41. Welcome To Iraq Offers short articles on country, history and culture, links for background and information on political organisations and minorities. Campaigning against the actual political system of iraq. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Ithaca/3291/

Welcome To Iraq This simple site is dedicated to the Iraqi people, regardless of color, religion, ethnic background, ideology, or political affiliation who are dreaming of a better tomorrow. THE TYRANT IS DOWN .. A NEW AGE HAS STARTED OUR PEOPLE OF IRAQ - REJOICE AND CELEBRATE, NO MORE SADDAM, NO MORE DEATH, NO MORE TORTURE CLICK TO SEE MORE Freedom to Iraq Post appeals, Iraqi regime's atrocities, violations, reports, analysis, ..etc to help build a new post-dictatorship Iraq The black File Read Amnesty International Report on Iraqi regime's atrocities Sign Guestbook View Guestbook View latest guestbook ... View old guestbook Save Iraq Support putting Saddam Hussein and his gang to trial Support INDICT Visitors since July 1998 Read Articles By Iraqi Writers on Iraqi current Issues Articles represent their writers' views window.open('http://us.toto.geo.yahoo.com/toto?s=76001076', '_geo_toto', 'width=515,height=125');

42. BBC - History - British Relations With Iraq BBC Homepage. history. Topics. Wars and Conflict. iraq Conflict in Context. Timelines. Historic Figures. history Trails. Programmes. Talk history. Multimedia Zone. About. British Relations with iraq. By Derek Hopwood iraq changed from being a western ally to an arch enemy in two decades Derek Hopwood unravels the two countries' shared history, and reflects on other periods when British troops http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/iraq/britain_iraq_01.shtml

@import url('/includes/tbenh.css') ; Home TV Radio Talk ... A-Z Index THURSDAY 10th June 2004 Text only BBC Homepage History Topics ... Help Like this page? Send it to a friend! British Relations with Iraq By Derek Hopwood Iraq changed from being a western ally to an arch enemy in two decades. With British troops currently active in the region, Derek Hopwood unravels the two countries' shared history, and reflects on other periods when British troops have been on Iraqi soil. Page 1 of 8 1. An ancient civilisation 2. World War One 3. The foundation of Iraq 4. The rise of the army ... Print entire article An ancient civilisation The present state of Iraq was founded by Great Britain in 1920, on land of great historical antiquity, then known as Mesopotamia. The country lay between two rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates - and was the birthplace of the ancient civilisations of Sumeria, Babylon and Nineveh. 'This was the glittering city of the Arabian nights and of Harun al-Rashid.' The present capital of Iraq, Baghdad, lies near the site of Babylon and was founded by the Arab Abbasid dynasty in the eighth century AD. This was the glittering city of the Arabian nights and of Harun al-Rashid, which in 1258 was destroyed by the invading Mongols and became a rather provincial backwater until it was conquered again, this time in 1534 by the Ottomans, who made it the chief city of the province of Baghdad. Eventually, separate provinces of Mosul to the north and Basra to the south were created. These three provinces looked out in different directions. Mosul - a mountainous region largely inhabited by fiercely independent-minded Kurds - looked north to neighbouring Turkish Anatolia. Baghdad faced across the deserts to Syria and east to Persia. Finally Basra, at the head of the Persian Gulf, looked seaward as far as India.

43. Turning The Page On Iraq's History | Csmonitor.com Turning the page on iraq s history. As revised history books roll off iraq s presses this month, some critics charge that they have moved from onesided to no http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/1104/p11s01-legn.html

