81. Jainism ** Kaleidoreligion jainism. An ascetic Third Edition. jainism Principles, Sources, Images, History Very attractive page of Jain interest. Welcome to Jainworld. http://home.satx.rr.com/kaleido/jainism.htm

Jainism An ascetic religion of India, founded in the Sixth Century B.C., that teaches the immortality and transmigration of the soul and denies the existence of a perfect or supreme being. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition. Jainism: Principles, Sources, Images, History Very attractive page of Jain interest. Welcome to Jainworld Back to Kaleidoreligion My home page Comments? Suggestions? Let me know! Kristine Curry kcurry@satx.rr.com Most recent revision Friday, March 27, 1998 Turn off the music by pressing the stop button.

82. JAINISM jainism (By Pravin Shah of Raleigh, NC. In summary jainism existed before Lord Mahavir, and his teachings were based on those of his predecessors. http://www.jsgc.org/jainism.htm

JAINISM (By Pravin Shah of Raleigh, NC. Received in January-2001) Introduction: Jainism is one of the oldest living religions of India. It predates recorded history as per references indicated in Hindu scriptures. It is an original system, quite distinct and independent from other systems of Indian philosophy. Jainism is a religion of purely human origin and is preached and practiced by one who has attained perfect knowledge, omniscience and self-control by his own personal efforts and has been liberated from the bonds of worldly existence, the cycle of births and deaths. Such human beings are considered Gods of Jainism. The concept of God as a creator, protector, and destroyer of the universe does not exist in Jainism. Also the idea of God's reincarnation as a human being to destroy the demons is not accepted in Jainism. In summary Jainism does not believe in creator God, but it is not an atheistic religion because it believes in many Gods who are self realized individuals and who have attained liberation. In ancient times it was known by many names such as Saman tradition, or the religion of Nirgantha, or Jina.

83. The WWW-VL Religion: Jainism Last modified 12 Aug. 1996. jainism. Jain History Organized as a detailed timetable with links to descriptions of teachings and historical events. http://www.snowcrest.net/dougbnt/jain.html

F ACETS OF R ELIGION Virtual Library Religion General Inter-Faith Related Abuse ... Mail Maintainer Last modified: 12 Aug. 1996 Jainism Jain History Organized as a detailed time-table with links to descriptions of teachings and historical events. What is Jainism A short overview with some lists of other resources The Jain Teachings Ahimsa (non-violence) * Parasparopagraho jivanam (interdependence) * Anekantavada (the doctrine of manifold aspects) * Samyaktva (equanimity) * Jiva-daya (compassion, empathy and charity) Jain Studies WWW-Page of the De Montfort University Jain Studies Progamme Jainism in pictures Some Jain virtues and teachings illustrated as figures. ©Armin Müller email: amueller@sunfly.ub.uni-freiburg.de

84. Jainism: An Introduction An Introduction to jainism. This document contains an historical overview of jainism, Mahavira, and the relationship of jainism to Hinduism and Buddhism. http://www.urantiabook.org/archive/readers/601_jainism.htm

Site Index E-mail us Religious Issues Archive An Introduction to Jainism Dr. Meredith Sprunger This document contains an historical overview of Jainism, Mahavira, and the relationship of Jainism to Hinduism and Buddhism. Basic scriptures are described as well as current day sects. Related Documents in this archive: The Social Problems of Religion Religion in Human Experience The Urantia Book's synopsis of Jainism II. JAINISM The Religion of Asceticism Jainism, founded by Mahavira in the sixth century, has around two million adherents in India most of whom are business people who have wealth and social importance far beyond their numerical significance. Mahavira was part of a great creative period of history which produced Gautama Buddha, Confucius, Lao-tzu, Zoroaster, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Isaiah, Thales, Anaximander, Xenophanes, Pythagoras, and Heraclitus. Jainism (conqueror) began as a reformed movement in Hinduism. Both Jainism and Buddhism denied the validity of the Vedas as inspired scripture and rejected the religious implications of the Indian caste system. Mahavira was the son of a minor ruler in northeast India. Before his birth his mother is said to have had fourteen marvelous dreams and their family suddenly prospered. Mahavira married and was the father of a daughter. Despite his position and wealth, he was not happy. At the age of thirty, after the death of his parents, Mahavira bade farewell to his family and his wife and child, turned his back on wealth and luxury and went off to join the ascetics in the pursuit of salvation.

