41. A LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE ANALYSIS OF WATER AND LAND MANAGEMEN water related activities (water detention, irrigation systems, river cutting, rehabilitation);ecosystem management (water and soil interactions, ecosystem http://www.swcc.cn/waswc/articles/proceedings/PROCEEDINGS1-1.htm

A LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE ANALYSIS OF WATER AND LAND MANAGEMENT: A METHODOLOGICAL TOOL FOR RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT Dr Ian Hannam Member, IUCN Commission on Environmental Law; Center for Natural Resources, Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources NSW Australia ABSTRACT Achieving and maintaining sustainable use of water and land resources is a major challenge for the world in the 21 st A legal and institutional framework for water and land management was prepared as a means of gaining information on the pattern and capacity of the legal and institutional system in the PRC to accomplish water and land management (Hannam 2002a,c). The framework, which is applicable at the river basin level, can be used to identify gaps, strengths and weaknesses in an existing legal and institutional system. It is also a means to identify possible solutions to these problems and areas where the existing system might be improved to better manage water and land resources. Introduction A legal and institutional framework for water and land management was prepared as a means of gaining information on the pattern and capacity of the legal and institutional system in the PRC to accomplish water and land management. The framework is applicable at the river basin level where it can be used to identify gaps, strengths and weaknesses in the existing legal and institutional system for water and land management. It is also a means to identify possible solutions to these problems and areas where the existing legal and institutional system can be improved to better manage water and land resources (Hannam 2002 a, b, c).

42. Marcel Dekker water Use, and Yield in Contrasting Soils , Agric. 2 Bray E. , Plant Responses towater Deficit , Trends Examination of Regulated Deficit irrigation , NZ Agric http://www.dekker.com/servlet/product/DOI/101081EEWS120010160/object/references.

Tolk J.A. Howell T.A. Steiner J.L. Evett S.R. Grain Sorghum Growth, Water Use, and Yield in Contrasting Soils Agric. Water Manag. Bray E. Plant Responses to Water Deficit Trends Plant Sci. Cosgrove D.J. Wall Extensibility. Its Nature, Management and Relationship to Plant Cell Growth New Phytol. Chalmers D.J. A Physiological Examination of Regulated Deficit Irrigation N.Z. Agric. Sci. Zhang H. Oweis T. Agric. Water Manag. Van Schilfgaarde J. Agric. Water Manag. Behboudian M.H. Mills T.M. Deficit Irrigation in Deciduous Orchards Hort. Rev. Chalmers D.J. Mitchell P.D van Heek L. Control of Peach Tree Growth and Productivity by Regulated Water Supply, Tree Density and Summer Pruning J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. Motilva M.J. Romero M.P. Alegre S. Girona J. Effect of Regulated Deficit Irrigation in Olive Oil Production and Quality Acta Hort. Hsiao T.C. Growth and Productivity of Crops in Relation to Water Stress Acta Hort. Nautiyal P.C. Ravindra V. Zala P.V. Joshi Y.C. Enhancement of Yield in Groundnut Following Imposition of Transient Soil-Moisture-Deficit Stress During the Vegetative Phase Exp. Agric.

43. Assadian Et Al. 1998 the river has contaminated fertile soils and reduced contribute to the instabilityof water quality in is directly discharged into open irrigation canals and http://www.css.cornell.edu/courses/190/abstr/vermilyea.htm

Source: Assadian, N.W., L. Esparaza, L. Fenn, A. Ali, S. Miyamoto, U. Figueroa, and A. Warrick. Spatial variability of heavy metals in irrigated alfalfa fields in the upper Rio Grande River Basin. Agric. Water Manag. 36:141-156. Abstract author: Matthew David VerMilyea, 5 November 1999. SUSAG Abstracts: Go back to the SUSAG Abstracts search page.