WORLD USA COMMENTARY LEARNING ... Text Edition Search: In this week's Learning section: Reading, writing, and ... war? 'Roll up your sleeves. Let the work begin.' A second look at the biology lab California students fall into state budget gap ... Kidspace A weekly feature for students aged 6 to 14. Teachers : Don't miss our Kidspace archive 50 years of integration Competition for college Campus Aftershocks ... more projects... Most-viewed stories: (for 06/08/04) Antidote to 'Iraq is Vietnam' Worldviews: Reagan and Bush 'Roll up your sleeves. Let the work begin.' How the G-8 Summit passed Savannah by ... Learning from the November 04, 2003 edition Turning the page on Iraq's history As revised history books roll off Iraq's presses this month, some critics charge that they have moved from one-sided to 'no-sided.' By Christina Asquith BAGHDAD For 15 years, high school history teacher Abtsam Jassom has dutifully taught 20th-century history according to the Baath Party. In it, America was the greedy invader, every Iraqi war was justified and victorious, and Zionists were the cause of world suffering. Now, however, with the ouster of former President Saddam Hussein, US officials say teachers will finally be free to teach a more factual account of historical events. But the question is: Whose account will that be?

44. Turning The Page On Iraq's History | Csmonitor.com from the November 04, 2003 edition http//www.csmonitor.com/2003/1104/p11s01-legn.html. Turning the page on iraq s history. As revised http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/1104/p11s01-legn.htm

from the November 04, 2003 edition - http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/1104/p11s01-legn.html Turning the page on Iraq's history As revised history books roll off Iraq's presses this month, some critics charge that they have moved from one-sided to 'no-sided.' By Christina Asquith BAGHDAD - For 15 years, high school history teacher Abtsam Jassom has dutifully taught 20th-century history according to the Baath Party. In it, America was the greedy invader, every Iraqi war was justified and victorious, and Zionists were the cause of world suffering. Now, however, with the ouster of former President Saddam Hussein, US officials say teachers will finally be free to teach a more factual account of historical events. But the question is: Whose account will that be? The first indicator of what a Saddam-free education will look like is arriving this month, as millions of newly revised textbooks roll off the printing presses to be distributed to Iraq's 5.5 million schoolchildren in 16,000 schools. All 563 texts were heavily edited and revised over the summer by a team of US-appointed Iraqi educators. Every image of Saddam and the Baath Party has been removed. But so has much more - including most of modern history. Pressured for time, and hoping to avoid political controversy, the Ministry of Education under the US-led coalition government removed any content considered "controversial," including the 1991 Gulf War; the Iran-Iraq war; and all references to Israelis, Americans, or Kurds.

45. British Colonialism And Repression In Iraq- Global Policy Forum Tripp takes examples from the modern history of iraq to argue that US actions, like those of Britain at an earlier period, reflect the logic of imperial power http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/iraq/history/britishindex.htm

about GPF What's New Newsletter Sitemap ... *Opinion Forum British Colonialism and Repression in Iraq Picture: Repairs of an armored car from No.1 Company in Iraq, British Royal Air Force, ca. 1923 (IWM HU. 49856, Fagg Collection) Britain set up a colonial regime in Iraq after a long military campaign during World War I. In response to Iraqi resistance, including a country-wide uprising in 1920, British forces battled for over a decade to pacify the country, using airplanes, armored cars, firebombs and mustard gas. Air attacks were used to shock and awe, to teach obedience and to force the collection of taxes. Winston Churchill, as responsible cabinet minister in the early years, saw Iraq as an experiment in high-technology colonial control. Though officials in London sometimes had qualms about the violence, colonial administrators on the ground like Gertrude Bell expressed enthusiasm for the power of the imperial military enterprise. History of Oil in Iraq British Colonialism and the Kurds Gulf War and a Decade of Sanctions US and British Support for Hussein Regime ... Aeroplanes and Armored Cars: Imposing British Colonial Control on Iraq in the 1920s (1998) In this brief excerpt from his book Colonial Empires and Armies 1815 – 1960 , V.G Kiernan explains how Britain used armored cars with air support to impose its colonial rule. The armored and air units operated jointly under the command of the fledgling Royal Air Force.

