1. Minorities At Risk (MAR) 0.2000. communal contender. KENYA. kalenjin. 3400. 0.1200. 3979. 0.0360. indigenous peoples. NIGERIA. OGONI. 553. 0.1200. communal contender. SOUTH africa. ASIANS. 1114. 0.0260. http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar/data/africatbl.htm

Choose a Region Africa (Sub-Saharan) Asia Post-Communist States Sub-Saharan Africa Gpop98: Group Population in 1998 in 000s ( Explanation of population estimates Prop98: Proportion of group population to total population COUNTRY GROUP TYPE ANGOLA BAKONGO communal contender ANGOLA CABINDA communal contender ANGOLA OVIMBUNDU communal contender BOTSWANA SAN indigenous peoples BURUNDI HUTUS communal contender BURUNDI TUTSIS communal contender CAMEROON BAMILEKE communal contender CAMEROON KIRDI indigenous peoples CAMEROON WESTERNERS communal contender CHAD SOUTHERNERS communal contender CONGO LARI communal contender CONGO M'BOSHI communal contender DEM. REP. CONGO HUTUS ethnoclass DEM. REP. CONGO LUBA communal contender DEM. REP. CONGO LUNDA, YEKE communal contender DEM. REP. CONGO NGBANDI communal contender DEM. REP. CONGO TUTSIS ethnoclass DJIBOUTI AFARS indigenous peoples ERITREA AFARS ethnonationalist ETHIOPIA AFARS indigenous peoples ETHIOPIA AMHARA communal contender ETHIOPIA OROMO communal contender ETHIOPIA SOMALIS indigenous peoples ETHIOPIA TIGREANS communal contender GHANA ASHANTI communal contender GHANA EWE communal contender GHANA MOSSI -DAGOMBA communal contender GUINEA FULANI communal contender GUINEA MALINKE communal contender GUINEA SUSU communal contender KENYA KALENJIN indigenous peoples KENYA KIKUYU communal contender KENYA KISII communal contender KENYA LUHYA communal contender KENYA LUO communal contender KENYA MAASAI indigenous peoples KENYA SOMALI indigenous peoples MADAGASCAR MERINA communal contender MALI

2. Chapter Eight The physical geography of africa is dominated by the continents but other peoples include the Luhya, Luo, kalenjin and Kamba which Belgims used the indigenous peoples as a laber pool http://www.accd.edu/sac/earthsci/sgirhard/1303.090/chap8.htm

CHAPTER 8 SUBSAHARAN AFRICA 1. The physical geography of Africa is dominated by the continents plateau character, variable rainfall, soils of low fertility and persistent environmental problems such as desertification. 2. The majority of Africa’s people remain dependent on farming for their livelihood. Urbanization is accelerating, but most countries population remain below 40 percent urban. 3. It’s inhabitants continue to face a high incidence of disease, including malaria, sleeping sickness and river blindness, AIDS and eboli are relatively new and virulent diseases. 4. Most of Africa’s political boundaries were drawn during the colonial period without regard for the human and physical geography of the areas they divided. 5. Considerable economic development has occurred in many scattered areas of Africa but much of the realm’s population continues to have little access to the goods and services of the world economy. 6. The realm is rich in raw materials vital to industry and industrialized countries.

3. Kenya And Africa Links - Traditional Music & Cultures Of Kenya among Kikuyu, Luo and kalenjin). Nonetheless there's usually a information on various "untouched" peoples of africa. moonweb/Santeria/TOC.html. Science indigenous Knowledge (superb http://www.bluegecko.org/kenya/links

Kenya and Africa Links Kenya links: Portals and link sites News and current affairs Newsgroups Artists and galleries ... Institutions Africa links: News and current affairs History Music (general sites) Museums ... Miscellaneous This page is part of Jens Finke's Traditional Music and Cultures of Kenya . If you can't see a map on the left of the screen, click here to access the rest of the site. Kenya links: portals and link sites BellaOnline http://www.bellaonline.com/ Huge and informative portal covering the whole world. The Kenyan sections are excellent and include many well chosen outside links. Columbia University http://www.columbia.edu/cu/libraries/indiv/area/Africa/ Small selections of categorised sites, including politics, development, human rights, history, education and culture. D. Formenti http://www.unipv.it/webbio/dfafrica.htm Huge collection of links to both Africa and Kenya, including - to its credit - some pretty obscure ones, as well as individual pages from online journals. Index on Africa http://www.afrika.no/index/Country_Kenya/ Small but growing catagorized collection of good quality Kenyan links.

