81. Documenting The American South University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Libraries Documenting the American South. Search Results. 1 title with subject jamaica history 19th century. http://docsouth.unc.edu/result.phtml?lcsh=Jamaica -- History -- 19th century.

82. Documenting The American South Documenting the American South. Search Results. 1 title with subject Slavery jamaica history 19th century. A Narrative of http://docsouth.unc.edu/result.phtml?lcsh=Slavery -- Jamaica -- History -- 19th

83. Cayman Islands Monetary Authority Investment services, requirements for creating a bank or insurance company, history of the currency (including the monetary divorce from jamaica), and economic statistics. http://www.cimoney.com.ky/

84. Jamaica - Jamaican Community Learn about jamaica, It s music and history Learn about jamaica s history and culture. From our national heroes to our national http://www.everytingjamaican.com/

Jamaica Jamaica Online Dating High School Alumni Articles Channels Culture Geography National Anthem National Heroes ... Jamaica Calling Cards Get Our Newsletter Jamaica Talk Jamaica Talk Forums Jamaica Talk Archive Internet Resources Search Engine Optimization SEO Forums Google Ranking Tool Text Link Ads ... Database Hosting Jamaica EverytingJamaican.com brings you a community about Jamaica like no other. We have combined some key areas of communication so you can make the most of your trip to Jamaica , if you would just like to learn more about Jamaican culture or get reacquainted with old friends. Jamaican Online Dating For Jamaican as well as other singles looking to meet other singles from Jamaica. Are you looking for that special someone? Without all the hassles and pressure of live dating. Well EverythingJamaican.com can assist you in finding that special someone. Get acquainted and maybe your next trip to Jamaica will be the best one yet. Learn about Jamaica, It's music and history

85. Processing Of Jamaican Sugar Cane owns the Mount Gay label and details on the history of rum in Barbados can be found on their web site at www.mountgayrum.com. Appleton of jamaica, which dates http://wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm:1104/lectures/sugar.html

Jamaican sugar cane History It has been suggested that sugar cane was first cultivated over 2000 years ago. In the Caribbean, it was introduced by Christopher Columbus around the late fifteenth century. Many people, when thinking about the early days of Jamaica conjure up images of galleons, pirates like Captain Henry Morgan or the incredible impact of slavery, indentured labour and the sugar industry. The Mona Campus of the UWI in Jamaica, occupies lands that were part of two large sugar estates: Mona and Papine. Of over 1000 acres at Mona, less than 200 were usually planted in cane. (2.471 acre = 1 hectare). During the nineteenth century, the normal yield of sugar would be around 1 hogshead per acre of cane (1 hogshead was on average 16 cwt) hence 200 hogsheads would be expected. It has been calculated that to be economically viable a plantation needed to produce at least 200 hogshead of sugar and a few estates in Jamaica managed 600 in a good year. At Mona however, the average seems to have been more like 80 hogsheads and this low annual yield suggests that the soils had deficiencies and the remnants of the aqueduct further suggests that droughts were a problem. Lady Nugent, in her journal, describes her visit to the Hope Estate on the 1st Oct 1801. She indicated that the Hope Estate produced 320 hogshead of sugar annually and that because of the Hope River running through the property it was not as susceptible to drought as some of the other plantations.

86. World History Archives: The History Of The Caribbean And Bermuda the history of Cuba Documents for the history of Haiti Documents for the history of the Dominican Republic Documents for the history of jamaica Documents for http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/43/

The history of the Caribbean and Bermuda Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World History Archives Jump: [Antigua] [Bahamas] [Barbados] [Barbuda] ... History of the Americas The history of the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean Documents for the history of Bermuda Documents for the history of the Caribbean as a whole Documents for the history of the Bahamas Documents for the history of Boriken (Puerto Rico) Documents for the history of the Cayman Islands Documents for the history of Cuba Documents for the history of Haiti Documents for the history of the Dominican Republic Documents for the history of Jamaica Documents for the history of the Lesser Antilles Documents for the history of the Virgin Islands

87. World History Archives: The History Of Jamaica The history of jamaica. Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World history Archives and does not presume http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/43/index-h.html

The history of Jamaica Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World History Archives The history in general of the Caribbean as a whole Documents for the retrospective history of Jamaica Documents for the contemporary political history of Jamaica Documents for the economic history of Jamaica Documents for the working-class history of Jamaica Documents for the social history of Jamaica Documents for the culture history of Jamaica