85. Jainism jainism. General Information {jy nizm}. 1970); Vahar, PC, and Shosh, KC, eds., An Encyclopedia of jainism (1988). jainism. General Information. Introduction. http://mb-soft.com/believe/txn/jain.htm

Jainism General Information Jainism is a religious faith of India that is usually said to have originated with Mahavira, a contemporary of the Buddha (6th century BC). Jains, however, count Mahavira as the last of 24 founders, or Tirthamkaras, the first being Rishabha. In 1990 the number of Jains worldwide was estimated at 3,650,000, almost all of whom live in India. Jainism has been present in India since Mahavira's time without interruption, and its influence has been significant. The major distinction within Jainism is between the Digambara and Svetambara sects, a schism that appears to date from about the 1st century AD. The major difference between them is that whereas the Svetambaras wear white clothes, the Digambaras traditionally go naked. Fundamentally, however, the views of both sects on ethics and philosophy are identical. The most notable feature of Jain ethics is its insistence on noninjury to all forms of life. Jain philosophy finds that every kind of thing has a soul; therefore strict observance of this precept of nonviolence (ahimsa) requires extreme caution in all activity. Jain monks frequently wear cloths over their mouths to avoid unwittingly killing anything by breathing it in, and Jain floors are kept meticulously clean to avert the danger of stepping on a living being. Jains regard the intentional taking of life, or even violent thoughts, however, as much more serious. Jain philosophy posits a gradation of beings, from those with five senses down to those with only one sense.

86. JAINISM IN SOUTH INDIA jainism IN SOUTH INDIA. In South India, jainism is little more than a name. Even serious students jainism IN KARNATAKA. Even before the http://www.terapanth.com/impressions/south-india.htm

JAINISM IN SOUTH INDIA In South India, Jainism is little more than a name. Even serious students of religion in India paid little attention to it. In a population of nearly 60 crores of people, Jainas may constitute nearly some 3 million people . But the influence it wields, its contribution to the development of Indian couture, commerce and industry is out of proportion to their population. Jainological material is so rich and varied and so much extended in time it is impossible to write about it in few pages. Because of this limitation the paper will be simply a fringe study and a general survey. In this brief paper an attempt is made to trace the rise of Jainism as religio-philosophical system, its contribution to Indian Philosophy, Religion, Metaphysics and Logic, Art and Architecture, languages and literatures, and also a brief summary of its history in Andhra Pradesh. The Jainas claim hoary antiquity for their religion. Vishnu and Bhagavata Puranas also mention this fact. The tradition says that during the time of the Mahabharata War Jaina order was led by Neminatha, the 22nd Thirthankara and he belonged to Yadava family. The order gained strength during 8th century B. C., under Parsvanatha, the 23rd Thirthankara. In Parsvanatha we have the first historical beginnings of Jainism. Mahavira was born in the middle of the 6th century B. C. It appears he was influenced to a great extent by Gosala and the followers of Ajivaka sect also. According to one tradition there were 5 heretical sects. They are :

87. Jainism.com jainism.com. jainism.com. Welcome to jainism.com we have helpful information about religion, government and politics. At jainism.com http://www.jainism.com/

@import url("/css/0/default.css"); jainism.com Main Menu Business And Finance Chat And Dating Transportation Computers And Technology ... Reference And Media jainism.com Welcome to jainism.com we have helpful information about religion, government and politics. At jainism.com you can find law, military, philosophy and more related to religion. Top Sites Religion Associated Sites SilverSingles.com: Meet religious singles near you Search divorced singles and post photo personals FREE to find your perfect match. Chat, IM and email make it easy to connect for dating, romance, friendship and more. DueNow.com Find over 30,000 term and research papers, book reports, and essays on topics such as history, philosophy, English, biographies, law, and religion. Represents employers and employees VA, MD, and D.C. in discrimination cases regarding age, disability, gender, pregnancy, race, and religion. American Ifa Organization introduces American Ifa, a philosophy of life promoting personal empowerment in the modern world through the use of ancient African energies. Lucumi.com Religious Botanica

