81. FAF - Preamble the Krahn; Moi of Kenya with the kalenjin; Biya of But an exhaustive study of indigenous African political systems All this binds people into a blurred entity http://www.freeafrica.org/leadership11.html

Home Failed Leadership THE PROLIFERATION OF DICTATORSHIPS INTRODUCTION After a decade of experimentation with democracy however, Africa’s economic prospects remain grim, raising several questions about the linkage. Is democracy the sine qua non for economic prosperity? If so, is the Western-type of multi-party democracy suitable for Africa? Or must Africa search for and practice its own unique form of democracy? Many scholars have argued that Africa is not yet ready for democracy and that any democratization process in Africa is doomed to fail. A variety of reasons has been cited: insufficient internal demand for political reform due to a weak civil society; unsuitability of Western forms of multi-party democracy; absence of a democratic culture and institutions (Monga, 1996: 20-27). These scholarly arguments have naturally found enthusiastic reception among Africa’s autocrats, who established repressive one-party state systems that admitted no democratic pluralism in the post-colonial period. Sandbrook (1993) gave a composite portrait of the typical African tyrant and how he rules: The strongman, usually the president, occupies the centre of the political life. Front and centre stage, he is the centrifugal force around which all else revolves. Not only the ceremonial head of state, the president is also the chief political, military and cultural figure: head of government, commander-in-chief of the armed forces, head of the governing party (if there is one) and even chancellor of the local university. His aim is typically to identify his person with the "nation."

82. FAF - Preamble are drawn largely from President Moi s kinsmen the kalenjin. issue is debated by the people until a In recent years, this indigenous African tradition has http://www.freeafrica.org/commentaries12b.html

Home Commentaries THE NEW AFRICAN RENAISSANCE? Continue from Previous To appreciate the importance of institutions, perhaps a car analogy would be useful here. A car is an amalgamation of systems, working in harmony: electrical system, fuel system, cooling system, transmission, etc. Each system is made up of several parts, each of which must work reliably and efficiently for that particular system to operate. Systems or parts cannot be mismatched. Overheating is a symptom of systemic malfunction or break-down. Constantly pouring water into the radiator won't solve the problem. The entire cooling system must be checked for leaks, corrosion, malfunction, or break-down. The "Mafia" African State: In the postcolonial era, African leaders, by design or default, established two key and defective systems: sultanism and statism. "Sultanism," or personal rule, is the monopolization of political power by one individual, the grotesque forms being "president-for-life" and military dictatorship. By "statism" is meant state hegemony in the economy and the direction of economic activity or development by the state through such devices as price controls, legislative acts, regulations, state ownership of the means of production and operation of state enterprises. The political systems established after independence have exhibited various shades of the "Big Man" patrimonial rule. The nationalist leaders did not dismantle the authoritarian colonial state they inherited. Instead, they strengthened and expanded its scope, despite Africa's own rich indigenous tradition of participatory democracy at the village level. They spurned democracy as "an imperialist institution" while others argued that democracy was a "luxury" Africa could not afford and that it would degenerate into tribal politics.

83. Africanews - 73 - April 2002 Out of Kenya’s 42 indigenous languages, 16 of them The fate that has befallen Oduol’s people is similar subtribe of the Nilo-Hamitic kalenjin community on http://www.peacelink.it/afrinews/73_issue/p1.html

AFRICANEWS Views and news on peace, justice and reconciliation in Africa April 2002 CONTENTS AFRICANEWS HOMEPAGE Kenya Languages: living on borrowed time Culture/indigenous people By Matthias Muindi Out of Kenya’s 42 indigenous languages, 16 of them have either become extinct or are seriously endangered, says a recent UNESCO report. This is the highest number in eastern Africa where four countries – Uganda, Tanzania, Sudan, and Ethiopia – are experiencing what the report termed “high language mortality.” AFRICANEWS brings the story of one person whose community is extinct. When asked about his ethnicity, 10-year-old Jeff Machogu has no reservations. “I’m a Luo,” he says with a chuckle. His father, Robert Oduol, one of Kenya’s top journalists, just shakes his head in amazement as Jeff’s younger brother, Roy Odhiambo, screams in the background, “I’m also a Luo.” The two boys are firmly convinced that their family is Luo – Kenya’s second-largest ethnic group – because they speak the language, observe the community’s customs, and have a rural home near Lake Victoria, which is the heartland of the Luo. However, the boys’ father knows otherwise. “My family,” he told AFRICANEWS, “is of Bantu origin, having descended from the Suba ethnic group, a Bantu community that fled to Kenya and Tanzania fearing political persecution in Uganda in the 16th century. Yet most people think we’re Luo.” Hence, he points out, his children are Bantus.