46. Iraq S History Is Written In Blood - Global Policy Forum - UN iraq s history Is Written in Blood. By Eric Margolis. Saddam, the Arab Stalin, emerged as the most ruthless but also most effective ruler in iraq s history. http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/iraq/history/2002/0802blood.htm

about GPF What's New Newsletter Sitemap ... *Opinion Forum Iraq's History Is Written in Blood By Eric Margolis Foreign Correspondent August 2, 2002 The Bush Administration's plans to invade Iraq and install a client regime in Baghdad may be popular in America, but to the outside world they increasingly recall old-fashioned British imperialism. If Administration hawks studied Iraq's gory history, they would learn it ranks among the most disastrous and tragic creations of Britain's colonial policy, and offers a grim reminder of what Bush's planned 'regime change' in Baghdad may bring. At the end of World War I, the victorious British and French fell like wolves on the rotting carcass of the defeated Ottoman Empire. After promising Arabs independence, Britain betrayed them, dividing the ex-Ottoman Mideast into weak states run from London. Oil had recently been discovered at either end of the Fertile Crescent: in the north around Mosul in Kurdish tribal territory; and in southern marshes bordering Iran. To secure oil for the Royal Navy, Britain created Iraq and put a puppet king, Faisal, on its throne. Faisal was to have been made king of Syria, but France managed to snatch Syria away from Britain. To form Iraq, Britain knitted together three utterly disparate, mutually hostile regions: Kurdish tribal lands: the Sunni Muslim region around Baghdad, then a small city with a predominantly Jewish and Christian population: and the Shia south. The result was an unstable, artificial Frankenstein state Ð a Mideast Yugoslavia.

47. Asia Times -Iraq's History Already Written iraq s history already written By K Gajendra Singh US chief administrator L Paul Bremer unveiled iraq s 25member governing council in Baghdad on Sunday. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/EG15Ak01.html

Search Asia Times Advanced Search Middle East Iraq's history already written By K Gajendra Singh US chief administrator L Paul Bremer unveiled Iraq's 25-member governing council in Baghdad on Sunday. It now looks like the beginnings of the rule by the British Governor Sir Percy Cox in the 1920s, after the British had carved out three provinces of the Ottoman empire after its collapse in World War I. After a long national resistance, King Feisel II - of a British-appointed dynasty - and his prime minister, Nuri-as Said, were overthrown and killed in a 1958 military takeover. The new council (1) replacing Saddam Hussein's Ba'ath Party regime consists of 13 Shi'ite Arab members ( who form nearly 60 percent of Iraq's 24 million population but who had for many years been excluded by the Sunni elite), five Sunni Arabs, five ethnic Sunni Kurds, who have lived in autonomous north Iraq since 1991, one Turkoman and one Assyrian Christian. The council includes three women and some tribal leaders. But it is not yet clear whether the council will have one leader, or some kind of a joint or rotating leadership.

48. AllRefer Encyclopedia - Iraq : History : Early History Through British Influence AllRefer.com reference and encyclopedia resource provides complete information on iraq history Early history through British Influence, Middle Eastern http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/I/Iraq-history.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather SEARCH : in Reference June 09, 2004 You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia Middle Eastern Political Geography ... Iraq By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z I Iraq, Middle Eastern Political Geography Related Category: Middle Eastern Political Geography Iraq or Irak [both: E Pronunciation Key History- Early History through British Influence Iraq is a veritable treasure house of antiquities, and recent archaeological excavations have greatly expanded the knowledge of ancient history. Prior to the Arab conquest in the 7th cent. A.D. , Iraq had been the site of a number of flourishing civilizations, including the Sumer , which developed one of the earliest known writing systems, Akkad Babylonia , and Assyria . The capital of the Abbasid caliphate was established at Baghdad in the 8th cent. and the city became a famous center for learning and the arts. Despite fierce resistance, Mesopotamia fell to the Ottoman Turks in the 16th cent. and passed under direct Ottoman administration in the 19th cent. (see Ottoman Empire , when it came to constitute the three Turkish provinces of Basra, Baghdad, and Mosul. At this time the area became of great interest to the European powers, especially the Germans, who wanted to extend the Berlin-Baghdad railroad all the way to the port of Kuwait.