88. Jainism - About Jainism, What Is Jainism What is jainism? religious system of India practiced by about 5,000,000 persons. jainism,Ajivika, and Buddhism arose in the 6th cent. http://www.lotussculpture.com/bronze_sculpture_jainism.htm

What is Jainism? religious system of India practiced by about 5,000,000 persons. Jainism,Ajivika, and Buddhism arose in the 6th cent. B.C. as protests against the overdeveloped ritualism of Hinduism , particularly its sacrificial cults, and the authority of the Veda. Jaina tradition teaches that a succession of 24 tirthankaras (saints) originated the religion. The last, Vardhamana, called Mahavira [the great hero] and Jina [the victor], seems to be historical. He preached a rigid asceticism and solicitude for all life as a means of escaping the cycle of rebirth, or the transmigration of souls. Thus released from the rule of karma Adapted from Questia Click Here to Browse our South Indian Bronze Subscribe to Our Free Newsletter Receive in your inbox: * Updates on our latest Shipments * Sales *Informative articles * *The latest news on Asian art * We won't share your email address with anyone, EVER! Check out our Privacy Statement Email: home about us bronze casting the gods ... Website Design by 10E20 Web Design

89. Divine Digest - The Complete Guide To All Religions jainism. jainism is one of the three Indian philosophies, the others being Charvaka and Buddhism, which do not accept the authority of Vedas. http://www.divinedigest.com/jainism.htm

Visit our Sponsors Jainism Jainism is one of the three Indian philosophies, the others being Charvaka and Buddhism, which do not accept the authority of Vedas. The most important Jain teacher Theerthankara was Mahaveera. The Jains accept three sources of knowledge. Perception, Inference and Testimony. Jains believe that every judgement is true only from a particular standpoint. To claim that a judgement is unconditionally true leads to dogmatism and intolerance. Jains believe that all physical things are made of atoms. All living things possess a soul like light, the soul pervades the entire body which it inhabits. Consciousness is the essence of the soul. In its perfect condition, a soul possesses perfect knowledge. The karmic matter causes souls to fail to exercise their natural function. The three jewels of Jainism Jains believe that although a soul inherently perfect, usually it finds itself in bondage. A soul's past Karma determines the kind of body it receives and the consequent limitation. The way to deliverance according to Jainism is, through the Three Jewels, of Right Faith, of Right Knowledge and Right Conduct. Right Conduct This involves the practice of five virtues Ahimsa or non-violence Truth speaking Non-stealing Chastity Non-attachments to worldly things The Jains were the first to make non-violence a rule of life. Through the practice of the

90. BUBL LINK / 5:15 Internet Resources: Jainism jainism, religious education, sikhism, taoism DeweyClass 291.75 ResourceType index Location usa Last checked 19990519 Essence of jainism Collection of http://bubl.ac.uk/link/j/jainism.htm

BUBL LINK / 5:15 Catalogue of Internet Resources Home Search Subject Menus A-Z ... About Jainism A-Z Index Titles Descriptions Academic Info: Religion Gateway Essence of Jainism Internet Sacred Text Archive Jain History: An Outline ... WWW Virtual Library: Religion Page last updated: 17 March 2003 Comments: bubl@bubl.ac.uk Academic Info: Religion Gateway An index of resources for religious studies. Includes Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Gnostic and Coptic Studies, eastern religions, and Native American religions. Author: Mike Madin Subjects: buddhism, christianity, eastern philosophy, hinduism, islam, jainism, religious education, sikhism, taoism DeweyClass: ResourceType: index Location: usa Last checked: Essence of Jainism Collection of original texts with translations into English, Gujarati, and Hindi. Information provided covers the principles of Jainism, Jain conduct, and Samaysaar. Author: Rajesh Shah Subjects: jainism DeweyClass: ResourceType: documents Location: uk Last checked: Internet Sacred Text Archive Collection of primary texts relating to Ancient, eastern and western religion and mythology, covering Shintoism, Hinduism, I Ching, Taoism, Confucianism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism, Judaism, Mormonism, Bahai'i, Islam, Zoroastrianism, and esoteric, occult, and fringe religions. Author: J B Hare Subjects: alternative religions, baha'i faith, buddhism, christianity, hinduism, islam, jainism, judaism, religion, sikhism, taoism, zoroastrianism

