61. Occupation Watch: Turning The Page On Iraq's History Home » Reports From iraq » Cultural Heritage » Turning the page on iraq s history. Turning the page on iraq s history. As revised http://www.occupationwatch.org/article.php?id=1699

62. United Press International Commentary Iraq, History And The United Press International, Commentary iraq, history and the polls By Steve Sailer UPI National Correspondent Published 4/1/2003 411 PM. http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20030401-043535-4187r

63. War In Iraq, History Of War, Lesson Plan, Law Of War, International Law, United What evidence can you find in the brief history that supports this argument? 2. Who was Hugo Grotius? Why was he important? Return to War in iraq home page. http://www.crf-usa.org/Iraqwar_html/iraqwar_lawofwar.html

War and International Law A Brief History of the Law of War The roots of international law are long and ancient. Archaeologists have unearthed treaties between two Mesopotamian rulers dating back to 3100 B.C. Egyptian pharoahs also left records of treaties in effect with neighboring peoples. The ancient Chinese created what might be called international law as early as 2500 B.C. Of all ancient peoples, however, the development of modern international law owes the most to the Romans. Pax Romana From about 31 B.C. to the fifth century A.D., almost the entire civilized Western world was politically united under the Roman Empire. To accomplish the feat of controlling the lands conquered by its mighty armies, Rome developed a powerful central administration. Organization, military power, government and law kept the empire at relative peace and so the whole era has been called Pax Romana (Pax means peace in Latin). On the basis of universal law, the Romans developed a system of law called jus gentium (law of nations). It was international law used throughout the empire. The power of Rome enforced the law. The Middle Ages With the fall of Rome and its empire, Pax Romana ended and what had been Roman Europe fell into a period of upheaval and political instability. Threatened by foes from the north and east, people looked for protection by forming alliances on the local level. These unstable political conditions gave rise to the early versions of feudalism, with kings and nobles exercising control over relatively small areas. The local population swore loyalty to a noble or king in exchange for protection and security. During this period, people sought a stabilizing force for bringing order to what, in comparison to Pax Romana, must have seemed a brutal and chaotic time. Of all the institutions of the Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church offered the best chance to fulfill the role once held by Rome. It could provide a moral voice, even if it were unable in any ongoing way to provide the military and political muscle to impose order.

64. The History Guy: Iraq-U.S./UK War (1991-Present) brief description of the ongoing conflict between the United States, Great Britain and iraq. Designed as a resource for students, researchers and history buffs http://www.historyguy.com/Iraq-U.S._Conflict.html

This page has changed and moved. Please go to http://www.historyguy.com/no-fly_zone_war.html for the new, updated page.

65. "The Iraq Crisis - An Overview" This page provides an overview of iraqi history and the history of the conflict between iraq, the US and the UN, iraqi production of weapons of mass destruction http://www.mideastweb.org/iraq.htm

The Iraq Crisis home news peacewatch top stories ... donations This page provides an overview of Iraqi history and the history of the conflict between Iraq, the US and the UN, Iraqi production of weapons of mass destruction, obstruction of UN inspections and provides some key resource links. A detailed timeline of Iraqi history is given here, including links to UN resolutions Iraq books Map of Iraq Map of Kuwait ... Iraq- Source Documents The Iraq Crisis - An Overview Iraq and other "Persian Gulf" countries were created following World War I as protectorates of Great Britain. They were carved out of Mesopotamia, formerly part of the Turkish Empire. Iraq itself includes three major groups: Sunni Muslims in the center surrounding the capital of Baghdad, Kurds in the north and Shi'a Muslims in the south. About 15% of the population is Kurdish, 80% Arab. Some 60% are Shi'ite Arab Muslims like their neighbors in Iran, but they are Arabs, not Persians. There are also significant Assyrian and Turkomen minorities in the north. None of of these groups were given any national rights in the League of nations settlement. National and tribal disputes, as well as friction with Western powers trying to control Iraqi oil, have played a great part in Iraqi history. Click on map to display a larger map.