4. Ogiek.org: In-Depth tribe, which belongs to the kalenjin group of meeting on decentralizing local governance in africa. DRAFT DECLARATION ON THE RIGHTS OF indigenous peoples. http://www.ogiek.org/indepth/

In-Depth: About the Ogiek's struggle The Ogiek people have a long history of resistance and struggle that has sustained their unity, identity and cultural distinction. Lately however, more than at any other time in their history, the very existence of the Ogiek as a distinct people has come under concerted threat: excision of large chunks of land from their forest homes and settlement of purported squatters thereon. The documents below provide more information about the Ogiek's history and struggle to maintain their heritage. Discussion on Intellectual Property Rights (07.May 2004) DO THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE IN HERBAL MEDICINE BELONG TO THE PASTROLISTS OR HUNTER-GATHERER GROUPS? - I THINK IT SHOULD BELONG TO THE HUNTER - GATHERERS AS IT RELATES TO TREES-THEIR NATURAL FRIENDS...WHAT ABOUT YOU? Hunters-Gatherers The earliest ancestors of man may well have originated in what is now East Africa, as far back as five - perhaps even eight million years ago, taking into consideration the recent findings of the “Tugen Man” in Kenya. Most of this pre-history of mankind is contained in bones and stones, in middens (dunghills or rubbish heaps) and museums, in scholarly theories and painstaking excavations. The history of our ancestors continues to live in present peoples and cultures.

5. East Africa Living Encyclopedia Hamatic group today are the kalenjin. Ancient Greek accounts the Imperial British East africa Company, which had been the beginning, the indigenous peoples strongly resisted the http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/NEH/khistory.htm

East Africa Living Encyclopedia Kenya Map, Flag,Anthem Agriculture Archaeology Communications ... r (Supported by a Grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities Kenya Tanzania ... Rwanda Kenya History Area Handbook for Kenya , Second Ed., U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C. pp. 11-15. [2] Uwechue, Raph (ed.) 1996.

6. East Africa Living Encyclopedia largest NiloHamatic group today are the kalenjin. a royal charter to operate in East africa. From the beginning, the indigenous peoples strongly resisted the http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/khistory.htm

East Africa Living Encyclopedia Kenya Map, Flag,Anthem Agriculture Archaeology Communications ... r (Supported by a Grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities Kenya Tanzania ... Rwanda Kenya History Area Handbook for Kenya , Second Ed., U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C. pp. 11-15. [2] Uwechue, Raph (ed.) 1996.

7. East Africa Living Encyclopedia The kalenjin are mainly farmers. The principal nonindigenous ethnic minorities are the Arabs and constitute the majority of the Bantu speaking peoples of Kenya http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kethnic.htm

East Africa Living Encyclopedia Kenya Map,Flag,Anthem Agriculture Archaeology Communications ... r (Supported by a Grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities Kenya Tanzania ... Rwanda Kenya Ethnic Groups The Kikuyu, Meru, Gusii, Embu, Akamba, Luyha (or alternate spelling of Luyia), Swahili and Mijikenka The Kikuyu Ngai

8. IPACC - Bulletins tribe, which belongs to the kalenjin group of ever made in favour of indigenous peoples, the Constitutional Court of South africa ruled that an http://www.ipacc.org.za/bulletins/bulletins.asp

Latest News ... 03 March 2004 Ogiek attacked at Mt. Elgon (Nairobi 27.02-03.03.2004) Two politicians have so far been killed, a woman got shot in the stomach and hundreds of people were displaced from a site at an Ogiek ancestral forest in Western Kenya along the Uganda Border, where 200 of their houses were burnt to the ground. The attackers are said to be from the Pok (Bok) ethnic group of the Sabaot tribe, which belongs to the Kalenjin group of nilotic tribes and who live also across the border in Uganda, from where it is said the assault weapons used in the attack derive. The area at Chepyuk had been given to the Ogiek by the previous Government of Kenya, but the land ended up being grabbed by members from the powerful and dominant group - the Pok. But while none of the attackers has been arrested, 30 Ogiek were put in jail, while the local MP John Bomet Serut, a Sabaot himself, refused the governmental General Service Unit (GSU) to pitch camp and to restore order, because he claims that this paramilitary unit itself would worsen the situation by torturing people. Local donations to the displaced Ogiek were frustrated by the administration of the area.

