81. Revision Thing (Harpers.org) Harper s Magazine. Revision Thing. A history of the iraq war, told entirely in lies. Posted on Saturday, September 20, 2003. All text http://www.harpers.org/online/revision_thing/?pg=1

82. ZNet | Iraq | History Forgave Churchill Why Not Blair And Bush? said. I am confident history will forgive. . Blair s confidence is justified. history has forgiven UK leaders for plenty. How http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?itemID=3930§ionID=15

83. DoD 101 - An Introduction To The Military A short history and military analysis of the war by the Federation of American Scientists. http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/ops/war/iran-iraq.htm

FAS Homepage Military Analysis Index Search ... Join FAS The file you are looking for is no longer available on the FAS web site. Similar information on military operations may be found at GlobalSecurity.org FAS Homepage Military Analysis Index ... Join FAS

84. History Of Iraq's Railways Can anyone help? Brief history of the Baghdad railway. Two foot six gauge railways in iraq. Railroad section of Country Study Country Guide for iraq . http://www.ajg41.clara.co.uk/iraq/history.html

Andrew's page Railways in Iraq Iraqi railway history Steve Meekin is looking for information on tunnels on the old metre gauge railways (and standard gauge sections) in Iraq. How many were there? Where were they located? Any significant engineering challenges in construction? Can anyone help Brief history of the Baghdad railway Two foot six gauge railways in Iraq Railroad section of ... Baghdad Railway In 1902 the Ottoman government granted a German firm the concession to lay new track eastward from Ankara to Baghdad. 1903 Signing of the franchise to build the Baghdad Railway History of the Baghdad railway , on the comprehensive Trains of Turkey website. The Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916 mentions railways in (what is now) Iraq and its neighbours. . History and photos of the Berlin to Baghdad project (it's in German, but the pictures are well worth a look even if you can't read the text). Deutsche Bank granted 99 year Ottoman concession for Ankara - Baghdad line 1920-04-01 Transfered from military to civil administration. 1923-04-10 Adminstered by Iraqi authorities.

85. OpinionJournal - Taste Saddam stole iraq s history. Looters may have wanted it back. But he also misappropriated iraq s history by making it a tool of his personality cult. http://www.opinionjournal.com/taste/?id=110003368

86. Iraq. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 1976); E. Ghareeb, The Kurdish Question in iraq (1981); TY Ismael, iraq and Iran (1982); P. Marr, The Modern history of iraq (1985); T. Naff, Gulf Security and http://www.bartleby.com/65/ir/Iraq.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia See also: Iraq Factbook PREVIOUS NEXT CONTENTS ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Iraq or Irak (both: r KEY ) , officially Republic of Iraq, republic (1996 est. pop. 21,422,300), 167,924 sq mi (434,924 sq km), SW Asia. Iraq is bordered on the south by Kuwait, the Persian Gulf, and Saudi Arabia; on the west by Jordan and Syria; on the north by Turkey; and on the east by Iran. Iraq formerly shared a neutral zone with Saudi Arabia that is now divided between the two countries.

87. Chemical Weapons Programs - Iraq Special Weapons Facilities Chemical Weapons Programs history. iraq started research into the production of chemical weapons agents in the 1970s and started batch production of agents in http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/iraq/cw/program.htm

FAS Nuke Guide Iraq ... Join FAS Chemical Weapons Programs: History Iraq started research into the production of chemical weapons agents in the 1970s and started batch production of agents in the early 1980s. At that stage, production was heavily reliant on the import of precursor chemicals from foreign suppliers. In 1982, early in the Iran-Iraq War, the Iraqis used riot control agents to repel Iranian attacks. They progressed to the use of CW agents in mid-1983 with mustard, and in March 1984 with tabun (the first use ever of a nerve agent in war). The Iraqis continued to use chemical weapons until the end of hostilities in August 1988; in addition they introduced the nerve agents sarin and GF late in the war. In March 1986 UN Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar formally accused Iraq of using chemical weapons against Iran. Citing the report of four chemical warfare experts whom the UN had sent to Iran in February and March 1986, the secretary general called on Baghdad to end its violation of the 1925 Geneva Protocol on the use of chemical weapons. The UN report concluded that "Iraqi forces have used chemical warfare against Iranian forces"; the weapons used included both mustard gas and nerve gas. The report further stated that "the use of chemical weapons appear[ed] to be more extensive [in 1981] than in 1984." Iraq attempted to deny using chemicals, but the evidence, in the form of many badly burned casualties flown to European hospitals for treatment, was overwhelming. By July 1986 it was estimated that Iraqi chemical warfare was responsible for about 10,000 casualties.