66. Boing Boing: Digital Cameras Change History In Iraq Digital cameras change history in iraq Boing Boing Guestbar alum Todd Lappin sez Some interesting comments from a front page story in Thursday s Washington http://boingboing.net/2004/05/06/digital_cameras_chan.html

A DIRECTORY OF WONDERFUL THINGS suggest a site home archives store ... xeni Thursday, May 6, 2004 Digital cameras change history in Iraq Boing Boing Guestbar alum Todd Lappin sez: "Some interesting comments from a front page story in Thursday's Washington Post about the role digital cameras have played in in the Abu Ghraib prison abuse debacle. If Vietnam was the first televised war, Iraq will probably be remembered as the war in which personal media technology altered the course of history." For many units serving in Iraq, digital cameras are pervasive and yet another example of how technology has transformed the way troops communicate with relatives back home. From Basra to Baghdad, they e-mail pictures home. Some soldiers, including those in the 372nd, even packed video cameras along with their rifles and Kevlar helmets. Bill Lawson, whose nephew, Staff Sgt. Ivan L. "Chip" Frederick, is one of the soldiers charged in the incident, said that Frederick sent home pictures from Iraq on a few occasions. They were "just ordinary photos, like a tourist would take" and nothing showing prisoner abuse, he said. "I would say that's something that's very common that's going on in Iraq because it's so convenient and easy to do," Lawson said of troops sending pictures home. He added that his nephew also mailed videocassettes "of him talking into a camcorder to [his wife] when he was going on his rounds."

67. First Coast News | Article Key Events in iraq s history. http://www.firstcoastnews.com/news/news-article.aspx?storyid=1805

68. How Iraq's History Is Being Written By The Aggressors Spotlight. How iraq s history is being written by the aggressors. The distortions and lies of the British media. By Redress Information Analysis. 11 April 2003. http://www.redress.btinternet.co.uk/media.htm

Spotlight How Iraq's history is being written by the aggressors The distortions and lies of the British media 11 April 2003 HOME SPOTLIGHT MENU History is written by the victors. Already, before the Anglo-American conquest of Iraq is even complete, the creation of myths, the distortion of facts and the abuse of language is in full swing, with hacks, propagandists, "analysts" and politicians - some of whom cannot even pronounce the name "Iraq" - in the driving seat. Conquest has become liberation. The heroic resistance fighters have become terrorists. Looters and outright criminals have become figures of admiration, their crimes symbols of their newly-found freedom, to be marvelled at rather than condemned. Genuine joy at the fall of a tyrant is being deliberately and misleadingly portrayed as an expression of welcome for the invaders. Some of these misrepresentations may be the result of genuine ignorance and the lack of professionalism on the part of journalists, particularly the embedded ones, many of whom are poorly-trained and inexperienced but fiercely ambitious freelancers who have been temporarily hired by the big broadcasting networks specifically to cover the aggression against Iraq. For these journalists, this is their "big break", their chance to "make it" to the national and global media with false scoops and the distortion of events which, for them, become "news" only when simplified beyond any recognition. They have little time to check their sources or corroborate their facts, let alone learn about the history and culture of Iraq and its neighbours. Here, the soundbite and the drama are far more important than the truth, which might not appeal to their bosses and the political elite back home.

69. Salon.com | Liberate Iraq's History Now! Liberate iraq s history now! The US should seal its commitment to a free iraq by releasing captured documents and its own archives http://www.salon.com/opinion/feature/2003/04/19/iraq_history/