9. Africa Point: Kenya Travel Information Visas, Health, Tourist Attractions, Economy, Maps, peoples, History and other Useful Travel Info. Also Bookings for Safaris, Tours, Vacations, Hotels and Rental Cars in Kenya. 11% kalenjin, 6% Gusii, 5% Meru. Languages English, Swahili, indigenous. http://www.africapoint.com/travel/kenyamore.htm

Africa Point: Kenya Travel Information Visas, Health, Tourist Attractions, Economy, Maps, Peoples, History and other Useful Travel Info. Also Bookings for Safaris, Tours, Vacations, Hotels and Rental Cars in Kenya. Hotels Cars Tours, Safaris and Vacations Kenya Newspapers ... Kenya Map Kenya: Travel Basics Destination Facts Activities Reading ... l Nature and Attractions Nature On Africa's east Coast, Kenya straddles the equator and shares a border with Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. Its coast is lapped by the Indian Ocean and it shares the vast waters of Lake Victoria with its western neighbours. The Rift Valley and central highlands area form the backbone of the country, and this is where Kenya's scenery is at its most spectacular. The humid coastal belt includes the Tana River estuary and a string of good beaches. Western Kenya takes in the fertile fringes of Lake Victoria and some prime game parks. The vast, arid north-eastern region is where Kenya is at its wildest and most untouched by the modern world. Kenya's flora and fauna defies easy description. The vast plains of the south are dotted with flat-topped acacia trees, thorn bushes and the distinctive bottle-shaped baobab tree. On the rarified slopes of Mt Elgon and Mt Kenya, bamboo forests sprout and even higher up is the bizarre groundsel tree, with its huge cabbage-like flowers, and giant lobelias with long spikes. If you're more into fur and feathers, then head for the teeming game parks. Lions, buffalos, elephants, leopards and rhinos all cavort openly in at least two of the major parks. Endangered animals such as the black rhino are slowly making a comeback and sanctuaries for these creatures can be visited in Tsavo and Lake Nakuru national parks.

10. Sponsor A Missionary In Africa An index page for the official website of Christian Aid Mission, U.S.A. Your daily guide to prayer for indigenous missions All rights reserved. africa. Kenya Evangelism Team in Western Province among Abalya, kalenjin and Jalno peoples. It is a rural area http://www.christianaid.org/sponsor/sponmiss-500.htm

11. Section 1993, Human Rights Watch/africa estimated that kalenjin and Maasai politicians opportunistically revived the plots to eliminate the indigenous peoples of the http://www.db.idpproject.org/Sites/idpSurvey.nsf/wViewCountries/7FEC147EDB860BEA

www.idpproject.org Kenya Section : Causes and Background of Displacement Sub-section : Main causes for displacement Kenya menu List of sources Maps Politically motivated clashes related to the 1992 election displaced more than 300,000 in the Rift valley The majority of the displaced came from the ethnic groups associated with the political opposition (e.g. Luo, Luhya, and Kikuyu) Competing land claims were used to inflame violence among certain ethnic groups People displaced as armed "Kalenjin warriors" attacked Luo, Luhya, and Kikuyu farms Most attacks carried out by organised groups As the campaign for multiparty democracy gained strength [during 1991] and then developed into a full election campaign, violence broke out between different ethnic groups, particularly in the Rift Valley, Western and Nyanza provinces, the heart of the 'white highlands' during colonial times. The 'tribal clashes,' as they became known, first broke out in October 1991 on the border of the three provinces, and rapidly spread to neighboring districts. By December 1991, when parliament repealed the section of the constitution making Kenya a one-party state, large areas of western Kenya had been affected as tens of thousands were displaced from their land. Kalenjin and Maasai politicians opportunistically revived the idea of majimboism, ethnic regionalism, championed by KADU at independence. KANU politicians close to Moi revived the calls for majimboism as a way of countering the demand for multipartyism in Kenya. Under the cover of a call for regional autonomy, prominent politicians demanded the forcible expulsion of all ethnic groups from the Rift Valley, except for those pastoral groups-Kalenjins, Maasai, Turkana and Samburu-that were on the land before colonialism. A number of majimbo rallies were held calling for 'outsiders' in the Rift Valley to return to their 'motherland,' or for 'true' Rift Valley residents to defend themselves from opposition plots to eliminate the indigenous peoples of the valley. While many Kenyans have no quarrel with the concept of regionalism

