1. Regional Links regional Information Center Kostanay (In Russian); South kazakhstan Oblast StatisticalCatalogue (In Russian). kazakhstan Online - history (In English http://www.wisc.edu/creeca/links/kazakstan.html

Kazakstan General Sites Embassies Environment Maps ... International Organizations General Sites Adminet Kazakhstan (In English. Excellent list of links, searchable by subject index) Central Eurasia Project - Kazakhstan Resource Page (In English. Very good links) Interactive Central Asia Resource Project (In English. An eccletic, but good list of links, searchable by subject) Kazakhstan.com (In English. General country information, especially good for tourists) Kazakhstan Official Webpage (In English and Russian. A great deal of information, provided by the official state government) Kazakhstan Online (In English, with Kazakh version under construction. Includes a short list of links, searchable by subject index) Kazakhstan Webpage (In English. Brief descriptions of Kazakhstan life, emphasizing culture and history) NET's Top 100 - Best Internet Sites for Kazakhstan (In Russian) Welcome to Kazakhstan (In English. Short list of links, searchable by subject index) WWW Kazakhstan - Web Portal 2000 (In Russian. Extensive links, searchable by keyword)

2. Kazakhstan overview of kazakhstan's energy market privatization activities, some regional energy issues kazakhstan, including chapters on kazakhstan's history, society environment, economy http://www.fe.doe.gov/international/kazakhstan.html

KAZAKHSTAN An Energy Overview of Kazakhstan includes information about Kazakhstan's energy policy, a lengthy description of the energy situation in Kazakhstan, an environmental summary, plus brief privatization and economic summaries. (Prepared by DOE Office of Fossil Energy) LINKS TO BUSINESS INFORMATION SOURCES ON KAZAKHSTAN US-DOE Energy Information Administration - Country Analysis Brief on Kazakhstan. A description of Kazakhstan's energy economy, including Oil, Natural Gas, and Electricity. Elsewhere at this site is an overview of Kazakhstan's energy market privatization activities, some regional energy issues , and a somewhat dated (year 2000) but still useful Country Energy Balance for Kazakhstan with information on oil, coal, natural gas, and electricity. CIA World Factbook 2003 - A very useful information summary about Kazakhstan, including sections on geography, people, government, economy, communications, transportation, military forces, and transnational issues. U.S. Department of Commerce

3. Karen's Adoption Links - Regional Links & Listservs For Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukra Uiger / Uygur / Urghur peoples, http//www.uygur.org/enorg/history/history.htm.Listservs / eGroups, kazakhstan regional Adoption Websites Listservs http://www.karensadoptionlinks.com/regions.html

Russia Kazakhstan Ukraine Ethnic Groups ... Orphanages ** Newer Links Home Stories Parenting Adoption/Cult. Products ... Site Map Here are Region and orphanage specific listservs and contact people. Some of these are formal listservs; some are informal 'Circle of Friends' e-mail groups. Most of these lists are restricted membership, so you will need to ask to join. For Country-Specific groups try Country Lists ; for more Adoption Lists try . If you would like to have your group added, or would like to be a contact person for a region or specific home, please e-mail me Adopting From Russia City Information http://adoptingfromrussia.com/Cities.html.....

4. Kazakhstan - Facts About Kazakhstan Including Map And Flag Images world atlas, atlas, facts, maps, flags World Atlas kazakhstan. kazakhstan history Geography and Economic information sharing limited water resources and the regional environmental degradation caused by the shrinking http://www.world-atlas.net/Kazakhstan

Maps,Flags,History,Geography,Economics World-Atlas [http://www.world-atlas.net] Country List: A B C D ... Kazakhstan Kazakhstan - History,Geography and Economic information Kazakhstan Introduction Kazakhstan Background: Native Kazakhs, a mix of Turkic and Mongol nomadic tribes who migrated into the region in the 13th century, were rarely united as a single nation. The area was conquered by Russia in the 18th century and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1936. During the 1950s and 1960s agricultural "Virgin Lands" program, Soviet citizens were encouraged to help cultivate Kazakhstan's northern pastures. This influx of immigrants (mostly Russians, but also some other deported nationalities) skewed the ethnic mixture and enabled non-Kazakhs to outnumber natives. Independence has caused many of these newcomers to emigrate. Current issues include: developing a cohesive national identity; expanding the development of the country's vast energy resources and exporting them to world markets; achieving a sustainable economic growth outside the oil, gas, and mining sectors; and strengthening relations with neighboring states and other foreign powers. Geography Kazakhstan Location: Central Asia, northwest of China