var ipoll_c = 415; var ipoll_r = 1; Search All of Salon.com Directory Hot Topics Joe Conason Right Hook World Press Mark Fiore ... Arianna Huffington Articles by date All of Salon.com By department Find a job Search our Personals ... Newsletter Salon Communities The Well Table Talk Salon Blogs Salon Credit Card ... Table Talk [Spirited Salon forums] What did Reagan's life and death mean to you? Will Scott Peterson walk? Posts of the week The Well [Pioneering members-only discussions] Rock 'n' roll memoirs Sound Off E-mail Salon Send us a Letter to the Editor Recent Letters Downloads Get Salon.com on your PDA Liberate Iraq's history now! The U.S. should seal its commitment to a free Iraq by releasing captured documents and its own archives, so Iraqis can examine their own past. By James G. Hershberg WASHINGTON The Saddam Hussein era and the war that ended it are rapidly slipping into history but Iraqi historians, long shackled by Baath censorship, repression and secrecy, are going to need a lot of help if they are going to be able to reconstruct, document, debate and ultimately digest what has happened to their country. Despite the departure of the ancien regime and the incipient chance for free intellectual and scholarly activity, the legacy of decades of dictatorship and the chaos and destruction of war and its aftermath pose daunting challenges to the emergence of serious historical inquiry in post-Saddam Iraq. Yet, as in other post-totalitarian transitional societies, this enterprise is more than an abstract, "ivory-tower" exercise: It is essential to the already fragile hope for emergence of a new generation of Iraqi students, scholars, journalists and citizens capable of transcending the poisonous brainwashing, isolation and indoctrination of the past.

70. About The History Of Iraq Teacher s Lounge Archives. About the history of iraq By HNN Staff. history OF iraq IN 10 MINUTES Virginia Tech Critical Media Literacy in Times of War. http://hnn.us/articles/1032.html

donations archives newsletter contact ... FAQ''s June 9, 2004 Text Size: A A A Departments Breaking News Features HNN Blogs Hot Topics ... Log In Teacher's Lounge Archives About the History of Iraq By HNN Staff This list will be constantly updated over the coming months. Descriptions of the articles in some cases are drawn from the articles themselves. HNN INDEX: THE LOOTING OF IRAQ'S HERITAGE Articles and excerpts on HNN related to the looting and burning of the national museum, the national library and the repository of the Korans. ARMING IRAQ Chronology of the U.S. support for Iraq beginning in 1983. IRAQ AND DEMOCRACY Why Iraq Might Be a Better Candidate for Democracy than You Think HISTORY OF IRAQ IN 10 MINUTES Virginia Tech: Critical Media Literacy in Times of War HISTORY OF IRAQ IN 10 MINUTES Journalist Alan W. Bock, "A Turbulent Past" WAS WAR IN 2003 WISE? Historians' Roundtable: Ian Kershaw; Mark Mazower; Andrew Roberts; Simon Schama; Linda Colley; Eric Hobsbawm; Richard Evans; Avi Schlaim; Paul Kennedy; Michael Burleigh; Norman Davies; Richard Overy. REVIEW OF BOOKS ABOUT IRAQ A journalist reviews books about Saddam, American policy toward Iraq, and Iraqi history.

71. Iraqi WMDs gathered by this and other governments leaves no doubt that the iraq regime continues accept that in the last few years contrary to all history, contrary to http://www.rotten.com/library/history/war/wmd/saddam/

rotten Library History War ... Weapons of Mass Destruction Iraqi WMDs "From a marketing point of view, you don't introduce new products in August." Andrew H. Card, Jr. White House Chief of Staff The New York Times September 7, 2002 President George W Bush had a serious problem. In 2002, he was trying to sell the American people a war against Iraqi despot Saddam Hussein . But despite a wide selection of rationales offered to justify the thing, very few people were buying. When none of his advertising slogans seemed to be working, Bush had no choice but to employ a little old-fashioned puffery. So the President and his lackeys tweaked the message. They started promoting the idea that Saddam currently possessed significant weapons of mass destruction , poised to strike the United States and Britain. That certainly got people's attention. In fact, it scared the shit out of them. Public opinion quickly swayed in favor of military intervention, and the rest is history. Since the war, however, millions of Americans have concluded that they are victims of false advertising. None of the fabled WMDs has actually shown up, despite months of intensive searching. Understandably, people feel they were lied to. But let's start at the beginning. Prior to the 2001

72. The History Of The Republic Of Iraq The history of the Republic of iraq. Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World history Archives and does http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/51/index-l.html

The history of the Republic of Iraq Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World History Archives The history of West Asia in general The history of the capitalist war upon Iraq from 1990 The history of the Kurds and Kurdistan ... Resources for the history of the Republic of Iraq