12. Fourth World Bulletin, Spring/Summer 1996 The Maasai are pastoral seminomads indigenous to the fertile Rift Other pastoral peoples, including the Turkana, Samburu, and the kalenjin,2 also have http://carbon.cudenver.edu/public/fwc/Issue10/Africa/maasai-2.html

A FRICA MDA Testimony at the UN Working Group At the 1993 meeting of the UNWGIP and also at the 1993 Vienna World Conference on Human Rights, the MDA articulated the major problems that currently threaten Maasai culture and identity. The delegation presented testimony describing the ecological degradation of Maasailand, the lack of adequate educational facilities, Maasai displacement at the hands of competing peoples, and the misappropriation of funds earmarked for indigenous development projects. Foremost among the MDA's concerns is the desire to recover lands in Kenya's Rift Valley Province, which were lost through dispossession over the past century. Because Maasai culture is inextricably bound to the land, their concern is understandable; dispossession of territory threatens to obliterate their culture. In addition to its fear of increasing landlessness, the MDA explains that the Maasai have also been unable to achieve compensation for lands already taken from them. In particular, a great part of Maasailand was set aside for game reserves and national parks to expand Kenya's tourist economy, but to date, the Maasai have not benefitted from that development. Instead, they now face losing more land, as non-indigenous people attempt to buy it (or otherwise take it) from them. And while encroachment disrupts the cultural integrity of the Maasai, unsound farming methods used by non-indigenous peoples further upset the delicate ecological balance of the Rift Valley. The MDA claims that the unrestrained use of the herbicides, pesticides and fertilizers has polluted water sources in grazing areas.

13. Hemsida/KGI Village meetings in kalenjin country.Jordens Folk. 2. The Bushmen of Southern africa. 2930 in indigenous peoples and Democracy, edited by Anna-Britta Hellbom http://www.humangeo.su.se/p_web/woe_www.htm

STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY Department of Human Geography Personal Web page of researcher at the Environment and Development Studies Unit, based at the Department of Human Geography. CURRENT RESEARCH PROJECTS 1) Whose landscape, whose history? Diverging opinions on current and historical land use in the Burunge Hills, Tanzania - and their implications. 2) Marakwet, Kenya - irrigated agriculture and technology in an acephaleous society. SELECTION OF PUBLICATIONS, 1991-1996 1991(1-2):126-133. (on African art) 2. "Genuint, Autentiskt?" [Genuine, Authentic?]. Form 1991(1):46-49. (on African art) Forskning och Framsteg 5. "Land is Coming Up." Burungi Thoughts on Soil Erosion and Soil Formation. EDSU Working Paper No. 11. Stockholm University: School of Geography. 6. (-With Carl Christiansson and Idris Kikula:) "Man-Land Interrelations in Semi-Arid Tanzania: A Multidisciplinary Research Programme." Ambio 20(8):357-361. Also published in Land, Food and Basic Needs in Developing Countries 1. E.N. Wilmsen: Land Filled With Flies: A Political Economy of the Kalahari. Recension. [Review] Ethnos SIDA Rapport 5/92. Also published in

14. Bfree African Mission! - BE The Kingdom! these distinctive differences of indigenous peoples we clearly a conference with Bfree africa mission leaders Maasai, Kikuyu, Luhya, Luo, kalenjin, Kamba, Kisii http://www.bfree.org/missions/bottom.htm

THE BFREE COMPUTER SCHOOL AFRICAN MISSION About Kenya "Give someone a fish and you feed him for a day; Teach someone to fish and he will eat fish for a lifetime; Teach him skills to earn an adequate living wage and food will no longer be a problem." HELP A NEW FRIEND WHAT WE DO WHAT YOUR NEW FRIEND DOES A. Pick your new friend from the Africans highlighted on the top of this website. B. Commit to pay all or part of the tuition each month to send your new friend to computer school. C. Correspond with your new friend by email! A. Provide the school. B. Field the candidates. C. Obtain funding from you. F. Facilitate communication between you and your new African friend. D. Train the student. E. Seek employment for the student at graduation. B. Hopes someone will care.