88. Iraq Peace Team HISTORY The War Against iraq A Brief history 1990Present More history. US Diplomatic and Commercial Relationships with iraq, 1980 - August 2, 1990. http://www.iraqpeaceteam.org/pages/history.html

The War Against Iraq: A Brief History 1990-Present Iraq Invades Kuwait - Sanctions Imposed The Gulf War Post-War Iraq "Near Apocalyptic" Resolution 687 ... New War? Iraq Invades Kuwait - Sanctions Imposed back to top The economic sanctions on Iraq were imposed by the United Nations on the August 6th, 1990, following Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait. Their stated purpose was to "bring the invasion and occupation of Kuwait by Iraq to an end." In their original form sanctions prohibited all imports to Iraq except medical goods and all exports from Iraq (oil in particular). The Gulf War back to top On January 16, 1991 the United States launched a 43-day air and ground war on Iraq to force Iraqi forces out of Kuwait. The war was presented as a strategic war against the military machine of Saddam Hussein, but evidence on the ground, declassified reports, and comments by policymakers and participants in the war suggests a campaign much broader in its intent. "Amid mounting evidence of Iraq's ruined infrastructure and the painful consequences for ordinary Iraqis, Pentagon officials more readily acknowledge the severe impact of the 43-day air bombardment on Iraq's economic future and civilian population. Their explanations these days of the bombing's goals and methods suggest that the allies, relying on traditional concepts of strategic warfare, sought to achieve some of their military objectives in the Persian Gulf War by disabling Iraqi society at large. "Though many details remain classified, interviews with those involved in the targeting disclose three main contrasts with the administration's earlier portrayal of a campaign aimed solely at Iraq's armed forces and their lines of supply and command. Some targets, especially late in the war, were bombed primarily to create postwar leverage over Iraq, not to influence the course of the conflict itself. Planners now say their intent was to destroy or damage valuable facilities that Baghdad could not repair without foreign assistance.

89. C-SPAN: U.S.- IRAQ RELATIONS 1990-1998 USiraq RELATIONS 1990-1998. WATCHPRESIDENT Cmte. about that meeting and US policy towards iraq before the Persian Gulf War. WATCH http://www.c-span.org/iraq/history.asp?Cat=Current_Event&Code=Iraq

90. Condi's Phony History - Sorry, Dr. Rice, Postwar Germany Was Nothing Like Iraq. Ricea-phony history? As American post-conflict combat deaths in iraq overtook the wartime number, the administration counseled patience. http://slate.msn.com/id/2087768/

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money document.write('') Web Search: document.write(''); logoImg("http://sc.msn.com"); Print E-mail Discuss Alerts ... About Us Search Slate Advanced Search history lesson The history behind current events. Condi's Phony History Sorry, Dr. Rice, postwar Germany was nothing like Iraq. By Daniel Benjamin Posted Friday, Aug. 29, 2003, at 4:04 PM PT Rice-a-phony history? As American post-conflict combat deaths in Iraq overtook the wartime number, the administration counseled patience. "The war on terror is a test of our strength. It is a test of our perseverance, our patience, and our will," President Bush told an American Legion convention. National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice embellished the message with what former White House speechwriters immediately recognize as a greatest-generation pander. "There is an understandable tendency to look back on America's experience in postwar Germany and see only the successes," she told the Veterans of Foreign Wars in San Antonio, Texas, on Aug. 25. "But as some of you here today surely remember, the road we traveled was very difficult. 1945 through 1947 was an especially challenging period. Germany was not immediately stable or prosperous. SS officers—called 'werewolves'—engaged in sabotage and attacked both coalition forces and those locals cooperating with them—much like today's Baathist and Fedayeen remnants." Speaking to the same group on the same day, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld noted