73. Arming Iraq: A Chronology Of U.S. Involvement Senate Committee on Banking. May 25, 1994; Timeline A walk Through iraq s history. US Department of State; Doing Business The Arming of iraq. http://www.iranchamber.com/history/articles/arming_iraq.php

Home History Iran's Guide Podium Arming Iraq: A Chronology of U.S. Involvement By: John King, March 2003 What follows is an accurate chronology of United States involvement in the arming of Iraq during the Iraq-Iran war 1980-88. It is a powerful indictment of the president Bush administration attempt to sell war as a component of his war on terrorism. It reveals US ambitions in Iraq to be just another chapter in the attempt to regain a foothold in the Mideast following the fall of the Shah of Iran. rming Iraq and the Path to War A crisis always has a history, and the current crisis with Iraq is no exception. Below are some relevant dates. September, 1980. Iraq invades Iran. The beginning of the Iraq-Iran war. [8] February, 1982. Despite objections from congress, President Reagan removes Iraq from its list of known terrorist countries. [1] December, 1982. Hughes Aircraft ships 60 Defender helicopters to Iraq. [9] 1982-1988. Defense Intelligence Agency provides detailed information for Iraq on Iranian deployments, tactical planning for battles, plans for air strikes and bomb damage assessments. [4] November, 1983. Banca Nazionale del Lavoro of Italy and its Branch in Atlanta begin to funnel $5 billion in unreported loans to Iraq. Iraq, with the blessing and official approval of the US government, purchased computer controlled machine tools, computers, scientific instruments, special alloy steel and aluminum, chemicals, and other industrial goods for Iraq's missile, chemical, biological and nuclear weapons programs. [14]

74. History Of Iran: Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988 The Iraniraq War permanently altered the course of iraqi history. It strained iraqi political and social life, and led to severe economic dislocations. http://www.iranchamber.com/history/iran_iraq_war/iran_iraq_war1.php

Home History Iran's Guide Podium Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988 Page: 1 Page ran-Iraq War, 1980 - 1988 Iraqi president Saddam Hussein ordered the invasion of Iran on 22 september 1980 The Iran-Iraq War was multifaceted and included religious schisms, border disputes, and political differences. Conflicts contributing to the outbreak of hostilities ranged from centuries old Sunni-versus-Shia and Arab-versus-Persian religious and ethnic disputes, to a personal animosity between Saddam Hussein and Ayatollah Khomeini. Above all, Iraq launched the war in an effort to consolidate its rising power in the Arab world and to replace Iran as the dominant Persian Gulf state. Phebe Marr, a noted analyst of Iraqi affairs, stated that "the war was more immediately the result of poor political judgement and miscalculation on the part of Saddam Hussein," and "the decision to invade, taken at a moment of Iranian weakness, was Saddam's". Iraq and Iran had engaged in border clashes for many years and had revived the dormant Arvand-Roud (Shatt al Arab) waterway dispute in 1979. Iraq claimed the 200-kilometer channel up to the Iranian shore as its territory, while Iran insisted that the line running down the middle of the waterway negotiated last in 1975, was the official border. The Iraqis, especially the Baath leadership, regarded the 1975 treaty as merely a truce, not a definitive settlement. The Iraqis also perceived revolutionary Iran's Islamic agenda as threatening to their pan-Arabism. Khomeini, bitter over his expulsion from Iraq in 1977 after fifteen years in An Najaf, vowed to avenge Shia victims of Baathist repression. Baghdad became more confident, however, as it watched the once invincible Imperial Iranian Army disintegrate, as most of its highest ranking officers were executed. In Khouzestan (Arabistan to the Iraqis), Iraqi intelligence officers incited riots over labor disputes, and in the Kurdish region, a new rebellion caused the Khomeini government severe troubles.