15. Environmental Justice Cast Study: Maasai Land Rights In Kenya And Tanzania Luo. 13%. kalenjin. 12%. Imposing Wilderness Struggles over Livelihood and Nature Preservation in africa. Globalization, Tourism and indigenous peoples What You http://www.umich.edu/~snre492/Jones/maasai.htm

Environmental Justice Case Study: Maasai Land Rights in Kenya and Tanzania By: Julie Narimatsu Table of Contents Problem Background Key Actors Demographics ... Back to EJ Case Studies Homepage PROBLEM While many people perceive the term eco-tourism to mean a more friendly, sustainable kind of tourism, most are not aware of the negative impacts that result from this type of tourism. Most of what goes on is what is considered "nature tourism." It is based on the use of natural resources in an undeveloped state. Therefore, when tourists engage in "nature tourism," they are seeing the wilds of Africa, South America and Australia, among other destinations, free of human interaction or disruption. To distinguish among the many types of tourism, we will define the more idealistic eco-tourism as "progressive, educational travel, which conserves the environment and benefits the locals (Schaller, 2)." In Africa, the Maasai tribes of Kenya and Tanzania have endured a long history of colonization by the British. The value of the natural resources in these areas became apparent from the very beginning, when the British perceived the pastoralist Maasai and other tribes to be incompatible with the wildlife that inhabited the area. With this separation of people and nature, national parks in Kenya were created without any consideration for the local communities (Cheeseman, 2). Today, these problems have escalated as more and more parks and reserves are being created by the government without the participation or consent of the indigenous people. The indigenous people consider development, whether it is through tourism or other government projects, to only benefit others and not their own situations (Kipuri, 2). Over the course of their existence, Maasai land has been taken away from them repeatedly, and after many broken promises of compensation and participation, the Maasai have started to fight for their land rights. Says Edward ole Mbarnoti, a Maasai leader

16. Kenya - Africa Kikuyu 22% Luhya 14% Luo 13% kalenjin 12% Kamba 11 is largely made up of Gallaspeaking peoples and the has become the most extended indigenous language in http://www.iol.ie/~vmmeurgo/kenya.html

Welcome to Volunteer Missionary Movement. We are working together in a divided World towards Peace, Justice and Reconciliation. In Kenya, we currently have positions for :- Teachers, Pharmacists, Horticulturists , Doctors, Nurses, Capenters, Bricklayers, etc Government Population Economy Language ... Religion History and Culture of Kenya: The first of many footprints to be stamped on Kenyan soil were left way back in 2000 BC by nomadic tribes from Ethiopia. A second group followed around 1000 BC and occupied much of central Kenya. The rest of the ancestors of the country's medley of tribes arrived from all over the continent between 500 BC and 500 AD. The Bantu-speaking people (such as the Gusii, Kikuyu, Akamba and Meru) arrived from West Africa while the Nilotic speakers (Maasai, Luo, Samburu and Turkana) came from the Nile Valley in southern Sudan. As tribes migrated throughout the interior, Muslims from the Arabian Peninsula and Shirazis from Persia (now Iran) settled along the East African coast from the 8th century AD onwards. Drawn by the whiff of spices and money, the Portuguese started sniffing around in the 15th century. After venturing further and further down the western coast of Africa, Vasco da Gama finally rounded the Cape of Good Hope and headed up the continent's eastern coast in 1498. Seven years later, the Portuguese onslaught on the region began. By the 16th century, most of the indigenous Swahili trading towns, including Mombasa, had been either sacked or occupied by the Portuguese - marking the end of the Arab monopoly of Indian Ocean trade. The Portuguese settled in for a long period of harsh colonial rule, playing one sultan off against another. But their grip on the coast was always tenuous because their outposts had to be supplied from Goa in India. The Arabs won control of the coast back in 1720.

