21. Vermont Products On Display At Quilt Festival refers to noxious weeds. The purpose of this regulation is to stop the sale, transportation,and propagation of a selected list of invasive species that have http://www.vermontagriculture.com/invasive.htm

VT Department Of Agriculture Creates Noxious Plants Rule To Combat Invasive Plant Problem Click here to view the entire rule (pdf format) MONTPELIER- As warmer weather brings us back into our re-enlivened gardens, fields, and forests, The Nature Conservancy and the Vermont Department of Agriculture are asking Vermonters to check for plants that can escape cultivation and cause tremendous damage to the natural environment and the working landscape. Beautiful But Harmful Plants such as purple loosestrife, Japanese knotweed, common buckthorn, Japanese barberry, and some varieties of honeysuckle have been used widely in horticulture, landscaping and erosion control, and can be found in backyards, wetlands and forest edges throughout the state. At first glance these plants may look pretty, but their beauty is deceptive. Known as invasive species, plants like these are typically transplants from distant places. Once free from the natural checks and balances that kept them under control in their native realms, these plants can establish themselves in new areas and proliferate to the detriment of native species. They often hoard light, water and nutrients, and can even alter entire ecosystems by changing soil chemistry or hydrological processes. As a result, invasive plants can overtake native plants and, in turn, displace the animals that had relied on the native plants for food and shelter. With intentional and unintentional assistance from people, these problematic plants are spreading at an alarming rate, infecting natural areas across the United States.

22. House Resources April 2003 invasives Links. National invasive species Council www.invasivespecies.gov. FederalInteragency Committee on Managing noxious and Exotic Weeds. http://www.americanlands.org/forestweb/invasive.htm

Wood packaging EIS From: phytodoer@aol.com (Faith T. Campbell, Invasive Species Program) INVASIVE SPECIES America's forests and other ecosystems are threatened by invasions of exotic species of insects, disease pathogens, and plants. Already, insects, fungi, and disease pathogens introduced from Europe and Asia have damaged 70% of the 165 million acres of forest in the Northeast and Midwest. Exotic weeds infest a total area as large as Texas; they are damaging half our National parks and 60% of preserves managed by The Nature Conservancy. Invasive exotic species threaten nearly half of all America's imperiled species. whitebark pine in Idaho killed by white pine blister rust; photo by Dennis Ferguson, USDA Forest Service Inadequate Responses to Bio i nvasion Every day, new species are brought into the country species that may prove to be as harmful as those already wreaking such havoc. Many come in as unwanted "hitchhikers" on various types of cargo, including on imported logs, lumber and wood chips; in wooden packing crates and pallets; on imported plants, fruits, and cut flowers; in ships' ballast water; even attached to the ships and planes themselves.

23. Biological Pollution: Invasive Species State Laws Click on a state to view existing and proposed invasive species laws (includingaquatic, terrestrial, ballast water, noxious plant, and noxious seed laws). http://www.nemw.org/ansstatelaws.htm

INVASIVE SPECIES STATE LAWS Click on a state to view existing and proposed invasive species laws (including aquatic, terrestrial, ballast water, noxious plant, and noxious seed laws). Please note - this list is not comprehensive. The most up to date information can be obtained from state legislature web pages. Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas ... Oregon House Bill 3620 - Relating to ballast water; introduced 2003 Contact Nicole Mays for more information (202-544-5200). Last updated May 2003. ALABAMA Nonindigenous Plant Control Act Noxious Weed Rules (Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries, Administrative Code, Chapter 80-10-14) ALASKA Ballast Water Discharge (Alaska Statutes, Title 46: Water, Air, Energy, and Environmental Conservation, Chapter 3: Environmental Conservation, Section 750) Plant Health and Quarantine (Alaska Administrative Code, Title 11: Natural Resources, Chapter 34) ARIZONA ARKANSAS CALIFORNIA Ballast Water (California Codes; Harbors and Navigation Code; Section 132)

24. Invasive Species Lists And Information invasive species list(s) for the Gulf Coast Region Lists of invasive animals, fungi,plants, monerans, and noxious Weeds of Hawaii - species list for http://invasivespecies.nbii.gov/speciesinfo.html