91. Scholastic News In-depth: Rebuilding Iraq history of Conflict. Hussein s troops invaded neighboring Kuwait in 1990, hoping to control its immense oil wealth. The United Nations (UN) ordered iraq out of http://teacher.scholastic.com/scholasticnews/indepth/war-iraq/history/index.asp

Scholastic Home About Us Site Map Search ... Customer Service Iraq and the Gulf War UN Investigators Time Line Kids in Afghanistan Crisis in Holy Land ... Tension in South Asia Iraq Since the Gulf War By Amy Miller President George H.W. Bush participates in a briefing on the progress of the ground war with Iraq in his residence office in 1991. General Colin Powell points out areas on two maps of the Middle East. Also present is Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney. (Photo: Courtesy of George Bush Presidential Library.) For more than 10 years, the United States government and its allies , or friends, have wanted to overthrow President Saddam Hussein (sah-DAHM hoo-SANE), because they believe he is dangerous. He is a dictator , or a leader who rules by military force. Anyone who criticizes Hussein in public is either jailed or executed. regime [government] change would be in the best interests of the region, the best interests of the Iraqi people," says U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell. In early July, the public learned that the Pentagon had outlined a plan to attack Iraq from land, sea, and air. Thousands of soldiers would target airfields, roadways, and television and radio stations, according to the plan. They would destroy factories where government officials suspect Hussein makes nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons of mass destruction.

92. USATODAY.com - White House Disputes Parts Of Iraq 'secret History' White House disputes parts of iraq secret history By Judy Keen, USA TODAY. WASHINGTON — Bush administration officials are challenging some assertions in a http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2004-04-18-woodward-book_x.htm

Cars Jobs Franchises Business Opportunities ... Weather Politics Politics home Politics briefs Latest polls Political calendar Washington Washington home Washington briefs Government Guide Law Center Health Health home Medical resources Health information Editorial/Opinion Ed/Op home Columnists Cartoons More News Top news briefs Nation briefs World briefs States ... Talk Today Posted 4/18/2004 10:31 PM Updated 4/19/2004 3:37 AM Today's Top News Stories Bush seeks wider NATO role in Iraq Reagan's casket lies in state in Capitol Reagan ceremonies to shift to nation's capital Wholesale inventories fall unexpectedly in April ... Add USATODAY.com headlines to your Web site E-Mail Newsletters Sign up to receive our free Daily Briefing e-newsletter and get the top news of the day in your inbox. E-mail: Select one: HTML Text Breaking News E-Mail Alerts Get breaking news in your inbox as it happens LowerMyBills.com - More for you. Less for them. White House disputes parts of Iraq 'secret history' By Judy Keen, USA TODAY

93. Title Details - Cambridge University Press A history of iraq. 2nd Edition. Charles Tripp. £14.99. Charles Tripp has produced a wellwritten and well-researched overview of iraq’s history  the book http://titles.cambridge.org/catalogue.asp?isbn=052152900X

94. Rewriting History To Attack Bush On Iraq - Right Wing News (Conservative News An Rewriting history To Attack Bush On iraq. by John Hawkins. If you picked up a paper in the last week or so, you probably got the impression http://www.rightwingnews.com/john/bushiraq.php

Advertising Contact FAQ Home ... Links The home of America's Ambassador of Whoop@ss! Search Features A.C.P.O.T.I. Archives Best of RWN Humor Bloggers Select ... Symposiums Support Buy From My Wish List Referrers Mark Steyn Instapundit Tongue Tied Blackfive - The Paratrooper of Love ... Your Link Here? Retro RWN The Ann Coulter Doll And 10 Of My Favorite Quotes From Ann The Type Of Man George Bush Is 11 Quick Tips For New Bloggers Making The Case For A Federal Marriage Amendment ... Is History Sexist? Quotes "A leader, once convinced a particular course of action is the right one, must have the determination to stick with it and be undaunted when the going gets rough." Ronald Reagan Rewriting History To Attack Bush On Iraq by John Hawkins However, I want to address these claims that Bush lied in the build-up to the Iraq war. So let's take on the big issues, one by one. First off, Bush certainly said that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction. Here's just one of Bush's quotes on the subject, "The community of nations may see more and more of the very kind of threat Iraq poses now: a rogue state with weapons of mass destruction, ready to use them or provide them to terrorists. If we fail to respond today, Saddam and all those who would follow in his footsteps will be emboldened tomorrow." "In the four years since the inspectors left, intelligence reports show that Saddam Hussein has worked to rebuild his chemical and biological weapons stock, his missile delivery capability, and his nuclear program. He has also given aid, comfort, and sanctuary to terrorists, including Al Qaeda members, though there is apparently no evidence of his involvement in the terrible events of September 11, 2001. It is clear, however, that if left unchecked, Saddam Hussein will continue to increase his capacity to wage biological and chemical warfare, and will keep trying to develop nuclear weapons. Should he succeed in that endeavor, he could alter the political and security landscape of the Middle East, which as we know all too well affects American security."