49. Juan Cole * Informed Comment * nor helpful. Policy must take account of the nature and history of iraq, the most complex country in the region. However much iraqis http://www.juancole.com/2004_04_01_juancole_archive.html

Informed Comment Thoughts on the Middle East, History,and Religion Juan Cole is Professor of History at the University of Michigan Friday, April 30, 2004 Photographs of Abused Iraqi Prisoners Screen captures from the CBS 60 Minutes broadcast of photographs of abused Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghuraib prison are available at memory hole . Others are floating around the internet that are even more explicit. There was also apparently coerced male on male sexual activity. The genteel mainstream news reports of this scandal (which have given it less attention than it deserves or than it will get in the Arab press) have not commented on the explicitly sexual message sent by the abusers, which is that Iraq is f**ked. posted by Juan @ 4/30/2004 03:40:38 PM Guest Commentary: Ray Close on 'The Real Meaning of Fallujah' Guest Commentary Ray Close ' The proposed plan to turn over control of the Fallujah security situation to an Iraqi force under the command of four retired generals is much more significant than might at first be apparent. Strangely, George W. Bush does not seem willing yet to acknowledge this obvious defeat for his policies. One cannot attribute this merely to bad advice from his mentors, unless one is to believe that the neocons have a complete monopoly on all in-put to his mental processes. That is not a credible explanation. It seems more likely that his stubborn adherence to simplistic explanations of all anti-American sentiments and actions is another sign of his worrisome inability to comprehend the subtleties of this and other similar international challenges falling within the broad title of "the war on terror". Perhaps his intellectual mind-set ("there is no common ground between freedom and terrorism") simply makes it impossible for him to see the world as anything other than a zero-sum conflict between good and evil. That is very troubling quality, especially in the leader of a superpower.

50. Juan Cole * Informed Comment * Preposterous isn t it. history will record the Sayyid Muqtada AlSadr was the first hero of the Islamic Revoloution in iraq. Iran s http://www.juancole.com/

Informed Comment Thoughts on the Middle East, History,and Religion Juan Cole is Professor of History at the University of Michigan Wednesday, June 09, 2004 Torturegate, G8, and the Greater Middle East The Wall Street Journal's revelation of White House counsels' memoranda permitting what most people would consider torture on the basis of the president's position as commander in chief in wartime is among the most chilling things we have seen from a Bush administration not lacking in chills for civil libertarians. It seems clear from the anger expressed by senators like Joe Biden in the hearings addressed by Attorney General John Ashcroft on Tuesday that they now suspect Bush himself authorized the Abu Ghuraib torture routines. And, they are helpless to do anything about it. The revelations about the torture memos have cast a cloud over Bush's presentations at the G8 summit in Georgia. Since the Bush centerpiece at that conference was supposed to be promoting democracy in the Middle East, the Torturegate revelations pointed to US feet of clay. Wire services noted Bush's complete failure with Middle Eastern leaders at the summit: "In an effort to demonstrate engagement with Arabs on the issues, Mr Bush invited the leaders of a number of Islamic countries to attend a lunch on Wednesday with G8 leaders, at their own expense. But leaders of some key nations, including Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Morocco, turned down the invitation, and Qatar was purposely snubbed because of administration anger at al-Jazeera's coverage of the Iraq war. Ms Rice cited scheduling issues as the reason Morocco and Egypt - one of the effort's harshest critics - will not appear."

51. CBC News - Indepth: Iraq full story. UN weapons report on iraq Inspectors review their first 60 days. launch interactive. Recent developments in the USiraq conflict »full story. http://www.cbc.ca/news/iraq/history/

CBCCat = "Sports,News,Arts,Kids,Interactive"; Sports = "Hockey,Baseball,Football"; News = "Canada,World,SciTech,Local,Consumers,SpecialReports,Business"; Arts = "ArtsNews,Infoculture,Music,Books,ArtsFeatures"; Kids = "CBC4Kids,PreSchool,Teachers"; Interactive = "MessageBoards,Forums,Games,Media"; document.write(""); document.write(""); 08:02 PM EDT Jun 09 Indepth Viewpoint Weapons inspections History of the conflict ... Sanctions Retrospective: 1991 Gulf War from CBC Archives. Jaw-jawing over war-warring: It was a day of jaw-jawing at the United Nations on Friday, Feb. 14, 2003. Colin Powell's show-and-tell at the Security Council: Powell's impressive presentation suggested a strong case for the prosecution. UN weapons report on Iraq: Inspectors review their first 60 days. UN report: A flash presentation. Recent developments in the U.S.-Iraq conflict Timeline of the U.S.-Iraq conflict: Key developments since the end of the 1991 Gulf War. Iraq: Country under the gun: A summary of events and issues. Flashback: The Gulf War 1991: Remembering Desert Storm.