88. Jamaica Information Service GOVERMENT OF jamaica. history of jamaica. jamaica jamaica’s history has been poetically composed by Howard Pyle, who states jamaica http://www.jis.gov.jm/gov_ja/history.asp

Last updated: Wednesday, June 9, 2004, 9:53 AM EST Search Access to Information Executive Agencies Government Links Government of JA ... Sports Enter your e-mail address below to subscribe to the JIS weekly newsletter. PM Speeches Ministers Speeches Inside Parliament Councillors Laws of Jamaica Mayors Members of Parliament ... Senators For Your Information About Us CARICOM Career Corner Heroes ... Symbols GOVERMENT OF JAMAICA History of Jamaica Jamaica, like many another of the West Indian Islands, is like a woman with a history. She has had her experiences and has lived her life rapidly. She has enjoyed a fever of prosperity founded upon those incalculable treasures poured into her lap by the old time buccaneer pirates. She has suffered earthquake, famine, pestilence, fire and death: and she has been the home of cruel merciless slavery, hardly second to that practised by the Spaniards themselves. Other countries have taken centuries to grow from their primitive life through the flower and fruit of prosperity into the seed time of picturesque decrepitude. Jamaica has lived through it all in a few years. Original Inhabitants The original inhabitants of Jamaica are believed to be the Arawaks, also called Tainos. They came from South America 2,500 years ago and named the island Xaymaca, which meant "“land of wood and water”. The Arawaks were a mild and simple people by nature. Physically, they were light brown in colour, short and well-shaped with coarse, black hair. Their faces were broad and their noses flat.

89. History Of Jamaica By Caribbean Way jamaica General Island Info jamaica Island history jamaica Airport Information jamaica Restaurants jamaica Water Sports jamaica Golf jamaica Activities jamaica http://jamaica.caribbeanway.com/history.asp

Toll Free: 877-953-7400 International: 514-393-3003 email: sales@caribbeanway.com HOME VILLA RENTALS VILLA SALES ... - RIVIERA MAYA History of Jamaica Looking at the history of Jamaica, you begin to get a sense for the country's pulse. As is the case with many of the Caribbean islands, the history of Jamaica is characterized by a succession of migrations bringing a wide variety of people to the island, either willingly or unwillingly, to start a new life. Jamaica was first colonized by a native group of South American origin who, in the early history of Jamaica, called their home a paradise of wood and water. The Arawak were there to greet Christopher Columbus when he arrived in Jamaica in 1494, beginning a long period of European colonization there. The history of Jamaica as a European outpost saw the island under Spanish rule for 150 years, during which the city now known as Spanish Town was established and flourished as the colony's economic hub. In the 1650s, Jamaica was captured by the British. Despite turning Jamaica into a profitable colony, continued harassment by a group of ex-slaves - brought over throughout the Spanish period and set free during their retreat - and their descendants dogged the British until they relented and granted emancipation to all remaining plantation laborers in 1838. The Maroons, as this small army was known, are still revered today as some of the most brave and noble figures in the history of Jamaica.

90. HISTORY OF JAMAICA SECTION and knowledge dissemination. history. Activities leading to the formation of an IEEE jamaica Section started in 1971. A group of http://www.ewh.ieee.org/r3/jamaica/history.html

JAMAICA SECTION Home Bylaws Membership Society Chapters ... Announcements MISSION To advance the social and economic development of Jamaica, by promoting the application and development of electro and computer technology, through information sharing, networking, and knowledge dissemination. HISTORY Activities leading to the formation of an IEEE Jamaica Section started in 1971. A group of engineers decided it was necessary to continuously upgrade their technical knowledge by interacting with and subscribing to an established professional engineering organization. The choice was IEEE, hence Jamaica and the rest of the West Indies were deemed to be potential members of IEEE Region 9, due to their geographical location. The formation of an IEEE Section in the West Indies was also strongly recommended by Region 9. The first meeting to discuss the matter was held November 27, 1972 at the Sheraton Kingston Hotel with local engineers and the director of Region 9 in attendance. At this meeting a local steering committee was formed primarily to plan for the proposed IEEE West Indies Section. The members of the steering committee were Wilfred A. Roberts, Ruel Samuels and S. A. Mullings. At a later date, H. Al Hall joined the committee. A decision was taken to establish an IEEE Jamaica Section, instead of an IEEE West Indies Section by the steering committee because of difficulties experienced in attracting engineers from other parts of the West Indies as members. The steering committee also formed a Programmes and Planning Committee to facilitate the establishment of the Section. These decisions as well as other planned activities were incorporated in a press release on July 9, 1975.

