of the Nilo-Saharan family . These include such spoken languages as Nuer and Dinka as well as many other languages and dialects in the Sudan Ethiopia and Chad By far the most diverse language family in Africa is the N iger-Congo family . It is divided into the Kordofanian (several dialects in the Sudan Mande (Bambara and Mandinka in Mali ), and the

10. UCTP Excerpt: Maroons: Rebel Slaves In The Americas By Richard Price called Maroons, mingled in mountain hideaways with indigenous Taino people Both peoples had much in common The Fon and kongo kingdoms of West and Central africa http://www.uctp.org/Maroons.html

- The Editor, http://www.uctp.org/lavoz.htm The following excerpt was part of an article, which was originally published in the 1992 Festival of American Folklife catalogue; reprinted with permission from the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage of the Smithsonian Institution. (http://www.si.edu/maroon/educational_guide/23.htm) " Maroons: Rebel Slaves in the Americas" by Richard Price The man who was to become the first African-American maroon arrived within a decade of Columbus' landfall on the very first slave ship to reach the Americas. One of the last maroons to escape from slavery was still alive in Cuba only 15 years ago. The English word "maroon" derives from Spanish itself based on an Arawakan (Taino) Indian root originally referred to domestic cattle that had taken to the hills in Hispaniola, and soon after it was applied to American Indian slaves who had escaped from the Spaniards as well. By the end of the 1530s, the word had taken on strong connotations of being "fierce," "wild" and "unbroken," and was used primarily to refer to African-American runaways. The following excerpt was taken from the Exhibition "The Sacred Art of Vodou" hosted at the American Museum of Natural History from October 1998 until January 1999.

11. Exploring Africa -> Students-> Religion In Africa-> Christianity equatorial africa (kongo), Angola, Mozambique, and Kenya. In the early years of contact with african peoples, the and healers in african indigenous religions. Zionist worship http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/curriculum/lm14/stu_actfour14.html

Unit Three: Studying Africa through the Humanities Module Fourteen: Religion in Africa Student's Edition Activity Four: Christianity in Africa: Explain The Christian religion was founded in what is today Israel and Palestine 2000 years ago at the beginning of the Common Era . Christianity is based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, a Jewish teacher and prophet. Early Christians (followers of Christ) believed that Jesus was divine in that he was the son of God. This is a major difference between Christianity and Judaism and Islam, the two other major monotheistic religions. Judaism does not hold that any of their great prophets were divine. And although God spoke directly to Mohammed through the angel Gabriel, Islam does give him the status of being divine. Although the early Christian church suffered persecution at the hands of Roman officials, the fact that Palestine was part of the Roman Empire facilitated the rapid spread of Christianity. Christianity, like Islam, is a proselytizing religion. This means that followers of these religions believe that it is their duty to share their religion and try to convert others to their religion. Early Christians came from the Jewish tradition, but they believed that the message and teachings of Jesus were meant for all people, and they used the transportation networks (roads, shipping routes) to spread the message of Christianity throughout the Roman Empire-or the

12. African Videotapes Audiocassettes Media Resources Center, UC Ivory Coast peoples of the Kalahari Desert the warrior tradition of indigenous africa, the jihad tradition of and Central africa, principally the Yoruba and kongo, that gave rise http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/AfricanVid.html

13. 100gogo Expedition Of Africa, Africa's Super Predators & Mammals Safari of which the more important include the Fang of Gabon and the kongo, Mongo, Kuba The other indigenous groups are all Bantuspeaking peoples, originally from http://www.100gogo.com/africa/