44. Search SUSAG Abstracts J. soil water Conserv In situ stabilization of soil lead using phosphorus Effects ofirrigation on the environment of selected areas of the western United States http://www.css.cornell.edu/courses/190/SUSAG-search.html

S USAG Abstracts Prepared by students in the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY This collection of abstracts provides a point of entry into the literature about sustainable agriculture. It was prepared by the students and teaching staff of CSS 190 (Sustainable Agriculture). Comments, suggestions, or questions should be addressed to Gary W. Fick You may search SUSAG Abstracts for any term or sets of terms including You many search You keywords (organic agriculture), source authors (Wendell Berry), and student writers (Ryan Akin). Search the abstracts Abstracts have been written for the following SUSAG sources: Go to A B C D ... XYZ A Ahmed, M., M. P. Bimbao, and R.C. Sevilleja. 1992. The economics of rice-fish in Asian mixed farming systems: a case study of the Philippines. p. 207-216. In Z.R. dela Cruz, C. Lightfoot, B.A. Costa-Pierce, V.R. Carangal, and M.P. Bimabao (ed.) Proc. 24th Rice-Fish Res. and Develop. Conf., Int. Center for Living Aquatic Resour. Manag. (ICLARM), Manila, the Philippines. Aldwell, C.R. 1997.

45. UNCCD - United Nations Convention To Combat Desertification of Soils and irrigation, Alameda del Obispo, Cordoba zero tillage in heavy clay soilsunder dry Alternative water resources, supported by the Foundation Ramón http://www.unccd.int/cop/cst/experts/individualDetails.php?id=306

46. Salt Tolerance In Relation To Ploidy Level In Guayule 1991. water and nutrient requirements of guayule under irrigated anddryland production, p. 145172. soil Sci. 58399-403. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/v2-349.html

Index Search Home Table of Contents Estilai, A. and M.C. Shannon. 1993. Salt tolerance in relation to ploidy level in guayule. p. 349-351. In: J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.), New crops. Wiley, New York. Salt Tolerance in Relation to Ploidy Level in Guayule Ali Estilai and Michael C. Shannon METHODOLOGY RESULTS AND DISCUSSION FUTURE PROSPECTS REFERENCES ... Table 1 Guayule ( Parthenium argentatum Gray) is a promising alternative to rubber tree ( Hevea brasiliensis Muel. Arg.) for production of natural rubber in semiarid regions of the world. For the United States, which is totally dependent on foreign sources of natural rubber, developing guayule as a commercial crop should be a high priority. A domestic source of natural rubber is vital to our national defense and helps balance the budget by reducing the one billion dollars spent annually for the imports of Hevea rubber from southeast Asia. Salt-tolerant guayule cultivars are needed for economic production of rubber on marginal lands and in areas with low quality saline water. The available guayule germplasm which is being used to develop new guayule cultivars are 2 n = 36, 54, or 72 (Bergner 1944, 1946; Stebbins and Kodani 1944). Plants with 2

47. A.G. Hornsby Nitrogen Management in Irrigated Agriculture. Oxford University Press, 251 pp., 1994. Sci.58146160.CONTACT INFORMATION soil and water Science Department http://soils.ifas.ufl.edu/personnel/hornsby.html

Home department personnel academics ... Students locations Department offices Research centers Personnel Arthur (Art) G. Hornsby Professor and Extension Specialist Soil Physics Water Quality Decision Support Systems Laboratory RESEARCH FOCUS Extension and research programs focus on the water quality impacts of pesticide use; development and implementation of decision support systems to minimize adverse impacts on water quality; and developing extension materials (publications, software, websites) for use by county extension agents and the general public. DEPARTMENTAL RESEARCH AREAS Management of Nutrients, Pesticides and Wastes Soil Landscape Analysis SELECT PUBLICATIONS Rauschkolb, R.S and A. G. Hornsby. Nitrogen Management in Irrigated Agriculture. Oxford University Press, 251 pp., 1994. Hornsby, A. G. R. D. Wauchope, and A. Herner. Pesticide Properties in the Environment. Springer-Verlag 228 pp., 1995. A. G. Hornsby, D. L. Hoag, and D. L Nofziger.. 1998. Pesticide Economic and Environmental Tradeoffs (PEET): Users Perspective.pages 75-81. In El-Swaify. S. And D. Yakowitz (eds) Mutiple Objective Decision Making for Land, Water, and Environment. St. Lucie Press Corp. D.L. Nofziger, A.G. Hornsby, and D.L. Hoag. 1998. Pesticide Economic and Environmental Tradeoffs (PEET): Developers Perspective. pages 83-92. In El-Swaify. S. And D. Yakowitz (eds) Mutiple Objective Decision Making for Land, Water, and Environment. St. Lucie Press Corp.