5. Columbus World Travel Guide - Asia - Kazakhstan - History And Government history and Government history Archaeological excavations indicate the short term,however, kazakhstan has experienced from all the main regional powers Iran http://www.travel-guide.com/data/kaz/kaz580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/Asia/Kazakhstan/HistoryandGovernment'; document.write('Research Kazakhstan hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses Overview General Information Passport/Visa ... Asia /Kazakhstan KAZAKHSTAN History and Government History: Archaeological excavations indicate that the south of Kazakhstan was inhabited by man as early as the Palaeolithic Era and tribes were breeding cattle and producing bronzeware by the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. By the beginning of the 1st millennium BC, the Saks tribe occupied the territory of the steppes, the Savromat tribe the north and west of Kazakhstan, the Kangues the Syr-Daria River area and the Usuns (whose writing, weapons and jewellery have been preserved) the south. Later, the Huns, who bred cattle, made handicrafts and possessed a well-organised army, occupied Kazakhstan. By the 4th century AD, most of the Saks and Usuns had moved west and new individual states began to appear, such as Westturkic Khanate, which was established by Turkish tribes trading on the Silk Road. During the 8th and 9th centuries, the Syr-Daria region and lands around the Aral Mountains were settled by Kimak tribes; the largest and strongest were the Kipchaks, considered the primary ancestors of the present-day Kazakhs. The 10th century was a time of considerable economic, social and cultural progress. Islam was declared the state religion and some outstanding works of literature in the Turkic language were written. The Mongols invaded in the 13th century and Genghis Khan and his army completely destroyed most of the towns and settlements and portioned the land out between his sons. However, by the 15th century, the Kazakh Khanate state was formed, consisting of the remaining descendants of the Saks, Usuns and Kangues of the West Turkic Khanate, and a gradual revival of agriculture, urban culture and trade relations was taking place.

6. Omniseek /Open Directory /Regional /Asia /Kazakhstan / Open Directory /regional /Asia /kazakhstan / library.ccsu.ctstateu.edu/~history/world_ history/a. kazakhstan Miners Fight Government Austerity http://www.omniseek.com/srch/{6089}

7. News - "Mitsva" Association Of Kazakhstan JCC regional festival of kazakhstani peoples. Mitsva Association Second Internationalhistorical conference Jews in kazakhstan history, Religion, Culture . http://www.mitsva.kz/news_e.shtml

Search NEWS ARCHIVE * * *Summer children's camp starts on June 7 in Almaty. Mazal Tov!* * * Almaty. "Rimon" JCC Yiddish club talks about Yitshok Leyb Perets. Astana. Hesed Open Home - the youngest program in Astana Hesed. Kokshetau. Hesed "Natan" "Etgar" program participants are new clients of a volunteering hairdresser Alexandra Habibulina. Shymkent. Hesed "Shimon" Meeting with a poet Oleg Chimkentsky. Almaty. "Rimon" JCC Olga Ryzhova's exhibition Taraz. JCC Women's club discusses traditional Jewish marriage. Pavlodar. Hesed "Rachel" One-day family seminar. Kokshetau. Hesed "Natan" Library Literature Club. "Letopis Gorkih Let" book. Almaty. "Rimon" JCC "Oh this old record!" - music festival in the family club. Shymkent. JCC Dance group parade. Astana. JCC Children's health camp opens. Almaty. "Mitsva" Association Opening of the Second International Scientific Conference "Jews in Kazakhstan: History, Religion, Culture".