95. A History Of Iraq (Charles Tripp) - Book Review A history of iraq. Charles Tripp. Cambridge University Press 2002 Amazon A book review by Danny Yee © 2003 http//dannyreviews.com/. http://dannyreviews.com/h/Iraq.html

Danny Yee's Book Reviews Subjects Titles Authors ... Latest A History of Iraq Charles Tripp Cambridge University Press 2002 Amazon A book review by Danny Yee There has been a spate of books on Iraq recently, but Tripp is a long-time Iraq specialist, not a newcomer to the subject. And, while his narrative runs down to mid-2002, when Saddam Hussein was facing increasing pressure from the United States and war seemed likely, recent events don't receive disproportionate attention: just over a third of A History of Iraq is devoted to the period since 1968. Tripp's account is chronological, beginning with the three Ottoman provinces (Baghdad, Basra, and Mosul) which became Iraq following the First World War. Then came the British Mandate, the Hashemite monarchy (1932 to 1958), and the Republic (1958 to 1968), before the rise of the Ba'ath and Saddam Hussein. The focus is on politics and above all on the state. Tripp explores the ways in which the Iraqi state has acted as a centre of gravity, as source of power, dispenser of resources, and propagator of ideologies. Ideas and social structures nationalism, pan-Arabism, patrimonialism and patronage, tribal affiliations, religious and ethnic divisions, etc. have been been moulded by the state even as they constrained it. "The principles and structures of patronage have been embedded in a political order that brings important elements of the state and the societies of Iraq into a relationship whereby forms of mutual dependence are created. Paradoxically, the fragmentation associated with this process has tended to reinforce it."

96. DoD 101 - An Introduction To The Military Analysis, background information and external links from the Federation of American Scientists / Military Analysis Network. http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/ops/iraq.htm

FAS Homepage Military Analysis Index Search ... Join FAS The file you are looking for is no longer available on the FAS web site. Similar information on military operations may be found at GlobalSecurity.org FAS Homepage Military Analysis Index ... Join FAS

97. CNN.com - Chileans Disrobe, Protest War On Iraq - Mar. 1, 2003 CNN http://cnn.com/2003/WORLD/americas/03/01/chile.protest.reut/index.html

The Web CNN.com Home Page World U.S. Weather ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-Mail Services CNNtoGO SEARCH Web CNN.com Chileans disrobe, protest war on Iraq One of the naked demonstrators painted "PEACE" on his chest. Story Tools SANTIAGO, Chile (Reuters) About 300 Chileans stripped naked on Saturday to protest a war on Iraq, demanding President Ricardo Lagos vote against the United States in the U.N. Security Council. In a park area cordoned off by police, a mostly young crowd of bare-bottomed men and women jumped up and down and shouted "No to war. Yes to peace," then held up their hands and sang popular Latin American protest songs. "Lagos, Cut the crap. Chile says no to war," said a large red banner. Chile, one of six "swing votes" on the Security Council, is undecided on whether to support a draft resolution backed by the United States and Britain that would authorize military action against Iraq, which Washington suspects of hiding weapons of mass destruction. "This is a call to society to join together and get naked now against the war because it means getting rid of clothing, uniforms, social classes, flags and ideologies all those things that divide us," said protest organizer Francisco Elgueta. The protesters later put their clothes on and marched to the presidential palace. Police sprayed them with water cannons and arrested several people.