91. Ancestors Attendants at Public Records Office, London; Colindale Library, London; Family history Centre, London; Spanish Town Archivists, jamaica; Royal Geographical http://www.netcomuk.co.uk/~prcrooks/

ANCESTORS: Tracing Family History The Crookses of Jamaica From Africa to the Americas to Britain in 200 Years Our Family Tree The Cousin's Cove Sugar Plantation ANCESTORS by Paul Crooks ISBN: 1-901969-07-X For the detailed account of how Paul successfully traced his African origins Order Ancestors Online. Click here for latest information on Speaking Engagements Born in London England, Paul Crooks ofte n wondered, as a child, whether it was possible to trace his African ancestors. The thought of raiding archives, with no guarantee of success, was daunting. Yet it surprised him to find that the British Colonial Office kept good records of those who inhabited the British West Indies. When he began se arching, he set himself the task of finding the first African in his lineage to carry the family name, Crooks. From documents in archives and repositories in London and Jamaica he found a great-great-great-grandfather (John Alexander Crooks). He also found a great-great-great-great-grandmother (Ami Djaba). He discovered both were born in Africa over 200 years ago but laboured on a Jamaican sugar plantation in the Parish of Hanover at place called Cousins Cove. Paul also discovered that his Ancestors lived at a time when slaves in a normally sedate Jamaican parish erupted into civil unrest. It became known as the Baptist War, and it precipitated the ending of slavery in the British West Indies. When it was over, John Alexander Crooks uprooted his family and headed for the country and high up into hills - like so many of his generation - to begin a new life.

92. The Insider's Jamaica - History & Heritage history Heritage. jamaica s history stretches back beyond even when Columbus first sighted land on his second voyage to the New World in 1494. http://www.insidersjamaica.co.uk/discover_jamaica/history.htm

J amaica's history stretches back beyond even when Columbus first sighted land on his second voyage to the New World in 1494. From the gentle Taino Indians to the Spanish Mariners and from the English conquerors and migrants from Palestine, India and China who followed, to August 6, 1962 when the Union Jack was lowered and the Black, Green and Gold flag was raised for the first time and Jamaica became an independent nation, Jamaica's heritage is rich and exciting...... Christopher Columbus was born in 1451 in Genoa, Italy. He went to sea as a young boy, and spent most of his life at sea. The settlement of the first people The first people to come to Jamaica were people from Venezuela, known as the Arawaks. They are thought to have come to Jamaica in two major waves. The first wave of people came in 650 AD, and the second in 900 AD. they were then joined by the Caribs, who came from Guiana. While the Arawaks were a peaceful people, it is said that the Caribs were cannibalistic and fierce fighters.

93. Online Encyclopedia - Jamaica/History , Encyclopedia Entry for jamaica/history. Arawaks from South America had settled in jamaica at around 1,000......Encyclopedia http://www.yourencyclopedia.net/Jamaica/History

Encyclopedia Entry for Jamaica/History Dictionary Definition of Jamaica/History Arawaks from South America had settled in Jamaica at around 1,000AD and called the land Xamayca, meaning land of wood and water. After Christopher Columbus ' arrival in 1494, Spain claimed the island and began occupation in 1509, naming the island Santiago . The Arawaks were exterminated by disease, slavery , and war. Spain brought the first African slaves to Jamaica in 1517. In May 1655, British forces in the form of a joint expedition by Admiral Sir William Penn (father of the founder of Pennsylvania), and General Robert Venables seized the island. In the Governor invited the Buccaneers to base themselves at Port Royal to deter Spanish aggression. In and the Spanish, sailing from Cuba, failed at the battles of Ocho Rios and Rio Nuevo in their attempts to retake the island. The British began full colonisation in and gained formal possession through the Treaty of Madrid in The Island was a major base for pirates , especially at Port Royal before it was destroyed in an earthquake in 1692. A new capital Spanish Town was chosen in the south, and later moved to nearby Kingston. Sugar and slavery made Jamaica one of the most valuable possessions in the world for more than 150 years. The colony's slaves, who far outnumbered their masters, mounted over a dozen major slave conspiracies and uprisings in the 1600s and 1700. Escaped slaves, known as

94. Today In History: May 3 gathered oral histories for the Folklore Project of the Federal Writers effort and for her book on jamaica. Learn more about using oral history from the http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/may03.html