8. News - "Mitsva" Association Of Kazakhstan JCC regional festival of kazakhstani peoples announced the day of the Second Internationalhistorical conference Jews in kazakhstan history, Religion, Culture http://www.mitsva.kz/news_e.shtml?1

9. CNS - Former Soviet Biological Weapons Facilities In Kazakhstan CNS Occasional Papers. FORMER SOVIET BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS FACILITIES IN kazakhstan PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE deals with the history and current status of the four major BW facilities in kazakhstan. The third part of four World Health Organization regional centers on plague for Central Asia http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/opapers/op1/op1.htm

CNS Occasional Papers FORMER SOVIET BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS FACILITIES IN KAZAKHSTAN: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE Kazakhstani facilities involved in the research and development, production, and testing of biological weapons (BW) played a key role in the former Soviet BW program.(1) Although a number of open publications have addressed the former Soviet program in recent years, few have examined the Kazakhstani portion of the system.(2) This report provides a history of Kazakhstani BW facilities and describes their current status and future prospects. The example of Kazakhstan also highlights the technical, economic, and financial problems associated with converting former BW facilities to peaceful activities in the post-Cold War era. The first part of this report is devoted to an overview of the Soviet BW system. The second part deals with the history and current status of the four major BW facilities in Kazakhstan. The third part examines the potential for commercial production at these facilities and the obstacles they have faced on the road to conversion. The final part discusses the future prospects for conversion and environmental remediation and makes some policy recommendations. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE SOVIET BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS PROGRAM The Biopreparat Complex Other BW-Related Centers KAZAKHSTANI ELEMENTS OF THE SYSTEM Kazakhstani BW facilities belonged to various parts of the Soviet BW structure and reported to different central authorities in Moscow.(25) The four main facilities were the Vozrozhdeniye Island open-air test site in the Aral Sea, the Scientific Experimental and Production Base (SNOPB) in Stepnogorsk, the Scientific Research Agricultural Institute (NISKhI) in Gvardeyskiy, and the Anti-Plague Scientific Research Institute in Alma-Ata. These facilities are described in greater detail below.

10. Kazakhstan Introduction - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Reso http//workmall.com/wfb2001/kazakhstan/kazakhstan_history_introduction.html powerfulneighbors with a history of taking regional cooperation on the Aral Sea http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/kazakhstan/kazakhstan_history_introduction.html

HISTORY INDEX Country Ranks Introduction History ... [TOP] Kazakhstan Introduction http://workmall.com/wfb2001/kazakhstan/kazakhstan_history_introduction.html Source: The Library of Congress Country Studies < BACK TO HISTORY CONTENTS The total area of the five republics is approximately 3.9 million square kilometers, slightly more than 40 percent of the area of the United States and less than one-quarter of the area of Russia (see fig. 1). The region stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east, and from central Siberia in the north to Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan in the south. The area of the republics varies greatly: Kazakstan, by far the largest, occupies about 2.7 million square kilometers, more than two-thirds of the region. The smallest republic, Kyrgyzstan, occupies only 198,500 square kilometers. The Central Asian republics also feature quite different topographies, varying from the wide expanses of desert in primarily flat Kazakstan and Turkmenistan to the steep slopes and river valleys of mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan (see fig. 2). The region contains enormous natural and agricultural resources. All five republics have favorable agricultural regions and some combination of attractive minerals and fuels. Their industrial bases include trained workers, and their populations have relatively high educational levels and literacy rates. Unfortunately, the moribund, highly inefficient system through which the Soviet Union exploited those resources has proved very difficult to disassemble. The Central Asians have suffered all the typical transitional ills of former communist states moving toward a market economy: erratic supply of critical industrial inputs, increased unemployment, sharply increased inflation, declining capacity utilization and output by industry, and acute shortages of goods. In response, all five governments have pledged meaningful reform, but obstacles such as unworkable government structure, ethnic rivalries, and a variety of social tensions have made all five move cautiously.

11. Bonita Group - Projects - Regional History And Folklore Museum Uralsk, Kazakhsta regional history and Folklore Museum Uralsk, kazakhstan. The building of the regionalhistory and Folklore Museum was built in the end of the 19th century. http://www.bonita-group.com/cgi-bin/cm/get_doc.fpl?s_id=500&lang_id=2&doc_id=187

12. Kazinfotour Biological museum of Kazakh State University, RUS . Republic of kazakhstan Nationalcurrency Museum, RUS . Aktobe regional history and economy museum, RUS . http://kazinfotour.tora.ru/ingl/kazak/silk_ing/kz_ing.htm