Africa - The Birthplace of Modern Humans You either love it or hate it . . . Africa Map Click here to see large map Introduction Features of Africa Africa is the second-largest continent , after Asia, covering 30,330,000 sq km; about 22% of the total land area of the Earth. It measures about 8,000 km from north to south and about 7,360 km from east to west. The highest point on the continent is Mt. Kilimanjaro - Uhuru Point - (5,963 m/19,340 ft) in Tanzania. The lowest is Lake 'Asal (153 m/502 ft below sea level) in Djibouti. The Forests cover about one-fifth of the total land area of the continent. The Woodlands, bush lands, grasslands and thickets occupy about two-fifth. And the Deserts and their extended margins have the remaining two-fifths of African land. World's longest river : The River Nile drains north-eastern Africa, and, at 6,650 km (4,132 mi), is the longest river in the world. It is formed from the Blue Nile, which originates at Lake Tana in Ethiopia, and the White Nile, which originates at Lake Victoria. World's second largest lake : Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa and the is the world's second-largest freshwater lake - covering an area of 69,490 sq km (26,830 sq mi) and lies 1,130 m (3,720 ft) above sea level. Its greatest known depth is 82 m (270 ft).

14. Africa highlands came to dominate the indigenous Bantu. tropical rain forests, Bantuspeaking peoples established agricultural the 14th century the kongo Kingdom was http://www.emayzine.com/lectures/africa3a.html

Africa Some 5 million years ago a type of hominid, a close evolutionary ancestor of present-day humans, inhabited southern and eastern Africa. More than 1.5 million years ago this toolmaking hominid developed into the more advanced forms Homo habilis and Homo erectus. The earliest true human being in Africa, Homo sapiens, dates from more than 200,000 years ago. A hunter-gatherer capable of making crude stone tools, Homo sapiens banded together with others to form nomadic groups; eventually these nomadic San peoples spread throughout the African continent. Distinct races date from approximately 10,000 BC. Gradually a growing Negroid population, which had mastered animal domestication and agriculture, forced the San groups into the less hospitable areas. In the 1st century AD the Bantu, one group of this dominant people, began a migration that lasted some 2000 years, settling most of central and southern Africa. Negroid societies typically depended on subsistence agriculture or, in the savannas, pastoral pursuits. Political organization was normally local, although large kingdoms would later develop in western and central Africa. see Aksum, Kingdom of

15. Search The Standards Database Britain, France, Spain, and the indigenous peoples of the trade in West and Central africa and circumstances Dahomey, Benin, Lunda, and kongo; different forms http://www.mcrel.org/compendium/Benchmark.asp?SubjectID=6&StandardID=29

16. Assignment Page VIII: HIST 360/560, The Spanish Empire What factors led to warfare in Western africa? some african areas, like Benin and kongo, at times found to control the labor of indigenous peoples in Castilian http://www.isu.edu/~owenjack/spemp/readver5.08.html

This page presents information related to the eighth class session of J. B. Owens's fall 2002 upper-division undergraduate and graduate course, History 360/560, The Spanish Empire . This course is part of the core curriculum in comparative and world history of the Department of History, Idaho State University. The sole purpose of this page is to provide an orientation to the reading assignments and class session for those students enrolled in History 360/560. See the source page for the complete Dublin Core standard metadata. You may return to the course main page or to the reading assignments and lecture topics page Slavery in Africa, Atlantic networks, and working American resources Coerced African labor and its great forced migration in the Atlantic world. The increasing integration of the Americas into the developing global economic system. Special attention will be given to the establishment of networks of major administrative, commercial, and production centers from Manila to Northwest Europe and Southwest Africa and to the development of the "plantation complex" as the focus of agricultural production, machine technology, labor migration, capital investment, and long-distance commerce. Reading: Thornton, chs. 3 and 4; Burkholder and Johnson, ch. 4; Thornton, ch. 5.