75. The Country And People Of Iraq history Modern iraq is approximately coextensive with ancient Mesopotamia, and prior to the Arab conquest in the 7th cent. AD it http://www.hejleh.com/countries/iraq.html

Special Arab Files This page contains links to sites in Iraq and Iraq related sites. For Middle East, North Africa, Arab and regional information visit Arab Countries Iraq, Kurdistan ), are the principal minority. Arabic is the official language in most of the country; Kurdish is official in northern sections; Assyrian and Armenian are spoken by some. History Kurdistan, Used by permission of Columbia University Press. About.... General information, cities, towns, municipalities, places, flag, maps, useful Information.... Business Economy, reports, statistics, banks, directories, jobs, investment, promotion.... Culture Education Schools, colleges, academies, universities, polytechnics, institutions, research, resources, projects.... History Media Newspapers, magazines, news, newsletters, news agencies, radio, TV, internet, articles, reports, cartoons.... Organizations Government, ministries, overseas missions, embassies, corporations, organizations, industrial entities, centers, public hospitals, institutions, societies, foreign entities....

76. BSHM - History Of Maths And Iraq War iraq the history of mathematics and the aftermath of war. Eleanor Robson er264@cam.ac.uk. This matters enormously for the intellectual history of early iraq. http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/Iraq/iraq-war.htm

The British Society for the History of Mathematics HOME About BSHM BSHM Council Join BSHM ... Search Iraq: the history of mathematics and the aftermath of war Eleanor Robson er264@cam.ac.uk This article first appeared in BSHM Newsletter (Autumn 2003), 1-9. This on-line version contains thumbnail images which link to larger copies of the pictures. A text-only version is also available Introduction Assessing the damage: ancient artefacts and archaeology Assessing the damage: looted libraries ... References COVER ILLUSTRATION: Hariri of Basra's Maqamat ('The Assemblies'), written in about 1100 CE, is an erudite and entertaining collection of short stories and anecdotes. It was immensely popular throughout the Arab speaking world for centuries. This illustration of the Second Assembly, painted in Baghdad Yahya ibn Mahmud of Wasit (also in southern Iraq) in 1237 CE, shows a public library in Basra, 'the council-hall of scholars, the meeting-place of residents and strangers'. Its modern successor, Basra Central Public Library, was completely looted in April this year. Source: . There is an English translation of the Maqamat at The Internet Medieval Sourcebook at Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies.

77. Iraq (10/03) history Once known as Mesopotamia, iraq was the site of flourishing ancient civilizations, including the Sumerian, Babylonian, and Parthian cultures. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/6804.htm

[Print Friendly Version] Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs October 2003 Background Note: Iraq PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Iraq Geography Area: 437,072 sq. km.; about the size of California. Cities: Capital Baghdad (pop. 3.8 million 1986 est.). Other cities Basrah, Mosul, Karkuk, As Sulaymaniyah, Irbil. Terrain: Alluvial plains, mountains, and desert. Climate: Mostly hot and dry. People Nationality: Noun and adjective Iraqi(s). Population (2002 est.): 24,011,816. Annual growth rate (2002 est.): 2.82%. Ethnic groups: Arab 75%-80%, Kurd 15%-20%, Turkman, Chaldean, Assyrian, or others less than 5%. Religions: Shi'a Muslim 60%, Sunni Muslim 32%-37%, Christian 3%, Yezidi less than 1%. Languages: Arabic, Kurdish, Assyrian, Armenian. Education: Years compulsory primary school (age 6 through grade 6). Literacy Health: Infant mortality rate (2002 est.)57.61 deaths/1,000. Life expectancy 67.38 yrs. Work force (2000, 4.4 million): Agriculture industry services 31% (1989 est.). Government An Iraqi Interim Administration, which includes the Interim Ministers and the Iraqi Governing Council (GC), is progressively assuming executive responsibilities within the framework of the Coalition Provisional Authority's (CPA) temporary responsibilities and authorities in Iraq. Independence: 1932. Administrative subdivisions: 18 provinces.