Species Information Species Lists "100 of the World’s Worst Invasive Alien Species" - The Invasive Species Specialist Group ( ISSG ), as part of their Global Invasive Species Database ( GISD ), developed a list of 100 of the world's worst invaders, with funding provided by La Fondation TOTAL. These one hundred species were chosen as a representative sample that collectively illustrates the range of impacts caused by biological invasions. Non-native mammals - A list of non-native mammals in the US and Canada that was compiled from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) as of August 2002. 399 records of invasive plants and weeds - An annotated list of 399 records of invasive plants and noxious weeds in Canada and the United States, compiled by Rod Randall in 1998. Invasive species list(s) for the Gulf Coast Region - Lists of invasive animals, fungi, plants, monerans, and viruses of the region, from the NBII Central Southwest Gulf Coast Information Node Noxious Weeds of Hawaii - species list for plants officially declared as "noxious weeds" by the State of Hawaii, with dynamic Google Web searches for images and other information; from Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

25. Invasive Species come up about the amount of noxious weed increase introduction of new weed speciesand spread of existing populations; specific invasive plant characteristics http://fire.r9.fws.gov/ifcc/Esr/WhitePaper/invasive_species.htm

26. Klamath National Forest - Noxious & Invasive Weed Project There are an estimated 2,000 invasive and noxious weed species alreadyestablished in the United States. Escalating worldwide trade http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/klamath/projects/projects/noxiousweeds/index.shtml

@import url(/global-websites/styles/screen.css); [Jump to the main content of this page] Forest Service National Links Forest Service Home Employment Fire and Aviation International Forestry Just for Kids Maps and Brochures Passes and Permits Photo and Video Gallery Publications Recreational Activities Research and Development State and Private Forestry Klamath National Forest Klamath National Forest Home About Us Contact Us Current Conditions ... Payments to States Klamath National Forest 1312 Fairlane Road Yreka, CA 96097-9549 A NATIONWIDE THREAT Noxious weeds and invasive plant species pose an increasing threat to native ecosystems, croplands, and other plant communities throughout the United States. While weeds have long been recognized as a problem for agriculture, the potential impact to other plant communities, including wildlands, is receiving greater attention. There are an estimated 2,000 invasive and noxious weed species already established in the United States. Escalating worldwide trade and travel will only increase the risk of further invasions. All ecosystems-urban, suburban and rural, including wildlands, rangelands, forests, riparian areas, and wetlands-are vulnerable to invasion. Experience and research have shown that invasive and noxious weeds can no longer be considered a problem only on disturbed sites. Noxious and invasive plant species have become established within relatively undisturbed ecosystems, including entire ecosystems such as the Florida Everglades. Noxious weeds pose an increasing threat to the integrity of wildland ecosystems, including specially designated areas such as wilderness and research natural areas.

27. Modoc National Forest - Projects & Plans, Noxious And Invasive Species Managemen Photograph Dyers WoadThere are an estimated 2,000 invasive andnoxious weed species already established in the United States. http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/modoc/projects/noxious_weed.shtml

[Jump to the main content of this page] Forest Service National Links Forest Service Home Employment Fire and Aviation International Forestry Just for Kids Maps and Brochures Passes and Permits Photo and Video Gallery Publications Recreational Activities Research and Development State and Private Forestry Modoc National Forest Modoc National Forest Home About Us Contact Us Current Conditions ... Send A Comment to the Modoc NF Modoc National Forest 800 West 12th Street Alturas, CA 96101 (530) 233-8708 TTY Noxious and Invasive Weed Management Modoc Noxious Weed Management Strategy and Action Plan The spread of invasive weed ignores all boundaries. The only way that the Forest Service can succeed in the control and prevention of noxious weeds is through coordination and cooperation with our neighbors and partners Coordination with other agencies and groups in the management of noxious weeds is the key to the success of this strategy. (pdf file) Modoc National Forest Noxious Weed Management Environmental Impact Statement is Being Prepared Notice of Intent 1998 TEXT PDF SUMMARY Supplimental Notice of Intent 2001 HTML PDF SUMMARY DEIS (to be published June 2004) FEIS What's a noxious weed?