17. Worldsurface.com - Sustainable Tourism For Backpackers And Independent Traveller major subgroups include the Sundi, kongo, Lali, Kougni for the Pygmies, all the indigenous peoples speak their the largest independent church in africa, is a http://www.worldsurface.com/browse/static.asp?staticpageid=64

18. THE CRYSTALLIZATION OF THE ATLANTIC WORLD empires in the Americas marginalization of indigenous peoples of the and Asia, as well as africa -major events development *King Afonso I of kongo(King Nzinga http://www.clscc.cc.tn.us/Courses/ngreenwood/crystallization_Atl_Pac_worlds.htm

THE CRYSTALLIZATION OF THE ATLANTIC AND THE PACIFIC WORLDS -Eurasian precursors -Marco Polo -Ibn Battuta -Zheng He -European explorers *Prince Henry the Navigator -Bartolomeu Dias *Christopher Columbus (Cristoforo Colombo) *Vasco da Gama *Ferdinand Magellan (Fernao de Magalhaes) *James Cook -European motives for exploration -trade -land -missionary impulse -Foundational events in the crystallization of the Atlantic world -Columbus’s 1492 "discovery" of the Americas -Portuguese establishment of a slave trade along the west coast of Africa -development of a triangular trade among Africa, the Americas and the Caribbean, and Europe *Columbian Exchange -predecessors to the Columbian Exchange -items exchanged -diseases from Eurasia to the Americas -crops from the Americas -precious metals -people -Christianity -conduits of this exchange *Manila galleons *triangular trade among Africa, the Caribbean and the Americas, and Europe

19. Indigenous Art & Art: Freeland's Introduction african nkisi nkondi, fetish statues from Loango, in the kongo region of africa. 1st most art objects of indigenous peoples are not pure; they are a http://puffin.creighton.edu/eselk/Aesthetics-WebSite-p2000/Powerpoint_outlines/I

Introduction - Cynthia Freeland. But Is It Art? Chapter 3 - "Cultural Crossings" Dewey’s view on the role of art in understanding other cultures: Art is one of the best ways to understand other cultures because art is "the expression of the life of the community" ( Art and Experience Example: African nkisi nkondi, fetish statues from Loango, in the kongo region of Africa. But what happens when these objects are taken out of their cultural context ("decontextualize" the objects)? And is this appropriate? Answers to these questions is not simple. 1st most art objects of indigenous peoples are not pure; they are a mixture of several cultures. 2nd [my comment] Decontextualizing art objects from indigenous peoples is only inappropriate if this is done in a condescending way. But is there anything improper about displaying art objects of indigenous peoples for the sake of their aesthetic qualities alone?

20. Introduction To Africa Yet the indigenous population, though converted to Islam, did Some, such as the Chokwe and kongo kingdoms, seem that were produced by the San peoples and are http://us-africa.tripod.com/intro.html

Africa About us Africa Introduction Country Files ... us-africa INTRODUCTION "It is my belief that unless we Africans can tell our own story within context and show an Africa that has not been seen before the West will continue to throw their hands up in despair believing that our continent is full of a bunch of confused savages that is now beyond salvation/redemption. The only way the West can understand and treat us seriously is to hear the African story first hand from the African perspective rather than the usual whitie version - so why not take the risk if that can help turn things around for our Continent". Quoting: Sorious Samura www.sorioussamurasafrica.org The African Union African countries, in their quest for unity, economic and social development under the banner of the OAU, have taken various initiatives and made substantial progress in many areas which paved the way for the establishment of the AFRICAN UNION From the editor enormous mountains tropical rainforests grassy savannas three large deserts , the world biggest swamp, and the world's longest river. In general the culture is rich, unique and diverse, with great craftsmanship, magical tribal dancing and fabulous musicians . Between the majestic Egyptian necropolises, the TWA/MBUTI(pygmid) civilizations, the Zulu kingdoms, our imagination can't help running amuck... Africa is where it all started. Africa is also about luxurious vegetation, wild animals, adrenaline safaris, infinite rivers and vertiginous falls. Africa evokes the tam-tam of the drums, the lollapalooza of exotic dancers. In Westerner's mind, it begets the occult, the paranormal. It holds the keys of life mysteries. And Africa has an enormous reservoir of natural and human resources. Did you know that besides

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