48. EEAD - Optimising Production Techniques In Agricultural Systems the utility of the pre sidedress soil nitrate test Improvement of sprinkler irrigationeficiency in Aragón. a computer program for advanced water management in http://www.eead.csic.es/en/lineas_investigacion/07_optimizacion_tecnicas.html

Optimising Production Techniques in Agricultural Systems Weighing lysimenter and agrometeorological weather station on a rice field The Ador software for the management of Irrigation Districts Research is performed to crop rice using less water, improving the traditional cropping systems and evaluating growing rice under sprinkler irrigation Department: Genetics and Plant Production CURRENT RESEARCH LINES: 1. Agrometeorology and crop water requirements macoan@eead.csic.es 1.1. Micrometeorology Study of the energy balance: latent, sensible and soil heat fluxes, and net radiation. Cropped and natural surfaces. Time scales: half hour to one hour. a. Analysis of the effect of different meteorological conditions on these micrometeorological processes. b. Evaluation of micrometeorological methods for measurement of crop evapotranspiration, focusing on eddy covariance and surface renewal. Other micrometeorological techniques. 1.2. Measurement and estimation of evapotranspiration of different crops and natural surfaces Time scale: half hour to daily.

49. 8.0 References irrigation Principles and Practices. SCSTP-149, US Department of Agriculture, SoilConservation Service, Washington, DC Linsley, RK water-Resources Engineering http://mepas.pnl.gov/earth/formulations/source_term/8_0/8_0.html

8.0 References Bagnold, F. A. 1941. The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes . Matheson, London. Bateman, H. 1910. "The Solution of a System of Differential Equations Occurring in the Theory of Radioactive Transformations." Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. Blaney, H. F., and W. D. Criddle. 1950. Determining Water Requirements in Irrigated Areas from Climatological and Irrigation Data . USDA(SCS)TP-96, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Bosen, J. F. 1960. "A Formula for Approximation of the Saturation Vapor Pressure over Water." Mon. Weather Rev Chepil, W. S. 1951. "Properties of Soil Which Influence Wind Erosion: I. The Governing Principle of Surface Roughness." Soil Sci Cowherd, C., G. E. Muleski, P. J. Englehart, and D. A. Gillette. 1985. Rapid Assessment of Exposure to Particulate Emissions from Surface Contamination Sites . EPA/600/8-85/002, Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C. Dass, P., G. R. Tamke, and C. M. Stoffel. 1977. "Leachate Production at Sanitary Landfills." J. Environ. Eng. Division., Proc. ASCE

50. Chapter 3 Summary Of The Field Survey Results ties suited to low fertility soils, earlyripening Pumped irrigation facil-ity construction(pump room Establishing farmers organization (water utili-zation http://www.aicaf.or.jp/chapter3.htm

Chapter 3@@Summary of the Field Survey Results In the previous chapter, the natural environments of the study areas of the four countries and their agricultural development issues have been briefly described along with the agricultural experiments conducted as part of the study. This chapter presents the results of the field survey conducted by the AICAF study team in three tables: (1) comparison of various existing conditions, (2) identified problems and potentials, and (3) the development planning for each of the study areas. Summary Table 1 Comparison of Existing Conditions of the Study Area in Each Country Cote dfIvoire 3 villages of Behoukro, Djebonoua and Bledi in Djebonoua district, Bouake department Tanzania Chekereni Weruweru village in Moshi rural district, Kilimanjaro region Zambia Lazalo and Mutaremukulu villages in Kasama province, Northern region Malawi Bamdawe village in Salima district Socio-economic conditions Settlements formed by households that branched from several large clans; 7.0 peo-ple per household on aver-age, of whom 3.6 able to work. Per-household paddy field 0.26ha and non-paddy field 0.41ha. For sidelines, mak-ing sun-dried bricks, elec-tric repairs, running retail shops or restaurants (food stands), peddling fish, hunting, etc. Settlement of laborers for railroad construction in 1950fs. Area: about 500ha. Population: 3,760. Relig-ions: Ro-man Catholic, Protes-tant and Muslim. Final educa-tion: mostly primary school gradu-ates or drop-outs. About a half of vil-lage households are farm-ers with 1.6ha farm-land on average. Most land-use is for farm-land with paddy fields confined to about 20ha of semi- valley bot-tom fields.