The Library of Congress A Couple of Kansans Portrait of William Inge Carl Van Vechten, photographer, September 4, 1954. Creative Americans: Portraits by Van Vechten, 1932-1964 Gordon Parks circa 1943. FSA/OWI Black-and-White Photographs Playwright William M. Inge was born in Independence, Kansas on May 3 , 1913. Inge wrote several hit plays including Come Back, Little Sheba Bus Stop , and Picnic , for which he won a Pulitzer Prize. His first play, Farther Off From Heaven (1947), was revised ten years later for Broadway as The Dark at the Top of the Stairs . Many of his plays were made into films and, in 1961, Inge won an Academy Award for his original screenplay Splendor in the Grass Photographer Gordon Parks was a contemporary of William Inge. Born in Kansas, less than six months prior to Inge (on November 30, 1912), Parks too pursued a career in the arts. During the Great Depression he began taking photographs and by 1940, was earning his living as a self-taught fashion photographer. A fellowship allowed him to come to Washington, D.C. in 1942 and work for the Farm Security Administration . Working through the medium of photography Parks went on to become one of America's finest social commentators. His autobiography

95. General Information, Jamaica history. jamaica was founded around 1000 AD by Arawak Indians. They named it Xaymaca and left other legacies like Bammy (cassava http://luna.cas.usf.edu/~alaing/jainfo.html

GENERAL INFORMATION, JAMAICA History Geography Climate/Weather Government ... Mass Media H ISTORY Jamaica was founded around 1000 AD by Arawak Indians They named it ' Xaymaca ' and left other legacies like Bammy (cassava bread), 'barbecue' meats, words such as hurricane, hammock, tobacco, canoe. Arawak Museum, St. Catherine Columbus landed 4 May 1494. Founded Sevilla Nueva, St. Ann in 1509. Capital city, Santiago de la Vega ( Spanish Town ) founded in 1538. The Spanish were the first to import African slaves to work on tobacco and, later, sugar plantations (within four decades of Spanish rule the Arawaks were eradicated). British forces captured the island in 1655. Sugarcane dominated the economy. Buccaneers reigned in Port Royal , the commercial centre, until the devastating 1692 earthquake when most of the city sank and a new capital, Kingston , was founded. More Africans, mainly Fante, Ashanti, Coromantee, Ibo and Yoruba people were imported. Escaped slaves, the Maroons , constantly fought the British until peace treaties gave the Maroons self-goverment and the rights to the land they inhabited. Their descendants maintain the lands but share all other responsibilities as Jamaicans. Slavery ended in 1834.

96. WorldRover - Country History A To Z H to P Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy jamaica Japan Jordan home, guides, history, stats, culture, embassies. http://www.worldrover.com/historymain.htm

Country History Welcome! Click on a country link below to find a brief history for your selected country. Check out the other country liks for more info including, travel guides, embassy addresses, and vital statistics. Free Internet Access A to G Afghanistan Albania Andorra Antigua and Barbuda ... Guyana H to P Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary ... Portugal Q to Z Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda ... embassies

97. Jamaica Virtual Online Reference Library Offers a brief history of the island, its geography, national symbols and a database of links to Jamaican web sites organized by category. http://jamaica_wi.tripod.com/

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Local News Jamaica Gleaner Jamaica Observer Radio Jamaica CVM TV ... Jamaica Information Service (JIS) Vacation Guide Somali at St. John's Point - SouthCoast Jamzen on the Cliff - Cousins Cove Birchrunville West End Villas - Negril Pelican Hills - Bluefields ... More Villas and Hotels ... Inside Agent Jamaica Gov't Ministry Do you have a link to submit? EXCHANGE RATES : BUY/SELL for 2003/03/21 Jamaica - Brief History Discovered by Columbus in 1494 and first settled (1509) by Spaniards, Jamaica was captured by England in 1655; formal cession was in 1670. A large African slave population worked sugar plantations in the 18th century when Jamaica was a leading sugar producer. The decline of sugar after the abolition (1838) of slavery created economic hardship, civil unrest, and British suppression (1865-84) of local autonomy. Rioting, sparked by poverty and British racial policies, recurred periodically, reaching a peak in 1938. In 1944 universal adult suffrage was introduced. After a brief period (1958-62) as part of the West Indies Federation, in 1962 Jamaica became an independent member of the Commonwealth. After 1972 a move toward socialism under Prime Minister Michael Manley led to violence between extremist factions and produced an economic crisis. Edward Seaga, a moderate, took office in 1980 and restored some measure of economic stability. In 1989 Manley's party returned to power with a more conservative program. Manley resigned in 1992, due to ill health, and was succeeded by P.J. Patterson, who subsequently won his own electoral mandate in 1993.