91. India - Jainism jainism. India Table of Contents The oldest continuous monastic tradition in India is jainism, the path of the Jinas, or victors. http://countrystudies.us/india/41.htm

Jainism India Table of Contents The ancient belief system of the Jains rests on a concrete understanding of the working of karma, its effects on the living soul ( jiva India Table of Contents Source: U.S. Library of Congress

92. Jainism jainism at Sufi Book Store, Buddhist Book Store, Taoist Book Store, Christian Music, Cristian Book Store, Jewish Book Store, Zoroastrian Book Store. jainism. http://www.sufibookstore.com/jainism.html

Department of Sufic Studies Return Jainism Studies In Jainism: Primer by Duli Chandra Jain "Highly recommended" Realize What You Are : The Dynamics of Jain Meditation by Gurudev Shree Chitrabhanu, Leonard M. Marks (Editor) Twelve Facets of Reality: The Jain Path to Freedom by Muni Chitrabhanu Reviewer from New York, NY, USA - Based on twelve talks, each chapter presents different facets of reality which reveal the inherent perfection and radiant quality of the enlightened human consciousness. By taking each bhavana into your living, you begin to focus on life instead of death, on fullness instead of lack, on inner strength instead of dependency, on unity instead of alienation. In this transformation of perception lies the path to freedom. Studies In Jainism: Reader 1 Studies In Jainism: Reader 2 by Duli C. Jain (Editor) Nonviolence to Animals, Earth, and Self in Asian Traditions by Christopher Key Chapple Jainism : The World of Conquerors by Natubhai Shah Riches and Renunciation : Religion, Economy, and Society Among the Jains (Oxford Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology) by James A. Laidlaw The Jains of India are a flourishing and prosperous community, but their religion is focused on the teaching and example of ascetic renouncers, whose austere regime is actually dedicated to ending worldly life and often culminates in a fast to death. This book, which draws upon a detailed study of Jainism in the city of Jaipur, shows how renunciation and ascetism play a central part in the life of a thriving business community, and how world-renunciation combines for Jain families with the pursuit of worldly happiness.

93. Jainism Home Infoplease.com, HOTWORDS Highlight a phrase, then click Hotwords® to look up; CITE Cite This Page; PRINT Print This Page; EMAIL Email This Page. http://www.infoplease.com/ipd/A0498756.html

HOTWORDS CITE PRINT EMAIL in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Home Almanacs Atlas Dictionary ... Father's Day Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map Also from Infoplease Search Infoplease Info search tips Search Biographies Bio search tips Dictionary Pronunciation: ( j I u m), [key] n. a dualistic religion founded in the 6th century b.c. as a revolt against current Hinduism and emphasizing the perfectibility of human nature and liberation of the soul, esp. through asceticism and nonviolence toward all living creatures. Jain Jaipur About Contact ... Privacy Related sites:

94. Jainism (1/2) jainism (1/2). A no less radical challenge to narrow western conceptions of what constitutes religion is provided by jainism, a recognized http://www.gbs.sha.bw.schule.de/tsld023.htm

Jainism (1/2) A no less radical challenge to narrow western conceptions of what constitutes religion is provided by Jainism, a recognized religion in India, and one that is normally included in the list of (usually eleven) great religions. Of it, Sir Charles Eliot has written, "Jainism is atheistic, and this atheism is as a rule neither apologetic nor polemical, but is accepted as a natural religious attitude". Jains do not, however, deny the existence of devas, deities, but these beings are, no less than human beings, considered to be subject to the laws of transmigration and decay, and they do not determine the destiny of man. Jains believe that souls are individual and infinite. They are not part of a universal soul. Souls and matter are neither created nor destroyed. Salvation is to be attained by the liberation of the soul from the foreign elements (karmic elements) that weight it down. Nächste Folie Vorherige Folie Folie 2 Folie 14 ... Graphik-Version anzeigen

95. Religion - Jainism Image Map. jainism. jainism as a religious tradition was established in India about the same time as Buddhism. Mahavira, one of the http://www.meadev.nic.in/earthquake/culture/religion/jainism.htm