84. Africast.com - Kenya People Kikuyu 21%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, kalenjin 11%, Kamba 11 Asian, European, Arab 1%. Religions indigenous beliefs 10 The urban sector employs 0.9 million people. http://www.africast.com/country_people.php?strCountry=Kenya

85. The Constitution Of Kenya Review Commission and ethnic purists soon emerged among the local people to stress This was not building on the indigenous. tribes such as the Abaluyia, the kalenjin and the http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/docs/07d005.htm

The Commission The Review Process The Constitution: Past, Present and Amendments Civic Education on the Constitution ... Some of your Views Building On The Indigenous In Constitution Making By Professor Bethwell A. Ogot Director, Institute Of Research And Postgraduate Studies, Maseno University, Kenya. © 2001 Constitution of Kenya Review Commission A Joyfreto Creative Solution

86. :: Mission & Vision - United States International University :: Population 29 million Capital Nairobi People 21% Kikuyu 11%kalenjin, 6% Kisii, 5% Mijikenda, 2 Languages Swahili (National), English (official ), indigenous. http://www.usiu.ac.ke/about.usiu/nairobi.htm

About USIU Admissions Programs Administration ... Contact USIU Experience Kenya WELCOME TO USIU We believe that you have made the right choice and are very pleased to have you with us. Your education takes place in the campus environment, as well as the classroom, we are committed to provide services that benefit your health, safely, and welfare. we are equally committed to enhancing the opportunities for learning through various activities, recreational programs and persona; relationships, which make up life. DESTINATION KENYA ENVIRONMENT HISTORY The first of many footprints to be stamped on Kenyan soil were left way back in 2000bc by nomadic tribes from Ethiopia. A second group followed around 1000BC and occupied much of central Kenya, the rest of the ancestors of the country's medley of tribes arrived from all over the continent between 500 BC and 500AD. In the mid-19th century Europeans suddenly started arriving all over Africa in search of fame and fortune, even Kenyan's intimidating interior was forced to give up its secret to outsiders.

87. Kenya - Wikitravel rate 13.5% (2001 est.) HIV/AIDS people living with HIV 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11 Protestant 45%, Roman Catholic 33%, indigenous beliefs 10 http://wikitravel.org/en/article/Kenya

Wikitravel Main Page About Help ... Log in The Free Travel Guide Other sites/languages: Printable version Kenya From Wikitravel, the free travel guide. Flag Quick Facts Capital Nairobi Government republic Currency Kenyan shilling (KES) Area total: 582,650 sq km water: 13,400 sq km land: 569,250 sq km Population note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2002 est.) Language English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languages Religion Protestant 45%, Roman Catholic 33%, indigenous beliefs 10%, Muslim 10%, other 2% note: a large majority of Kenyans are Christian, but estimates for the percentage of the population that adheres to Islam or indigenous beliefs vary widely Kenya is a country in Eastern Africa . Its Indian Ocean coast lies between Somalia to the north east and Tanzania to the south. Its other surrounding countries are

88. Talk:Kenya/CIA World Factbook 2002 Import - Wikitravel HIV/AIDS people living with HIV/AIDS 2.2 million Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, kalenjin 12%, Kamba Protestant 45%, Roman Catholic 33%, indigenous beliefs 10 http://wikitravel.org/en/article/Talk:Kenya/CIA_World_Factbook_2002_import

Wikitravel Main Page About Help ... Log in The Free Travel Guide Printable version Talk:Kenya/CIA World Factbook 2002 import From Wikitravel, the free travel guide. Talk:Kenya Flag Quick Facts Capital Nairobi Government republic Currency Kenyan shilling (KES) Area total: 582,650 sq km water: 13,400 sq km land: 569,250 sq km Population note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2002 est.) Language English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languages Religion Protestant 45%, Roman Catholic 33%, indigenous beliefs 10%, Muslim 10%, other 2% note: a large majority of Kenyans are Christian, but estimates for the percentage of the population that adheres to Islam or indigenous beliefs vary widely This article is an import from the CIA World Factbook 2002. It's a starting point for creating a real Wikitravel country article according to our country article template . Please plunge forward and edit the Kenya article.

89. Food For The Hungry In Kenya 22% Luhya 14% Luo 13% kalenjin 12% Kamba English (official) Swahili (official) Numerous indigenous languages. to provide emergency food to people suffering from http://www.fhi.net/countries/countries.php3?countryid=14

90. Information About Kenya 21% Kikuyu, 14% Luhya, 13% Luo, 11% kalenjin, 6% Guisi The indigenous languages are referred to as the mother unique to the various tribes that people grow up http://lighthouseforchrist.org/about_kenya.htm

About Kenya Bible Institute Board of Directors Daughter Churches ... Home Kenya is revered by anthropologists as the "cradle of humanity". It is also the heart of African safari country, boasting the most diverse collection of wild animals on the continent. The annual migration of wildebeests is an awesome event and could probably be considered as one of the wonders of the world. Millions of these ungainly antelopes move en masse in July and August from the Serengeti in search of lush grass. They head south again around October. Kenya is situated in East Africa and provides the globe's most magnificent game parks, unsullied beaches, thriving coral reefs, memorable mountains capes, and ancient Swahili cities. The flora and fauna is awesome. Animals include lions, leopards, cheetahs, elephants, rhinos, buffalos, wart hogs, zebras, giraffes, hyenas, gazelles, monkeys, wildebeests, and many others. Check out this wildlife site for more info. Full country name: Republic of Kenya Provinces: Kenya has 8 administrative provinces, namely; Central, Eastern, Nairobi, North Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley and the Western and Coast Province.