52. Columbus World Travel Guide - Middle East - Iraq - History And Government World Travel Guide iraq - history and Government - includes information on the constitution and politics. http://www.travel-guide.com/data/irq/irq580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/MiddleEast/Iraq/HistoryandGovernment'; document.write('Research Iraq hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses Overview General Information Passport/Visa ... Middle East /Iraq IRAQ History and Government History: Mesopotamia – the core of modern Iraq – was at the heart of the Sumerian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires between the seventh century BC and AD 100. After brief spells under the rule of the Romans and the Sassanids (a minor regional power at the time), the Arabs conquered Iraq in AD 633. The Arab Caliphate had control of the territory during the late 12th and early 13th centuries before being dislodged by the Mongols. At the end of the 14th century Iraq, Azerbaijan to the north, Persia and parts of Turkey, Syria and Transcaucasia were conquered and subsumed into the empire ruled by Timur (also known as Tamerlane). The Turks were the next imperial invaders, ruling from the early 1500s until the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I. In 1920, Iraq was placed under a League of Nations mandate administered by the UK, whose forces had occupied most of the country. The Hashemite Amir Faisal ibn Hussain, brother of the new ruler of neighbouring Jordan, Abdallah, was proclaimed King in 1921. The country achieved independence in 1932, but British forces intervened once again in 1941 to prevent a pro-Nazi coup. British troops were finally withdrawn in 1947. In 1958, the Hashemite Dynasty was overthrown by a group of radical army officers inspired by the example of Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt, and led by Brigadier Abdul al-Karim Kassem. The new regime failed to consolidate its position, however, and relied on a precarious coalition of forces, which quickly disintegrated.

53. Centre For Research On Globalisation iraq / L IRAK (history OF THE WAR/ HISTOIRE DE LA GUERRE). The sacking of iraq’s museums US wages war against culture and history, Patrick Martin, 23 April. http://www.globalresearch.ca/by-topic/iraq/

Centre for Research on Globalisation Centre de recherche sur la mondialisation www.globalresearch.ca About the CRG Contact us C oncernant le CRM Pour nous rejoindre Feature articles Articles en français Search Archives VOTE NO WAR ... Global Outlook Magazine CRG 9/11: Bush KNEW, Foreknowledge key articles Bush family financial scams: key articles Palestine under siege ... Donations Archives by subject and region America's War Police State Globalisation Biotechnology ... Balkans Archives par sujet et région L'Amérique en guerre L'État policier Mondialisation Crimes contre l'humanité ... Balcans LINKS/ LIENS Alternate News A.N.S.W.E.R Centre for Cooperative Research Citizens for Legitimate Government ... World Socialist Web Site ARCHIVE (more than three hundred key articles/ plus de troiscent articles) IRAQ / L'IRAK (HISTORY OF THE WAR/ HISTOIRE DE LA GUERRE) Updated 28 May 2003 / Mise à jour le 28 mai 2003 Detailed ONE MONTH coverage (news and analysis) of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq from March 17th- April 16th (plus extensive Archive) Note: This Archive provides news coverage and analysis of the war on Iraq, focussing on three periods:

54. Iraqi History - Mesopotamia Sumer Assyria Babylon Abbasid Islam Caliph Kurd Chal Marr, Phoebe. The Modern history of iraq Westview, 1985. Comptons Interactive Encyclopedia Copyright (c) 1993, 1994 Compton s NewMedia, Inc. http://www.geocities.com/iraqinfo/sum/hist/history.html