28. Statement By Bruce Babbitt On Invasive Alien Species Babbitt on invasive Alien species. Science in Wildland Weed Management Symposium,Denver, CO, April 8, 1998. The invasion of noxious alien species wreaks a http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/bbstat.htm

Statement by Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt on Invasive Alien Species "Science in Wildland Weed Management" Symposium, Denver, CO, April 8, 1998 "The invasion of noxious alien species wreaks a level of havoc on America’s environment and economy that is matched only by by damage caused by floods, earthquakes, mudslides, hurricanes, and wildfire. These aliens are quiet opportunists, spreading in a slow motion explosion. Each year noxious weeds exact an ever-heavier toll: Farmers and ranchers spend more than $5 billion just for control. Losses to crop and rangeland productivity exceed $7 billion. Weeds infest 100 million acres in the U.S., spread at 14 percent per year, and on public lands consume 4,600 acres of wildlife habitat per day. They diminish or cause the extinction of native plants and animals, a third of all listed species. They homogenize the diversity of creation. They ignore borders and property lines. No place is immune. Consider the damage done by purple loosetrife, a beautiful, seemingly harmless flower one might be pleased to find in a meadow. But not for long. For this species, found in 36 states, costs $45 million to manage. To bring this into a statewide perspective, consider that Florida spends $11 million each year to manage water hyacinth. Tropical soda apple, first reported in Florida, now covers 370,000 acres and costs the state $28 million. In the past it was, again, much easier for an individual, a state, a federal agency to dismiss this invasion as someone else's problem. And so the weeds slowly, silently, almost invisibly, but steadily spread all around us until, literally encircled, we can no longer turn our backs on it. The invasion is now our problem. Our battle. Our enemy.

29. Invasive Plants Of California's Wildlands Management of invasive species by Marc C. Hoshovsky and John M Pest Plant listor CDFA noxious weed list. names (binomials) used in the species accounts and http://groups.ucanr.org/ceppc/Invasive_Plants_of_California's_Wildlands/

Main Menu Organization Info Membership Projects ... Invasive Plant Links Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands Information on how to order Invasive Plants of California Wildlands Acknowledgements Foreward California Wildland Invasive Plants - by John M. Randall and Marc C. Hoshovsky Management of Invasive Species - by Marc C. Hoshovsky and John M. Randall Species Accounts - Plant descriptions are available listed in the following categories: Scientific name - listed in alphabetical order by Genus Common name - listed by common name of the plant Author - by author of the plant description Categories - listed  by the CalEPPC Pest Plant list or CDFA noxious weed list The scientific names (binomials) used in the species accounts and throughout the book follow The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California (Hickman, 1993). The accepted scientific name for each species is given at the beginning of each account and in parentheses after the common name the first time it is mentioned in any chapter. Scientific names used in earlier floras but no longer accepted are listed as synonyms. Common names mentioned in any of the sources used in the preparation of each species account are listed at the beginning of the account. The common name deemed most widely used in California is listed first and is used in the test of the species account when referring to the species. The number of closely related native and non-native species (if any) are also listed at the top of each species account.

30. Invasive Species Service s site for viewing Federal and state noxious weed lists, an invasive plantlist, or PIER) Listings and descriptions of plant species that threaten http://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/adap2/hottopics/invasive_species.htm

Keeping our islands safe from outside pests is a full time job. Here are some links that might help in your attempts to manage outbreaks of different pests. Animal Pests (Includes information on vertebrate fauna) Weed Pests (Includes information on non-indigenous plants) Non-native Insects and Other Invertebrates Introduced Marine Pests Support Sites Animal Pests America's Least Wanted: Alien Species Invasions of U.S. Ecosystems A publication of The Nature Conservancy. Environment Australia The Endangered Species Program of Environment Australia aims to prevent further extinctions of Australian fauna and flora, and to restore endangered species and ecological communities to a secure status in the wild. One way is through threat abatement plans for species such as feral cats, rabbits, and goats. Harmful Non-Indigenous Species in the United States "An assessment of harmful, non-indigenous species in the U.S., technological issues regarding decision-making and species management, and institutional and policy framework." Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk (HEAR) "Provides technology, methods, and information to decision-makers, resource managers, and the general public to aid in the fight against harmful alien species in Hawaii and the Pacific."