RUS Kazakhstan Cities of Kazakhstan KAZAKHSTAN About Kazakhstan Republic of Kazakhstan History Ancient monuments ... silk road kazakhstan The Silk Road Kazakhstan Great Silk Road - the ancient international trading - diplomatic line connecting originally China with the countries of Central Asia, Caspian area, the Mediterranean and the Western Europe. Ancient Silk Road The main ways a period of the Roman empire heyday, about 200 years of A.D. The period of Mongolian empire, about 1260 years of A.D. Silk Road in approx the 2 Century A.D. Silk Road in approx the 7 Century A.D. Silk Road in approx the 13 Century A.D. Northern or so-called "Steppen" way, coming through Semirechje and the south of Kazakhstan. In 6-7 centuries with the formation of a powerful empire - Turkic kaganat it becomes the main artery of the international communication functioning till the 14 century through East Turkestan and China up to the Pacific coast. The silk way, being transcontinental communication system of trade and economic, diplomatic and cultural relations of the East and the West, has sped up the development of city culture on the territory of Kazakhstan in Ili, Chu valleys and on the Otrar-Syr-Darya oasis. The development of this Silk Road' space occured either by means of expansion and strengthening of numerous early city and rural settlements, occurrence military - administrative, trading - craft areas and agricultural districts around them and constructions of huge amount of new trading - craft city formations, the religious centres, ethnic colonies, military strengthenings.

13. Wauu.DE: Regional: Asia: Kazakhstan: Society And Culture: History Translate this page Home regional Asia kazakhstan Society and Culture history.Search DMOZ-Verzeichnis All Categories Categories Onlye. Hilf http://www.wauu.de/Regional/Asia/Kazakhstan/Society_and_Culture/History/

Home Regional Asia Kazakhstan ... Society and Culture : History Search DMOZ-Verzeichnis: All Categories Categories Onlye © 1998- 2002 Ein Service von Wauu.de UserNet.DE Linktip: MnogoSearch.ORG Map TopTen TopTen eng Aktuelle Linktips Mozilla 1.7 RC 1 Basteln 0190 Warner Free Rund ums Rad ... Fantasy - Shop Webmaster-Links Webspace Free Subdomain Service Merchandise Fun SUMA - Forum ... Abmahnungen œber Wauu Regeln Webmasterservice Impressum b

14. Sub-regional Women’s Summer Camp "Kazakhstan-97" of Business Women of kazakhstan, for the first time in the history of the women’smovement in Kazakshtan, have organized the Subregional Women’s Summer http://www.undp.uz/GID/eng/KAZAKHSTAN/SEMINARS/seminar1.html

Sub-Regional Women’s Summer Camp “Kazakhstan-97” August 4-10, 1997 Almaty, Kazakhstan The UN “Gender in Development” Bureau in cooperation with the Association of Business Women of Kazakhstan, for the first time in the history of the women’s movement in Kazakshtan, have organized the Sub-regional Women’s Summer Camp for the women-leaders from the Central Asian region. The Women’s Camp had the following objectives: create a favorable environment for self-realization of women; study the scope of subjects to increase gender awareness; study history and practice of the international women’s movement consolidate women in the struggle to solve their existing problems. The participants included representatives from the government and non-government organizations from each oblast of Kazakhstan. The staff members of the GID units from Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tadjikistan were also involved in the work of the Camp. The Camp was conducted in a form of workshops on gender related issues. The following topics of gender studies were intensively covered during the week of the Camp: women’s political leadership women’s human rights;

15. :: Ez2Find :: History Guides, history. ez2Find Home Directory regional Asia kazakhstan Society and Culture history (0) Archaeology (1). Last http://ez2find.com/cgi-bin/directory/meta/search.pl/Regional/Asia/Kazakhstan/Soc

Guide : History Global Metasearch Any Language English Afrikaans Arabic Bahasa Melayu Belarusian Bulgarian Catala Chinese Simplified Chinese Traditional Cymraeg Czech Dansk Deutsch Eesti Espanol Euskara Faroese Francais Frysk Galego Greek Hebrew Hrvatski Indonesia Islenska Italiano Japanese Korean Latvian Lietuviu Lingua Latina Magyar Netherlands Norsk Polska Portugues Romana Russian Shqip Slovensko Slovensky Srpski Suomi Svenska Thai Turkce Ukrainian Vietnamese Mode All Words Any Word Phrase Results Timeout Depth Adult Filter Add to Favorites Other Search Web News Newsgroups Images Invisible Web Ancestors Search : First Name Last Name Keywords Databases With People's Names Census Records Court, Land, Probate Directories Military Compiled Genealogy Any Locality Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Canada England Germany All Non-U.S.