78. FAIR ACTION ALERT: Spying In Iraq: From Fact To Allegation FAIR Fairness Accuracy In Reporting 112 W. 27th Street New York, NY 10001 ACTION ALERT Spying in iraq From Fact to Allegation. September 24, 2002. http://www.fair.org/activism/unscom-history.html

FAIR ACTION ALERT: Spying in Iraq: From Fact to Allegation September 24, 2002 Nothing makes a newspaper prouder than a juicy foreign-policy scoop. Except, it seems, when the scoop ends up raising awkward questions about a U.S. administration's drive for war. Back in 1999, major papers ran front-page investigative stories revealing that the CIA had covertly used U.N. weapons inspectors to spy on Iraq for the U.S.'s own intelligence purposes. "United States officials said today that American spies had worked undercover on teams of United Nations arms inspectors," the New York Times reported (1/7/99).  According to the  Washington Post (3/2/99), the U.S. "infiltrated agents and espionage equipment for three years into United Nations arms control teams in Iraq to eavesdrop on the Iraqi military without the knowledge of the U.N. agency."  Undercover U.S. agents "carried out an ambitious spying operation designed to penetrate Iraq's intelligence apparatus and track the movement of Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein, according to U.S. and U.N. sources," wrote the Boston Globe Each of the three news stories ran on the papers' front pages. At first, U.S. officials tried to deny them, but as more details emerged, "spokesmen for the CIA, Pentagon, White House and State Department declined to repeat any categorical denials" (Washington Post, 3/2/99). By the spring of 1999, the UNSCOM spying reported by the papers was accepted as fact by other outlets, and even defended; "Experts say it is naive to believe that the United States and other governments would not have used the opportunity presented by the U.N. commission to spy on a country that provoked the Persian Gulf War in 1991 and that has continued to tangle with U.S. and British forces," USA Today reported (3/3/99).

79. Sacbee.com -- Iraq -- History Full Of Examples Of POW Mistreatment Hilton, where American POWs were held in Vietnam, military history is rife Interactive Map. Visit sacbee.com s Conflict With iraq Interactive Map for weather http://www.sacbee.com/24hour/special_reports/iraq/story/1349784p-8544253c.html

Some features on this site require that JavaScript be turned on. Sacbee.com The Sacramento Bee News Sports Business Politics ... Shopping Sacbee: 24-Hour News / Occupation of Iraq Powered by: accessBee Internet for just $13.95 Sections: 24-HOUR NEWS Breaking News Casualties, MIAs, POWs BEE COVERAGE Iraq-Related News Desert Storm MULTIMEDIA Audio Reports Bee Photos Slide Show Wire Photos Slide Show Weather/Info Map History full of examples of POW mistreatment By RICHARD PYLE, Associated Press NEW YORK (AP) - As long as there have been wars, there have been prisoners of war, and abuse of prisoners. From the Confederacy's notorious Andersonville prison of the Civil War to the Hanoi Hilton, where American POWs were held in Vietnam, military history is rife with grim stories of brutality, starvation and humiliation in captivity. The recently disclosed mistreatment of Iraqis by U.S. troops at the Abu Ghraib prison in Baghdad has stirred revulsion and anguish in the United States and brought to mind other grievous episodes involving prisoners of war. Among them: the slaying of war chief Crazy Horse, who was bayoneted while in Army custody in 1877, the year after he helped lead the Indian victory over Lt. Col. George Custer's 7th Cavalry at Little Big Horn.

80. Iraq Chat April 9th what a day in iraq s history Baghdad is finally Free..! This is a day that most of us iraqis never thought will see in this life time. http://www.iraqchat.com/

Politics Sports Business Health ... Add Links http://www.iraqchat.com/iraqi.htm Skip Flash Introduction Welcome to Iraq Chat Man has been living since the far distant past in Mesopotamia, the land between two rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates. The Story of Iraq is that of a succession of waves of civilization which made their contribution in the fields of philosophy, science and arts. It is the country where the wheel was invented, the first form of writing developed and the first astronomical observations made. BBC News Updated Daily Al Arab Online updated Daily April 9th what a day in Iraq's history Baghdad is finally Free..! This is a day that most of us Iraqis never thought will see in this life time. Iraqis today are free to determine their future and we hope that the US will come through with the promises of implementing a democratic and a FREE IRAQ. The fall of Baghdad today APRIL 9th to US Forces is historic and Iraqis must take advantage of this time to rebuild a free and a democratic Iraq that is neighborly and with a focus to be a big part of the peaceful world community.

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