51. Resultado Da Pesquisa ENGINEERING HANDBOOKNEH 4) Ano 1985 water RESOURCES R 1986 NOBE R$ 155,10 ComprarIRRIGATION MANAGEMENT IN R$ 600,00 Comprar METHODOLOGIES FOR soil SEDIMENT http://livrariapolytecnica.com.br/result.php?&AREA=ENG. CIVIL

52. Mango Tree Management Systems - III easy tree manipulation for inducing water stress required top 6 10 inch of soildepth and tree manipulation therefore become easy with controlled irrigation. http://members.tripod.com/Shanthap/mb3.htm

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Tree Management Systems for Profitable Mango Production A. Introduction - Planting Mango B. Management of Young Trees C. Management of Bearing Trees D. Management of Biennial Bearing Management of Bearing Trees Nutrient Management Fertilizer Placement ... Pest and Disease Control Management of Bearing Trees Management system adopted for bearing trees are quite different, especially with regard to nutrient and irrigation management, than that adopted for non bearing trees. The shift in management system could be commenced 3-4 years after planting dependin g on the tree size. The objective in managing bearing trees is to promote the tree reserve level for subsequent flowering and fruiting while at the same time trees are allowed to grow and maintain sufficient vigor for producing high yields in following years. Tree reserve levels could be increased by two ways. That is by optimizing conditions required for high rate of photosynthesis and by controlling excessive vegetative growth that consume stored reserves unnecessarily. Photosynthesis rate and excessive vegetative growth may be manipulated by controlled N and water supply that will be discussed under nutrient and irrigation management later. In bearing tree management the growers has to think the productivity of trees in long run to maintain the sustainability of tree production capacity. A sustainable production may be achieved only if trees are managed with a scientific tree management system based on the phenology or growth cycle of bearing trees.

53. Personal Data Econ. and manag., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Research Economics of irrigationwater mixing within a farm function of crop yields to soil salinity. http://departments.agri.huji.ac.il/economics/eli-personal.html

ELI FEINERMAN Last updated: September, 2003 Personal Data Addresses Office Department of Agricultural Economics and Management , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel. Tel: 972-8-9489148, fax: 972-8-9466267 Email : feiner@agri.huji.ac.il Residence 41/4 Levin Epshtein St., Rehovot 76461, Israel. Tel : 972-8- 9451971. Date of Birth: October 31, 1946. Place of Birth: Kfar Yehezkel, Israel. Citizenship: Israeli. Family Status: Married, 3 children. Languages: Hebrew , English . Education 1968-1980: Department of Agricultural Economics and Management, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. B.S. Agr. (Agric. Econ. and Management) with distinction, 1972. M.S. Agr. (Agric. Econ. and Management) with distinction, 1975. Ph.D. (Agric. Econ. and Management), 1980. Academic Appointments and Experience 1972- 1975: Department of Agricultural Economics and Management , Faculty of Agricultural

54. WOCAT - Regional Initatives Rivera, Bureau of soils and water Management. Reynaldo Baloloy,National IrrigationAdministration, Department of sent to Bern 54 soil Conservation extension http://www.wocat.net/reginits.asp

Regional WOCAT Initiatives Home About WOCAT Introduction WOCAT Process ... Links Regional WOCAT initiatives - Please select- Bangladesh Central Asia P.R. China - National P.R. China - Fujian Province Eastern Africa Ethiopia Hungary Kenya Kyrgyzstan Nigeria North and Central Europe Philippines South Africa Tanzania Thailand Country / Region Central Asia Name of initiative WOCAT in Central Asia Main partner institution CAMP Website www.camp.kg Activity started National co-ordinator Regional Coordinator of WOCAT, Aida Garayeva Database manager Committee members Aigul Zhanserikova, national coordinator of CAMP/WOCAT Description of activities 2 WShs Bishkek, Dushanbe Major achievements - translated Qs (into Russian); - WOCAT poster in DOM GOR, - 1 QT + 1 QA from KZ (filled), - additional support for WOCAT in CA Current acitivities Regional workshop with NCCR and other students Country / Region P.R. China - National

55. Use Of Reclaimed Water And Sludge In Food Crop Production and on the sustainability of soils for crop Where alternative irrigation water ischeaply available, there are of incentives to apply reclaimed water or sludge http://books.nap.edu/html/sludge/summary.html