31. Invasive Species Oregon noxious Weed Control Program Included with lots of other useful informationis the noxious Weed List for Oregon. Oregon invasive species Council This http://oregonstate.edu/Dept/nurspest/invasive_species.htm

Horticulture Department PACIFIC NORTHWEST NURSERY IPM Photo courtesy Washington Department of Agriculture Home Insects Mites Diseases ... Abiotic TOPICS invasive species To report a suspected invasive species in Oregon, call the Invasive Species Hotline: 1-866-INVADER Invasive species Invasive or exotic species are an increasing threat to nursery production due to the increased movement of plants and people across borders and continents. The following websites present useful information concerning this topic. For more specific invasive pest information, click here Recent Events: NMPRO Weekly Nursery Management and Production Email for June 1, 2004: Governor signs Connecticut invasives bill Oregon Oregon Noxious Weed Control Program Included with lots of other useful information is the Noxious Weed List for Oregon. Oregon Invasive Species Council This site includes the 100 most dangerous invaders list for Oregon. Additionally the

32. Idaho Invasive Species Council When the invasive species strategy is drafted, it will contain 3 major piecesaquatic invasive species; noxious weeds; and “other” invasive species. http://www.agri.state.id.us/animal/inv_species.htm

Idaho Invasive Species Council Executive Order Forming Idaho ISC Assessment Executive Summary Assessment Proceedings for the Idaho Invasive Species Summit ISDA Home ... Request for Consulting Services Idaho ISC Background The Idaho Invasive Species Council (ISC) was created by an Executive Order of Idaho Governor Dirk Kempthorne on September 26, 2001. The purpose of the ISC as stated in Executive Order 2001-11 is as follows: To provide policy level direction and planning for combating harmful invasive species infestations throughout the state and for preventing the introduction of others that may be potentially harmful The Executive Order identifies the primary responsibilities of ISC members as follows: Minimize the effects of harmful non-native species on Idaho citizens and ensure the economic and environmental well being of the State of Idaho Serve as a non-partisan forum for identifying and understanding invasive species issues from all perspectives Take measures that will encourage control and prevention of harmful non-native species;

33. FHWA Vegetation Management - Invasive Species Policy Guidelines Act (NEPA) of 1969, the Federal noxious Weed Act of 1974, and the Endangered speciesAct of 1973 to prevent the introduction of invasive species, provide for http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/inv_guid.htm

Federal Highway Administration Guidance on Invasive Species August 10, 1999 Background On February 3, 1999, President Clinton signed Executive Order 13112 (E.O.) which calls on Executive Branch agencies to work to prevent and control the introduction and spread of invasive species. Nonnative flora and fauna can cause significant changes to ecosystems, upset the ecological balance, and cause economic harm to our Nation’s agricultural and recreational sectors. For example, introduced plants, such as Kudzu in the southeastern States and purple loosestrife throughout the country, have choked out native plant species and consequently have altered wildlife and fish habitat. Transportation systems can facilitate the spread of plant and animal species outside their natural range, both domestically and internationally. Those species that are likely to harm the environment, human health, or economy are of particular concern. The Department of Transportation’s efforts to prevent the introduction and spread of invasive species are consistent with: (1) the Department’s strategic goal of protecting the natural environment, service, and teamwork; (2) statutory mandates to protect against aquatic invasive species; (3) the Department’s active participation on interagency committees such as the Federal Interagency Committee for Management of Noxious and Exotic Weeds (FICMNEW), the Native Plant Conservation Initiative (NPCI), the Interagency Ecosystem Management Task force, and the Interagency Working Group on Endangered Species; and (4) the 1994 Presidential Memorandum on Environmentally and Economically Beneficial Landscaping Practices. The U.S. Department of Transportation has traditionally been in the forefront of national efforts to prevent and control the introduction of invasive species. On April 22, 1999, Secretary Slater issued a