98. Welcome To Jamaica Carnival streets of Kingston. Phenomenon 1 In its twelveyear history, jamaica Carnival has never lodged one report of theft or violence. http://www.jamaicacarnival.com/history.htm

Home Main Page Schedule of Events Feedback ... Jamaican E-cards Celebrating 12 great years In 1989 Byron Lee along with a small band of believers came together to plan what has since grown to become the biggest event in Jamaica. He defied the odds, cast-off doomsday predictions of failure by "established" critics, and embarked upon his most ambitious project ever in his 30 odd years in the music business. Jamaica Carnival - pageantry, spectacle, revelry, greeted the masses on the afternoon of Sunday, April 22, 1990, and achieved what many had unsuccessfully tried before. This stellar event was the first mas festival which united our people, musically, culturally and socially - this in the land where class is a strong, silent social divider. Even more phenomenal is that with tens of thousands of Jamaicans coming together to enjoy themselves, to celebrate their lives and their humanity, there was not one report of theft, violence or mean-spiritedness. Byron, the impresario, firmly believed that Soca music with its abandon and free flowing expression captured the imagination of our people to the point where he felt comfortable and ready to take the music to the streets of Kingston. Phenomenon #1 In its twelve-year history, Jamaica Carnival has never lodged one report of theft or violence.

99. Caribbean Islands Jamaica Island Jamaican History Caribbean Islands jamaica. jamaican Island history. jamaica has no history of coups, assassinations of national leaders, or racial confrontation. http://adventurelandtravel.com/Jamaica.htm

Caribbean Islands Jamaica Jamaican Island History SPANISH GOVERNMENT BRITISH COMMONWEALTH PROFILE BEFORE THE SPANIARDS occupied Jamaica in the early sixteenth century, the island was inhabited by the Arawak Indians, who called it Xaymaca, meaning "land of wood and springs." Lying on the trade routes between the Old and New Worlds, Jamaica served variously for centuries as a way station for Spanish galleons, a market for slaves and goods from many countries, and a prize for the Spaniards, the British, buccaneers, and entrepreneurs. By far the largest of the English-speaking islands in size and population, independent Jamaica has played a leading role within the Commonwealth Caribbean and has been active in international organizations. Jamaica's story is one of independence that began in the seventeenth century with the Maroons, runaway slaves who resisted the British colonizers by carrying out hit-and-run attacks from the interior. Their 7,000 descendants in the Cockpit Country have symbolized the fervent, sometimes belligerent, love of freedom that is ingrained in the Jamaican people as a result of both their British tutelage and their history of slavery. Independence came quietly, however, without a revolutionary struggle, apparently reflecting the lasting imprint of the British parliamentary legacy on Jamaican society. Despite its people's respect for the rule of law and the British Westminster system of government

100. History And Culture In Jamaica - Jamaica Attractions jamaica history and culture. Unbiased reviews of attractions, activites and things to do in Search. jamaica - history and culture. http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g147309-Activities-c1-Jamaica.html

Jamaica - History and culture Unbiased reviews of attractions, activites and things to do in Jamaica, Caribbean - history and culture You are here: Home Caribbean Jamaica Jamaica Attractions History and culture Jamaica tourism: Overview Hotels Attractions SmartDeals ... Maps, etc. Search Jamaica - History and culture (e.g., Boston hotels, Las Vegas, Paris art museum) Related links Jamaica tourism Jamaica hotels Attractions Jamaica SmartDeals ... Jamaica vacation packages Newsletter Get deals, news and articles on Jamaica Plus weekend trip ideas from your hometown Already subscribed? Sign in here Tell a friend e-mail this page to a friend Announcing... Golf vacations Beach vacations Family travel User reviews Write a review . What was your experience with Jamaica? Tell others what's hot and what's not. Featured product Reviews, prices and advice on the best Fuji digital camera Deals on Jamaica hotels The Caves Jamaica Inn Beaches Royal Plantation ... Jamaica hotels: 321 - 329 Sponsored links * Matching travel deals: Jamaica Jamaica : Great Rates on Hotels Expedia.com

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