Jainism Jainism as a religious tradition was established in India about the same time as Buddhism . Mahavira, one of the jinas (conquerors) preached the Jain philosophy around the same time that Buddhism began. Like Buddhism, Jainism rose against the corruption in the interpretation of Hinduism prevalent at the time. The underlying philosophy of Jainism is that renunciation of worldly desires and self-conquest leads to perfect wisdom. This faith believes in total abstinence and asceticism as practised by the Jinas and the Tirthankars ("crossing-makers"). The "crossing refers to the passage from the material to the spiritual realm, from bondage to freedom. Followers of this faith accept the popular gods of Hinduism but they are placed lower than the jinas The focus of this religion has been purification of the soul by means of right conduct, right faith and right knowledge. This faith also enunciates complete non-violence and the Jain monks can be seen with their nose and mouth covered by a cloth mask to ensure that they do not kill any germs or insects while breathing. Today, Jainism has more than 3 million adherents in India and finds wide acceptance because of its philosophy of sympathy for all living beings. News Culture Economy Sports ... Home

96. JAINISM - Hindu Influences Happy viewing. Author. jainism. Gave us Non-Violence as an Ethical Outlook by Sudheer Birodkar. This is the Jaina religion or jainism. http://india.coolatlanta.com/GreatPages/sudheer/book2/jainism.html

Dear Visitor, I welcome you to this non-profit, educational page. Here you will read about different aspects of the history and culture of that part of our globe which is known variously as Bharatvarsha, Hindostan or India. My approach of looking at history is that of a rationalist and humanist . As my aim is to spread awareness about history and culture, you may freely download this page, print it, link it up from your site, or mirror it at any server. Enjoy the infotainment laid out for you at this site. I also look forward to your valuable suggestions and feedback. Happy viewing. Author Jainism - Gave us Non-Violence as an Ethical Outlook by Sudheer Birodkar Table of Contents Parallel to Buddhism another religion has flourished in India since ancient times. This is the Jaina religion or Jainism. The term Jaina or Jain implies follower of Jina which means 'the victorious one'. Jina is the formal title of the 24 spiritual teachers (Tirthankaras) of the Jaina religion. In this sense the term 'Jina' is similar to the term 'Buddha. Popularly, Mahavira who was the last Jaina Tirthankara is confounded to be the founder of this faith.

97. Jain Philosphy jainism is an ancient, Indianborn philosophy, dating back to Vedic times. The prescriptions or rules of jainism are about the way to achieve this liberation. http://www.goindiago.com/religion/jain/jain.htm

Indian History Ancient India Medieval India Modern India India General Land and People National Symbols Law and Justice Defence ... Cinema Religion Hinduism Islam Christianity Sikhism ... Zorastrianism Art Literature Painting Craft Misc Vaastu Siddha Yoga Sports Cricket Hockey Tennis Golf ... Addresses of Sports Authorities Eduaction Top Colleges Addresses of colleges Jain Philosophy Jainism is an ancient, Indian-born philosophy, dating back to Vedic times. 24 preachers known as `Jinas' (conquerors) or `Tirthankaras' (fordmakers) propounded it across the river of life. Its first founder or `Tirthankara' was one Rishabhadeva mentioned in the Yajur Veda . The 24th and last Tirthankara was Mahavira. It is a Nastik (Atheist) philosophy and does not accept the Vedas to be revelations from God. In fact, it does not believe in a God, though it does believe in re-birth. The ethical doctrines of Jainism are based on the path of liberation, comprising right belief, right knowledge and right conduct. The prescriptions or rules of Jainism are about the way to achieve this liberation. They apply both to ascetics and householders. The householders have twelve Vratas or codes of conduct, five Anuvratas (small vows) and seven Shilavratas (supplementary vows). If the Anuvaratas are strictly performed, they become Mahavratas (Great vows). The Jains have two major sects

98. How Have We Been Blind For This Long jainism. Jina and the Soul http//www.ops.org/scrtec/india/jainism.html. What is jainism? GENERAL FACTS ABOUT jainism http//www.umich.edu/~umjains/overview.html. http://www.ethiopiawinet.org/god/jainism.htm