34. What Are Invasive Plant Species, Anyway? - Greener Roadsides Fall 2001 - FHWA must avoid the planting of known invasives (State noxious weeds) or lose funding.Also each DOT must include an analysis of invasive species and future http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/greenerroadsides/fal01p2.htm

Environment FHWA HEP Environment Natural ... Roadsides Fall 2001 Previous Table of Contents Next What are Invasive Plant Species, Anyway? Why do we need a definition? Because we nationally need to "pull together" and one accepted definition will allow us to do that smoothly. Let's begin by calling them weeds. Everyone has a definition for a weed similar to a plant out of place. With this definition we call a dandelion in your front yard, a weed. Beyond this simplistic definition most States have defined noxious weed lists. Pick out the purple loosestrife in this bouquet of invasive plants. A noxious weed is one that has been determined by the State to be detrimental to agriculture, your health, or the environment. If your State has purple loosestrife on their list, that means the State could fine you if you do not remove it. An invasive plant species is certainly a weed, not only out of place, but out of its country or region of origin. It is an introduced plant species that is aggressive. The Norway maple in your yard would fit this definition. It might or might not be on your State's noxious weed list. Kudzu, knapweed, star thistle, and mile-a-minute vine fit also. The definition used by the Executive Order 13112 is "an alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health." No sweat, you say! Then legally I do not have to do anything about an invasive plant species. Wrong. Any State Department of Transportation who uses federal funding, must avoid the planting of "known invasives" (State noxious weeds) or lose funding. Also each DOT must include an analysis of invasive species and future management on any new project during the NEPA process. If you care about the future value of your neighborhood, your local nature preserve or park, wildlife habitat, biodiversity or any other environmental or esthetic characteristic that adds up to your quality of life, you also care about invasive species!

35. Invasive Species - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia species will not have a negative effect on native populations. See Also.noxious weed. invasive species in Australia. Plants Opuntia spp. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species

Invasive species From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Purple flowers of the highly invasive Patterson's Curse infest the Warrumbungle National Park in New South Wales The term invasive species usually refers to a certain subset of those species defined as introduced species . A species is regarded as invasive if it has been introduced by human action to a location, area, or region where it did not previously occur naturally (i.e., is not native), becomes capable of establishing a breeding population in the new location without further intervention by humans, and becomes a pest in the new location, threatening the local biodiversity . U.S. Executive Order 13112 (1999) defines "invasive species" as "an alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health" (CEQ, 1999). Thus, the term is used to imply a sense of actual or potential harm, something that may not be true for all introduced species Although an invasive species is defined as an introduced species that has become a pest, it is possible that a species native to a particular area can, under the influence of human modifications to the environment, increase in numbers and become an invasive pest species. The Pied Currawong of south-east Australia is an example: as a result of human changes to the landscape, Pied Currawongs increased greatly in range during the 20th century and have caused substantial declines in the populations of the smaller birds they prey on the nestlings of. A species of wetland plant known as

36. Invasive Plant Alert plants are classified as noxious in BC or are recognized as being so in other jurisdictions.Some species are close relatives of known invasive plants and may http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/cropprot/invasiveplant.htm

Invasive Plant Alert Prevent the Escape of Aggressive Plants A threat to BC’s resources Wild flowers or Invasive Noxious Weeds? Foreign plant species escaping from the garden or landscape can have a devastating impact on native plants and animals. Please help in protecting the natural environment of British Columbia! BC’s noxious weeds are typically exotic or non-native plants that have been introduced to this province without their natural predators. Left unchecked, these weeds destroy our native plant and animal habitat. They are among the top cause for losses in the natural diversity of our environment, and are devastating to the economy. Weeds cause crop losses well in excess of $50 million annually in BC. Impact Invasive plants have the capacity to move into a habitat and reproduce so aggressively that they displace the original vegetation. They: crowd out native plants, including rare and endangered species destroy wildlife habitat reduce crop yields (on average 10 to 15 %) reduce crop quality (taint food products with off flavours, toxic berries, spines, etc.)