16. CLS. East Kazakhstan Regional Museum Of Local Lore East kazakhstan regional Museum of Local Lore and history was founded in 1915. Eastkazakhstan regional Museum of Local Lore and history. Publications. Home. Back. http://www.cls.freenet.kz/english/mus_1.htm

Centralized Library System of Ust-Kamenogorsk East Kazakhstan Region LOCAL LORE East Kazakhstan Regional Museum of Local Lore and History was founded in 1915. East Kazakhstan Regional Museum of Local Lore and History Publications Home Back Director: Mihalevsky Alexander Vladimirovich Deputy Director: Nurgazieva Svetlana Konstantinovna Chief Curator:Tyumentseva Svetlana Stepanovna Th Museum of Local Lore and History was founded in 1915, closed in 30es and newly opened in 1946. The number of exhibits is 128,872, including 104,224 articles of the main collection. Collections: -Archaeological collection: more than 5,000 articles. In this collection all archaeological epochs are represented: all periods of the human development: the stone epoch, the bronze epoch, the early iron epoch and the early Middle Age epoch. The collection was formed in the result of archaeological researches in the zone of submergence of Bukhtarminskaya electric power station. -Ethnographic collection: 4,000 articles.

17. CLS. East-Kazakhstan Regional Museum Of Local Lore And History. Publications. Centralized Library System of UstKamenogorsk East kazakhstan Region. LOCAL LORE.East-kazakhstan regional Museum of Local Lore and history. Publications. Home. http://www.cls.freenet.kz/english/mus_1book.htm

Centralized Library System of Ust-Kamenogorsk East Kazakhstan Region LOCAL LORE East-Kazakhstan Regional Museum of Local Lore and History Publications Home Back Sherbik G.A. “Buhtarma zone”. // “Margulanov readings”, A-A, 1989. Sherbik G.A. Kvoprosu o kul’turnykh kontaktakh polietnichnogo naserleniya Verkhnego Pryirtysh’ya. Tesesy doklada na vsespyuznoi nauchnoi konferentsy “Natsional’nye e sotsial’no-kul’turnye protsessy v SSR”. Omsk, 1990. Sherbik G.A. Nazvaniya kazakhskikh muzhskikh poyasov iz sobraniya istoriko-kraevedcheskogo museya(semantichesky aspect) // “Aktual’nye problemy filologyi”. Ust-Kamenogorsk, 1993. Sherbik G.A. kazakhskie nakladnye poyasa e ikh arkheologicheskie parallely. // “Margulanovskie chteniya”, Petropavlovsk. 1992. Sherbik G.A. Tkanye poyasa kak istochnik po istoryi bukhtarminskikh staroobryadtsev. Materialy mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsyi “Sstaroobryadchestvo Sibiry e Dal’nego Vostoka. Istoriya e sovremennost’: mestnaya traditsiya, russkie e zarubezhnye svyazi”. Vladivostok, 1994g. // Sb. “Altar’ Rossyi”, g. Bol’shoi kamen’, 1997. Sherbik G.A. Sherbik E.E. Kazakhskie nakladnye poyasa: formirivanie e razvitie khudozhestvennoi traditsyi. Tezisy doklada respublikanskoi nauchnoi konferentsyi. Shymkent,1995.

18. Kazakhstan News.net Updating kazakhstan and regional Central Asia and Culture(12) Expatriates,history, Personal Pages kazakhstan Web Search Results Below (Add Your Site http://www.zookle.com/Regional/Asia/Kazakhstan/