17. Flag Description 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, kalenjin 12%, Kamba Principal Languages English, Kiswahili, numerous indigenous languages. The Nilotic peoples began to enter from the http://www.gateway-africa.com/countries/kenya.html

Kenya Map: Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a large warrior's shield covering crossed spears is superimposed at the center Location: Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia and Tanzania Geographic coordinates: 1 00 N, 38 00 E Climate: varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior Independence: 12 December 1963 (from UK) Nationality: Kenyan(s) Capital City: Nairobi Population: Head of State: President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI (since 14 October 1978) Area: 582,650 sq km Type of Government: republic Currency: 1 Kenyan shilling (KSh) = 100 cents Major peoples: Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, and Arab) 1% Religion: Protestant 38%, Roman Catholic 28%, indigenous beliefs 26%, Muslim 7%, other 1% Official Language: English, Kiswahili Principal Languages: English, Kiswahili, numerous indigenous languages Major Exports: tea, coffee, horticultural products, petroleum products

18. Activities In Africa tribes – the Turkana, Wakamba, Samburu, Maasai, kalenjin, and so and one culture; what’s more, these peoples share the and there was also the indigenous Twa http://www.deborda.org/activities_africa.htm

Activities in East Africa I n 2003, Peter Emerson returned to East Africa after an absence of 30 years. What follows is his report of that visit. Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda And Tanzania Traditional Decision-Making And Current Forms Of Governance “Asking yes-or-no questions is very unAfrican.” Contents Introduction Itinerary Background Kenya ... Annex B An ‘unAfrican’ e-mail. Introduction It is generally acknowledged that European ideas were extensively imposed in Africa during the colonial period, and many of these ideas are now assumed to be the more effective, not least in the fields of human rights, legal systems, and democratic forms of governance. On general reflection, however, is it wise to advocate a policy of land ownership to self-sufficient villagers on their shambas let alone to nomads in the parched Rift Valley? Secondly, is it wise to argue for water privatisation in areas so subject to the rains? And finally, on the subject matter of this report, is it wise to suggest the main (or only) decision-making methodology to be used by elected representatives in plenary sessions of parliament or (on a less frequent basis) by the people in any national poll, should be the simple, two-option, majority vote? This, after all, is the procedure used in nearly every national parliament in the world. Furthermore, with some variations on the theme, it is used in such international fora as the United Nations, the European Union, and even in such post-conflict agreements like the Belfast Agreement and the Dayton Accords

19. Background Notes Archive - Africa 14 percent, Luo 13 percent, kalenjin 11 percent Religions indigenous beliefs 24 percent, Protestant 40 percent franca for trade between the different peoples. http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/bgnotes/af/kenya9607.html

Return to Africa Background Notes Archive Return to Background Notes Archive Homepage Return to Electronic Research Collection Homepage

20. KENYA of Moi s ethnic group, the kalenjin, against Kenya s a minister as representatives of Kenya s indigenous peoples. rival party, the United Muslims of africa. http://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/WR94/Africa-02.htm

Home News Releases About HRW Contribute ... Contact Us KENYA Human Rights Developments On December 29, 1992, Kenya held its first genuinely multiparty elections since independence. Incumbent President Daniel arap Moi was reelected, and the Kenya African National Union (KANU), the ruling party since independence in 1963, returned as the largest party to the National Assembly. Although the political system was opened up to some extent by the elections, Kenya's government remained intolerant of criticism. Attacks on opposition politicians and on journalists, use of excessive force by police in the control of demonstrations, and the enforcement of repressive legislation remained serious concerns in Kenya in 1993. The politically motivated ethnic violence that had convulsed large areas of rural Kenya during 1992 returned intermittently during the first half of 1993, and erupted with renewed force towards the end of the year, amid continuing allegations of government involvement. As corruption scandals shook the government, Kenya's economy continued to decline. On January 27, 1993 the new parliament was suspended, legally, by President Moi one day after it was convened; it reopened only in March. Although debate on controversial government policies did occur, the opposition was frustrated by the bias of the speaker in favor of the government, and no significant reforms were introduced through parliament during the year. Despite plans announced in June by Attorney General Amos Wako to look into the need for law reform, repressive legislation such as the Preservation of Public Security Act, the Public Order Act, the Societies Act, the Nongovernmental Organization Coordination Act, the Chiefs' Authorities Act and the Local Authorities Act remained in force and in use. More positively, the much-vilified British expatriate chief justice, Alan Hancox, was replaced in March by Ghanaian judge Fred Apaloo, who indicated that he would be more supportive of an independent judiciary.

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