History The territory of modern Iraq is roughly equivalent to that of ancient Mesopotamia, which fostered a succession of early civilizations. The history of Mesopotamia began with the civilization of the Sumerians , who emigrated from the highlands of Iran and northern Anatolia in about 3000 BC. Two kingdoms, Sumer and Akkade, combined in about 2350 BC to form one nation under King Sargon of Agade . In about 2000 BC the Amorites assumed control. Their king, Hammurabi , made Babylon a famous city (see Babylonia ), though he is best known for his code of laws . After his death came invasions by the Hittites and then by the Kassites , who formed the Kingdom of Assyria about 1350 BC. The Kassites originally had their capital at Ashur, but they moved it in 720 BC to Nineveh, opposite the modern city of Mosul. Various tribal invasions weakened the Assyrian empire during the next century, and the Chaldeans under King Nebuchadnezzar II rebuilt Babylon and ruled for 40 years. The Persian ruler Cyrus the Great invaded in 539 BC, and Persia ruled Babylonia until Alexander the Great's conquests in 331 BC. His successors, the Seleucids, ruled for 175 years, during which Greek cultural influences became paramount. Persian invasions under the Parthians and, later, the Sassanids established a new capital at Ctesiphon near the midpoint of the Tigris. Persians constructed many irrigation systems and canals. A new era began with the Arab conquests in AD 637 when tribes from Arabia, bearing the message of Islam, conquered Mesopotamia. The early conquests outside Arabia by Muslim armies spread throughout the territory previously weakened by conflicts between the Sassanid Empire and the Byzantines to the west. The Muslims established their first dynasty, the Umayyad, with their capital at Damascus in Syria. By 750 conflicts over the succession of rulers and discord between Arab and Persian Muslims led to a change in rule, and the Abbasid dynasty in Iraq was established with its capital at Baghdad.

55. For Iranian Mullahs' Mission In Iraq, History Is Repeated Intellectual Icons Submissions. For Iranian Mullahs Mission in iraq, history is repeated by Hedayat Mostowfi 26 April 2004 CSRI. It would http://www.intellectualconservative.com/article3359.html

We are the only site on the web devoted exclusively to intellectual conservatism. We find the most intriguing information and bring it together on one page for you. Home Articles Headlines Links we recommend ... Submissions For Iranian Mullahs' Mission in Iraq, History is repeated by Hedayat Mostowfi 26 April 2004 It would be a dangerous mistake to say we will not negotiate with terrorists but try to use the godfather of international terrorism as mediators. According to the intelligence gathered by the Iranian opposition, Tehran is trying to reach its goals in a calculated fashion. The First step was to establish a network of charity organizations for recruiting and organizing Shiite fanatics and insurgents. The second step was to mobilize the militia all over the country to conduct attacks against the coalition forces and civilians. The entire operation was coordinated in the new headquarters of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard near the Iran-Iraq border in Ilam province. The Iranian Revolutionary Guards sent thousands of its well-trained officers to Iraq with the prime goal of spreading terror among Iraqi people. Since then, women are being harassed for not wearing the veil. Movie theaters have been attacked for showing Western movies. These developments are strikingly similar to what happened in Iran immediately after the 1979 Revolution.

56. NPR : War With Iraq : History Review a timeline of key events in iraq s modern history, featuring audio of NPR coverage. Confronting iraq A Timeline of iraqi history. http://www.npr.org/news/specials/iraq2003/timeline.html

Skip Navigation Programs and Schedules All Programs A-Z All Schedules MOST VISITED PROGRAMS All Songs Considered All Things Considered Car Talk Day to Day The Diane Rehm Show Fresh Air with Terry Gross Morning Edition The Motley Fool Radio Show Performance Today Talk of the Nation The Tavis Smiley Show Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! Weekend Edition Saturday Weekend Edition Sunday SCHEDULES NPR Stations' Schedules NPR.org Program Stream NPR Worldwide NPR on Sirius Satellite Radio archives transcripts discussions stations ... help var SA_ID="nprpix;npr"; News Politics Iraq Books ... Program Stream 24-Hour schedule Contact NPR Sponsor NPR Press Room ... Ombudsman Confronting Iraq A Timeline of Iraqi History Saddam Hussein has been president of Iraq since 1979. Credit: Reuters Limited Iraq occupies a large part of what was once known as Mesopotamia, and was once the site of a number of different civilizations. Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian and Parthian cultures all flourished in the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, an area often referred to as the "cradle of civilization." In the seventh century, Arab Muslims brought the Arabic language and Islamic religion to the region. The Abbasid dynasty came to power in the eighth century and established as its capital Baghdad, which became a center of trade and culture. In the 13th century, the Mongols invaded Mesopotamia and razed Baghdad. By the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire gained control of the area. Mesopotamia remained under Ottoman rule until the British took it over during World War I.