zOO KLE link exchange top 100 Add Your Site Jokes ... info kazakhstan Links: Regional: Asia: Kazakhstan Home Regional Asia : Kazakhstan Inter-Continental Hotels - Okan Inter-Continental Astana Make reservations at the Okan Inter-Continental in Astana, Kazakhstan . Read about their Priority Club rewards program. Astana, Kazakhstan Hotels - Expedia.com Book accommodations in Astana, Kazakhstan . Enter travel dates and the number of guests to confirm room availability. Priceline - Flights to Astana, Kazakhstan Search for airline tickets to Astana, Kazakhstan . Save up to 40% on published fares with major airlines. Regent Hotel in Almaty, Kazakhstan Make a reservation at the Regent in Almaty, Kazakhstan . Read about hotel services and amenities. Alla Adoption.com, International Adoption Photolisting Get information about this adoption agency for orphaned children in Russia, the Ukraine, and Kazakhstan . View photos of the children available for adoption. Kazakhstan - Cheaper Hotel Rates Before booking a hotel, compare hotel room rates at NexTag. Buy Kazakhstan Wholesale Freight Calculator and Quote Generator Instant Online Rates Right On Your Screen for Ocean Consolidations, Full Containers and Air Cargo Worldwide.

19. K-M: Kazakhstan To Luxembourg Kyrgyzstan tourism, regional, political, and educaitonal resources 15, 2002, 606pmKM kazakhstan to Luxembourg Learn more about Latvia s culture and history. http://www.classbrain.com/artcrtour/publish/cat_index_10.shtml

Jump to... Home 1st - 3rd Grade Ask ClassBrain Biographies Corporate Information Country Reports Defining Documents Freedom Files Games Mission Reports Monthy Grab Bag Movies in the Classroom State Reports Teens ClassBrain Store Tourist Home World Information A: Afghanistan to Azerbaijan B: Bahamas to Burundi ... Country Games Last Updated: Jan 15th, 2004 - 12:15:32 K-M: Kazakhstan to Luxembourg K-M: Kazakhstan to Luxembourg Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is the second largest country (geographically) from the former USSR. Jul 15, 2002, 7:09pm K-M: Kazakhstan to Luxembourg Kenya Kenya is bordered by Somalia on the east, the Indian Ocean on the southeast, Tanzania on the south, Lake Victoria on the southwest, Uganda on the west, Sudan on the northwest, and Ethiopia on the north. Jul 15, 2002, 7:07pm K-M: Kazakhstan to Luxembourg Kingman Reef Kingman Reef, an uninhabited reef, is less than 1 sq mile located SW of Honolulu, Hawaii. Jul 15, 2002, 7:07pm K-M: Kazakhstan to Luxembourg Kiribati Kiribati is an independent republic and comprises the Gilbert, Phoenix and Line groups of islands. Jul 15, 2002, 7:06pm

20. Kazakhstan Travel Guide: Travel With PATA - Your One-Stop Guide To Travel In Asi kazakhstan history Central Asia s recorded history begins in the 6th century BC,when rather than silk, had the greatest influence over regional events, since http://kazakhstan.travelwithpata.com/history.html

Destination Guides Kazakhstan Home Kazakhstan Location Kazakhstan History Kazakhstan Culture ... Kazakhstan Costs Destination Search Select a Destination parseRec(dropData,dispData); What Is PATA? Weather in all regions Kazakhstan History Central Asia's recorded history begins in the 6th century BC, when the Achaemenid Empire of Persia held sway beyond the Amu-Darya River. In 330BC Alexander the Great led his army to victory over the last Achaemenid emperor and by 328 had reached Kabul and the Hindu Kush. The aftermath of Alexander's short-lived Central Asian empire saw an increase in cultural exchange between Europe and Asia. Hellenistic successor states disseminated the aesthetic values of the classical world deep into Asia, while trade bought such goods as the walnut to Europe. No one knows for sure when the miraculously fine, sensuous fabric spun from the cocoon of the Bombyx caterpillar first reached the west from China. Even after the secret of sericulture arrived in the Mediterranean world, Chinese silk producers consistently exercised the advantage of centuries of know-how. The demand for this thread saw unprecedented trade upon what became known as the Silk Road - a shifting web of caravan tracks rather than a single road. For a thousand years after the birth of Christ, Central Asia was the scene of pendulum-like shifts of power between nomadic hordes and the sedentary civilisations of Eurasia's periphery. Horses, rather than silk, had the greatest influence over regional events, since the vast grasslands fed millions of them. Mounted archers were the most potent military force in the region. The Huns, the Western Turks, Arabs and the Chinese all ventured into the region during this period.

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