Home Coming Soon Subscribe Now Read First Ethiopianism-Ethiopiawinet Ethiopia is the metaphysical location where the spiritual and physical bind. It is the biblical and scientific location of the Garden of Eden, site of the tree of life, where original sin occurred Cure the ills of Ethiopia today and God will help us cure the ills of the world tomorrow through the metaphysical exchange of spiritual grace Ethiopiawinet Message Base Comments Quotes ... RELIGIOUSREVIVAL Jainism Jina and the Soul http://www.ops.org/scrtec/india/jainism.html What is Jainism? http://arham.com/abt_jain_index.htm Jainism Doctrine of Karma http://www.jcnc.org/reference_detail.cfm?category=Doctrine%20of%20Karma GENERAL FACTS ABOUT JAINISM http://www.umich.edu/~umjains/overview.html

99. IndiaParenting.com - Religions Of India - Jainism Raising Children. jainism. TwentyFour Tirthankaras. Lord Mahavir is linked to jainism. However, most people are not aware that jainism existed before Mahavir. http://www.indiaparenting.com/indianculture/religions/religion004.shtml

Jainism Twenty-Four Tirthankaras Just as Buddhism is associated with Buddhism. Lord Mahavir is linked to Jainism. However, most people are not aware that Jainism existed before Mahavir. However, his teachings were based on those of his predecessors. Thus, unlike Buddha, Mahavir was more of a reformer and propagator of an existing religious order than the founder of a new faith. In jainism there are twenty-four tirthankars and they are: 1) Shri. Rishab dev 2) Shri. Ajit nath 3) Shri Sambhav nath 4) Shri Abhinandan swami 5) Shri Sumati nath 6) Shri Padam prabhu 7) Shri Suparash nath 8) Shri Chandra prabhu 9) Shri Suvidhi nath 10) Shri Sheetal nath 11) Shri Shreyans nath 12) Shri Vasu pujya swami 13) Shri Vimal nath 14) Shri Anant nath 15) Shri Dharam nath 16) Shri Shanti nath 17) Shri Kunthu nath 18) Shri Aarnath 19) Shri Malli nath 20) Shri Munisuvrat Swami 21) Shri Naminath 22) Shri Neminath 23) Shri Parasav nath 24) Shri Mahavir swami According to the principles of Jainism, all Tirthankaras were born as human beings but they have attained a state of perfection or enlightenment through meditation and self-realization. Tirthankaras are also known as Arihants or Jinas. Lord Mahavir Lord Mahavir and Gautam Buddha have a remarkably similar history. Like Gautam Buddha, Mahavir too was from a royal family. He was born in 599 B.C. as a prince in Bihar. At the age of 30, he renounced his family and his luxurious life and became a monk. He spent the next twelve years in deep silence and meditation in a bid to overcome his material desires and baser feelings. He went without food for days at a stretch. He tried his best to avoid harming other living beings including animals, birds, and plants. At the end of twelve years, he realized perfect perception, knowledge, power, and bliss. This realization is known as keval-jnana.

100. Jainism, Jain Religion India jainism, Jain religion India, jainism The Monastic Path. By about 500 BC, some jainism. The oldest continuous monastic tradition http://www.indianchild.com/jainism.htm

Jainism, Jain religion India Jainism - The Monastic Path By about 500 B.C., some teachers had moved so far down the path of liberation that they no longer viewed the standard perception of life in the social world as valid for the dedicated spiritual devotee. They formed communities of religious renunciants ( shramanas ) who withdrew from the world and evolved a full-time monastic discipline. The most successful of these early communities, the Jains (or, in Sanskrit, Jaina) and the Buddhists, rejected the value of the Vedas and created independent textual traditions based on the words and examples of their early teachers, eventually evolving entirely new ways for interacting with the lay community. Jainism The oldest continuous monastic tradition in India is Jainism, the path of the Jinas, or victors. This tradition is traced to Var-dhamana Mahavira (The Great Hero; ca. 599-527 B.C.), the twenty-fourth and last of the Tirthankaras (Sanskrit for fordmakers). According to legend, Mahavira was born to a ruling family in the town of Vaishali, located in the modern state of Bihar. At the age of thirty, he renounced his wealthy life and devoted himself to fasting and self-mortification in order to purify his consciousness and discover the meaning of existence. He never again dwelt in a house, owned property, or wore clothing of any sort. Following the example of the teacher Parshvanatha (ninth century B.C.), he attained enlightenment and spent the rest of his life meditating and teaching a dedicated group of disciples who formed a monastic order following rules he laid down. His life's work complete, he entered a final fast and deliberately died of starvation.

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