57. NPR : Repeating History In Iraq? Repeating history in iraq? May 15, 2004 The USled effort to bring stability and democracy to iraq resonates with echoes of recent history. http://www.npr.org/features/feature.php?wfId=1896780

58. Women In Iraq - History And Current Status Of Women In Iraq Women in iraq history and Current Status of Women in iraq. I am your Guide, From Nikki Katz, Your Guide to Women s Issues. history of Women in iraq. http://womensissues.about.com/library/weekly/aa032103a.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Women's Issues Home Essentials ... Unplanned Pregnancy zau(256,152,180,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Current Issues, News, Media Abortion Issues Activists Tools Discrimination, Stereotypes ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About Women's Issues newsletter. Search Women's Issues Email to a friend Print this page Stay Current Subscribe to the About Women's Issues newsletter. Suggested Reading Iraqi Women Resources Elsewhere on the Web Latest News on War in Iraq Human Rights and Women in Iraq Iraq Foundation Recent Discussions menopause Questions from a Pro-Lifer I VOMIT DURING MY PERIOD Most Popular Abortion Statistics About Nancy Reagan Partial Birth Abortion - Partial Birth Abortion Ban Issue Women's Photograph, Painting, and Image Gallery ... Roe vs. Wade - What You Need to Know About Roe vs. Wade What's Hot About Nancy Reagan Nancy Reagan Quotations Ronald Reagan Quotations About Maya Angelou ... Unplanned Pregnancy - Share Women in Iraq - History and Current Status of Women in Iraq From Nikki Katz Your Guide to Women's Issues Sign up for my Newsletter Information and history of the rights of women in Iraq History of Women in Iraq After the 1991 Gulf War and economic embargos were applied, living conditions for women in Iraq began to deteriorate. The declining economy caused many women to lose their jobs and abandon their education. Girls and women today are now facing a major learning gap and there has been a sharp decline in adult female literacy. Many women in Iraq now focus all their efforts in search of food and clean water to ensure their family's survival. Some women have even resorted to prostitution to provide for their children and families.

59. Iran-Iraq War - West Point Map A map of the Iraniraq war produced by the US Military Academy. http://www.dean.usma.edu/history/dhistorymaps/WC1958Pages/wc19581-7s.htm

60. Lessons From Iraq's History - MARCH 20, 2003 Lessons from iraq s history By William Choong. As another war against iraq starts, poison gas may not be the only bit of history repeating itself. http://straitstimes.asia1.com.sg/iraqwar/story/0,4395,178266,00.html

JUNE 10, 2004 THU Lessons from Iraq's history By William Choong WHEN Iraqi President Saddam Hussein gassed the Kurds of northern Iraq in 1988 to put down a rebellion, he was doing what had been done before - by the British. According to historians, Britain used poison gas to quell a 1920 tribal uprising in the northern Kurdish town of Kirkuk. Advertisement Arguing strongly for the use of mustard gas in 1919, Winston Churchill then a secretary of state in Britain's War Office said he did not understand the 'squeamishness about the use of gas'. 'I am strongly in favour of using poison gas against uncivilised tribes,' the former British prime minister was quoted in Iraq: From Sumer To Saddam, by Iraqi expert Geoff Simons. As another war against Iraq starts, poison gas may not be the only bit of history repeating itself. Some historians note sobering parallels between Britain's adventure in Iraq after World War I and the United States' current campaign. By looking into the past, Iraq's future looks anything but smooth, they warned. Between 1914 and 1921, Britain overthrew an authoritarian regime in Baghdad that was a threat to Western powers in the Middle East. It then installed a new political order.

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