91. WACC - Kenyan Religious Media ways that take advantage of indigenous creativity and Letting the village people put it together around dramas, originally recorded in kalenjin (Nandi), are http://www.wacc.org.uk/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=394

92. Kenya - Atlapedia Online PEOPLE Kenya has 32 major indigenous African groups five largest constitute 70% of the population and are the Kikuyu, Luo, Luhya, Kamba and the kalenjin. http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/kenya.htm

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Kenya CAPITAL: Nairobi SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT: Unitary Multiparty Republic AREA: 582,646 Sq Km (224,961 Sq Mi) ESTIMATED 2000 POPULATION CLIMATE: Kenya's climate varies from a tropical climate on the coast characterized by hot and humid conditions to a temperate climate inland and to a dry climate in the north. Over 70% of the country is arid receiving less than 510 mm (20 inches) of annual precipitation while rainfall is greatest in the highlands. Altitude is a major factor in variations in temperature between the different regions of the country. Average temperature ranges in Nairobi are from 11 to 21 degrees Celsius (52 to 70 degrees Fahrenheit) in July to 13 to 26 degrees Celsius (55 to 79 degrees Fahrenheit) in February. PEOPLE: Kenya has 32 major indigenous African groups, of which the five largest constitute 70% of the population and are the Kikuyu, Luo, Luhya, Kamba and the Kalenjin. The principal ethnic minorities are the Arabs and Asians. DEMOGRAPHIC/VITAL STATISTICS: Density; 45 persons per sq km (117 persons per sq mi) (1991). Urban-Rural; 25.3% urban, 74.7% rural (1991). Sex Distribution; 49.9% male, 50.1% female (1991). Life Expectancy at Birth; 56.5 years male, 60.5 years female (1990). Age Breakdown; 51% under 15, 26% 15 to 29, 13% 30 to 44, 6.5% 45 to 59, 3% 60 to 74, 0.5% 75 and over (1991). Birth Rate; 47.0 per 1,000 (1990). Death Rate; 11.3 per 1,000 (1990). Increase Rate; 35.7 per 1,000 (1990). Infant Mortality Rate; 72.0 per 1,000 live births (1990).

93. Country Reports of the population (8,284,719 male; 8,238,121 female) people ages 65 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, kalenjin 12%, Kamba 38%, Roman Catholic 28%, indigenous beliefs 26 http://www.classbrain.com/cb_cr/geos/ke.html

Home 1st - 3rd Grade State Reports Country Reports Mission Reports Freedom Files Kids Freedom Files Movies in the Classroom Games Monthy Grab Bag Teens ClassBrain Store Corporate Information Facts by Country Kenya click to enlarge Kenya Introduction [Top of Page] Background: Ethnic divisions account for many of Kenya's problems. During the early 1990s, tribal clashes killed thousands and left tens of thousands homeless. Geography [Top of Page] Location: Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia and Tanzania Geographic coordinates: 1 00 N, 38 00 E Map references: Africa Area: total: 582,650 sq km land: 569,250 sq km water: 13,400 sq km Area - comparative: slightly more than twice the size of Nevada Land boundaries: total: 3,446 km border countries: Ethiopia 830 km, Somalia 682 km, Sudan 232 km, Tanzania 769 km, Uganda 933 km Coastline: 536 km Climate: varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior Terrain: low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile plateau in west

94. Ogiek.org: In-Depth InDepth About the Ogiek's struggle. The Ogiek people have a long history of resistance and struggle that has sustained their unity, identity and cultural distinction. to the kalenjin group of http://www.ogiek.com/../indepth

In-Depth: About the Ogiek's struggle The Ogiek people have a long history of resistance and struggle that has sustained their unity, identity and cultural distinction. Lately however, more than at any other time in their history, the very existence of the Ogiek as a distinct people has come under concerted threat: excision of large chunks of land from their forest homes and settlement of purported squatters thereon. The documents below provide more information about the Ogiek's history and struggle to maintain their heritage. Discussion on Intellectual Property Rights (07.May 2004) DO THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE IN HERBAL MEDICINE BELONG TO THE PASTROLISTS OR HUNTER-GATHERER GROUPS? - I THINK IT SHOULD BELONG TO THE HUNTER - GATHERERS AS IT RELATES TO TREES-THEIR NATURAL FRIENDS...WHAT ABOUT YOU? Hunters-Gatherers The earliest ancestors of man may well have originated in what is now East Africa, as far back as five - perhaps even eight million years ago, taking into consideration the recent findings of the “Tugen Man” in Kenya. Most of this pre-history of mankind is contained in bones and stones, in middens (dunghills or rubbish heaps) and museums, in scholarly theories and painstaking excavations. The history of our ancestors continues to live in present peoples and cultures.

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