98. CNN.com - Iraq's Foreign Minister: Blix Report Meager - Feb. 1, 2003 CNN http://cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/02/01/sprj.irq.sabri/index.html

The Web CNN.com Home Page World U.S. Weather ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-Mail Services CNNtoGO SEARCH Web CNN.com Iraq's foreign minister: Blix report meager Iraqi Foreign Minister Naji Sabri says the inspectors need to work with "more transparency, objectivity and impartiality." Story Tools SPECIAL REPORT Council on Iraq Iraq Tracker Al Samoud Showdown Iraq BAGHDAD, Iraq (CNN) Accusing the United States and Britain of pressuring weapons inspectors for political purposes, Iraqi Foreign Minister Naji Sabri says the inspectors need to work with "more transparency, objectivity and impartiality." He also calls the report to the U.N. Security Council earlier this week by chief U.N. weapons inspector Hans Blix "meager," focusing on "negative presumptions and allegations that are groundless." Sabri detailed Iraq's stance in a 14-page letter to the January president of the Security Council, Jean-Marc de la Sabliere of France. CNN was provided a five-page summary of the letter by the Iraqi Foreign Ministry. "Iraq has offered all efforts required to implement Resolution 1441 and regrettably the UNMOVIC statement mentions a charge saying Iraq has not genuinely accepted the disarmament of its weapons," according to the summary, which was written in Arabic. He said Blix's report simply confirmed "the need by UNMOVIC to have more transparency, objectivity and impartiality" and that inspectors should adopt "technical dialogue with the Iraqi side to remove any vagueness on any issue facing it."

99. CNN.com - Baghdad: Inspections Show Iraq Is Credible - Jan. 3, 2003 CNN http://cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/01/02/sproject.irq.inspections/index.html

CNN Europe CNN Asia Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese On CNN TV Transcripts Headline News CNN International ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-Mail Services CNNtoGO SEARCH Web CNN.com Baghdad: Inspections show Iraq is credible U.N. chemical, biological experts busy U.N. inspectors walk through the Al Fatah State Company west of Baghdad on Thursday. Story Tools VIDEO CNN's Rym Brahimi reports Iraqi officials are saying their weapons declarations are credible and the U.S. is lying for political reasons (January 2) PLAY VIDEO RELATED U.N. aerial searches stalled Bush: Pyongyang, Baghdad issues not comparable What would war with Iraq cost? Coalition aircraft bomb Iraqi defense site SPECIAL REPORT War Tracker On the Scene Map U.S. Iraq ... Special Report BAGHDAD, Iraq (CNN) The director of Iraq's monitoring agency has said five weeks of U.N. inspections prove that Iraq is credible in its declaration that it no longer has weapons of mass destruction. The inspections have been "intrusive and surprising," said Gen. Hossam Mohammed Amin, who heads Iraq's National Monitoring Directorate, the agency that cooperates with the United Nations in assessing the country's inventory of weapons programs. "All those activities prove that the Iraqi declarations are credible and the American allegations are baseless," Amin said Thursday. "They are lying for political reasons."

100. CNN.com - UK Report Reveals Iraq Abuses - Dec. 2, 2002 CNN http://cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/12/01/uk.iraq/index.html

CNN Europe CNN Asia Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese On CNN TV Transcripts Headline News CNN International ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-Mail Services CNNtoGO SEARCH Web CNN.com UK report reveals Iraq abuses Straw: "The dossier makes for harrowing reading, with accounts of torture, rape and other horrific human rights abuses" Story Tools SPECIAL REPORT War Tracker On the Scene Map U.S. Iraq ... Special Report LONDON, England Britain has published a dossier of torture, rape and other human rights abuses carried out by the Iraqi regime. The report, released by UK Foreign Secretary Jack Straw on Monday, contains graphic first-hand accounts by Iraqi victims of the regime's human rights abuses, as well as intelligence material and evidence from aid charities working in Iraq. It makes clear that the abuses are carried out as a policy of the Iraqi dictator, Straw said. But human rights group have expressed scepticism about the motives behind the dossier's publication. Amnesty International secretary general Irene Khan told the Press Association: "This selective attention to human rights is nothing but a cold and calculated manipulation of the work of human rights activists. "Let us not forget that the same governments turned a blind eye to Amnesty International's reports of widespread human rights violations in Iraq before the Gulf War."

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