Use of Reclaimed Water and Sludge in Food Crop Production Executive Summary BACKGROUND Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge (Code of Federal Regulations Title 40, Parts 257, 403, and 503, and hereafter referred to as the "Part 503 Sludge Rule"). This rule builds on a number of federal and state regulations that aim to reduce pollutants entering the municipal waste stream thr ough source controls and industrial pretreatment programs that have reduced the levels of contaminants in the sludge as well as in the final effluent. The Part 503 Sludge Rule defines acceptable management practices and provides specific numerical limits for selected chemical pollutants and pathogens applicable to land application of sewage sludge. In this context, sewage sludge-traditionally regarded by many groups as an urban waste requiring careful disposal-is now viewed by the wastewater treatment i ndustry, the regulatory agencies, and participating farmers as a beneficial soil amendment. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Adequacy of Existing Regulations for Pathogens in Reclaimed Water and Sludge Guidelines for Water Reuse . There are currently 19 states that regulate the practice by setting criteria for reclaimed effluent quality, such as microbiological limits or process standards; crop restrictions; or by waiting periods for human or grazing animal access or before crop harvest. State regulations vary; some require very high-quality effluents to reduce the concentration of pathogens to levels acceptable for human contact prior to irriga-tion. Others depend on the use of crop restrictions and site limitations, thus allowing required time for pathogens to decrease to acceptable levels. In general, modern wastewater treatment procedures incorporate monitoring and technical redundancies that provide system reliability and protection against exposure to pathogens.

56. Economics Of Irrigation Management events, the spatial variability of soils, the various due to increased costs, decreasingwater resources, rising the economic efficiency of irrigation Agric. http://www.italocorotondo.it/tequila/module5/irrig_sched/econ_irrig_manag.htm

Irrigation scheduling Economics of irrigation management Historically, irrigation water has been a rather inexpensive and unlimited commodity to farmers; gradually, it is becoming ever more costly and limited. Cases of a cost exceeding 0.3 euro/m for pressurized water are not uncommon in the Mediterranean area as severe limitations in supplies become more and more frequent Mjelde et al. (1987) maintained that the development of irrigation strategies lags behind technological developments, however several important conceptual tools are available to decision-makers, derived from economic theory and decision-making supports. The economic theory elaborated the principles illustrated in the figure below, where: P unit output price C unit cost of water Y output W water volume P profit with the following assumptions: Y = f (W) P = P x Y - C x W = P x f (W) - C x W The condition for total output maximization is that the first derivative of f (W), namely f'(W) be equal to . For profit maximization the condition is Pf ' (W) - C = then Pf ' (W) = C and f 'W = C / P The curve Y = f (W), when plotted against the C/P line is useful in giving indications on profit and water efficiency maximisation; the points X

57. Sod Solutions - Drought Resistance And Tolerance of excessive heat and sandy soils further aggravate Augustine has thrived in nonirrigatedareas on turf LB Turfgrass Rooting Characteristics and water Use of http://www.sodsolutions.com/research/research_drought.shtml

Drought Resistance and Tolerance Misunderstandings pertaining to terminology of drought and water usage issues have been evident in newspaper, magazine articles,and television news sections. These definitions must be clarified before substantive discussion and research can be properly dissected. Evapotranspiration (ET) is defined as the total amount of water a plant transpires (loses from evaporation or transpiration through leafy tissue or other means) and the water that evaporates from related soil areas. This sum is measured in experiment evaluations. Water use rate Drought resistance and drought tolerance are general terms used to describe a wide range of water usage issues. Because these terms often do not mean the same thing to different people, it seems necessary to specifically define four separate terms that can be used to describe the effects of drought for a meaningful analysis: Dehydration tolerance - the ability to withstand water deficits in tissue caused by insufficient water quantity which may slightly but not significantly affect turf quality. This definition refers to the characteristic of a grass to thrive during a given timeframe of "low" or minimal water in the leaf tissue. An example would be Bahia, Buffalo, and specific cultivars of St. Augustine grass which can thrive with minimal water content available in their respective blades. The term drought tolerance is often used.

58. AUTHORIZATION CHECK detrimental effect on seashore paspalum irrigated with ocean water is minimal, a shorttermsoil saturation with of seashore paspalum to salt water may replace http://wssa.allenpress.com/wssaonline/?request=get-document&issn=0890-037X&volum

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