37. Invasive/Noxious Weed Plants substitute for virtually any plant on the noxious weed list There are species of ivyand holly other than the English varieties which aren t invasive, and the http://forums.gardenweb.com/forums/load/nwest/msg0412270211463.html

Return to the Northwestern Gardening Forum Post a Follow-Up Invasive/Noxious Weed plants Posted by z8 SeaTac WA ( My Page ) on Mon, Apr 12, 04 at 12:27 I wonder why I'm attracted to the "bad boys" this year?! I can't imagine what nasty little gem I'll want next, but I do seem to be on a roll this year. Patrick Follow-Up Postings: RE: Invasive/Noxious Weed plants Posted by: Z8 OR ( My Page ) on Mon, Apr 12, 04 at 13:53 Lythrum salicaria as in purple loosestrife? It is a quarantined noxious weed in Oregon (no nursery can legally sell, propagate or transport it). I thought it was listed as same in Washington so I'm surprised to hear that you bought it at a nursery. It is *very* invasive - thousands of seeds from one flower, IIRC, and a serious threat to waterways and native wildlife with millions of dollars (tax dollars, too) spent to control spread of this and other noxious/invasive weeds. There are so many other lovely plants we can grow that don't pose any harm to ecological, agricultural or recreational concerns. RE: Invasive/Noxious Weed plants Posted by: JuniorBalloon z7 WA ( My Page ) on Mon, Apr 12, 04 at 15:13

38. National Forest Foundation (NFF) But when conditions are right, many invasive species, especially noxious weeds,which are invasive plant species, can take over an ecosystem very quickly. http://www.natlforests.org/invasive_species.html

Conservation Issues Other Issues >> Invasive Species Community-based Forestry Recreation Watershed Restoration Wildlife Habitat ... Other Issues - Invasive Species INVASIVE SPECIES Horses are used to help spray for noxious weeds in Oregon. Photo courtesy of Wallowa Resources. Invasive species of plants and animals are displacing and destroying native species all across our National Forest lands. There unwelcome invaders, which are native or non-native plants, animals, insects and pathogens (disease causing bacterium or fungus), can cause ecological and economic harm as well as create human health issues. Some invasive species, such as the tamarisk in Utah and Arizona, were introduced on purpose to control erosion, while others, such as the Asian longhorn beetle were accidentally introduced in wood packing crates from China. Today, invasive species cover 3.5 million acres of national forest land and 133 million acres in all ownership nationwide.

39. Nevada Rangelands: Invasive Species Interagency Committee for the Management of noxious and Exotic Weeds; HarmfulNonIndigenous species in the United States; Global invasive species Database. http://www.library.unr.edu/subjects/guides/range/invasivespecies.html

Nevada Rangelands University of Nevada, Reno Home About Nevada Rangelands Irrigation and Water Policy Ask Questions ... Feedback Invasive Species Nevada Nevada Invasive Species Initiative Nevada State Weed Plan Invasive Weed Identification for Nevada (pdf) Nevada Weed Action Committee Managing Invasive Noxious Range Weeds in the Great Basin - UNCE Fact Sheet UNCE Tall Whitetop Weed Initiative UNCE Noxious Weed Publications National and International Federal Interagency Committee for the Management of Noxious and Exotic Weeds Harmful Non-Indigenous Species in the United States Global Invasive Species Database Home Maintained by Amy Shannon, ashannon@unr.edu Revised 27 May 2004

40. The Problem invasive Plant species Understanding the Interagency Committee for the Managementof noxious and Exotic invasive Plants Changing the Landscape of America. http://www.dowagro.com/ivm/invasive/problem.htm

The Problem Invasive plants affect everyone. In days of old, it was mostly farmers and ranchers who battled these species, as the invaders threatened their crops and clogged up harvesting equipment. Today, the U.S. Geological Survey reports that some $20 billion in damages can be linked to invasive plant life. This affects not only those who make their living directly off the land, but also citizens of cities, suburbs and rural America. When left uncontrolled, the spreading invasive problem produces many direct and secondary negative effects, including: Crowding out desirable, native species Creating plant monocultures Reducing cropland productivity Degrading wildlife habitat Reducing property values Causing soil erosion Harming local economies Crowding out forage for game species and grazing livestock Damaging water resources including fish spawning habitat Negatively impacting endangered species Increasing livestock production costs Interfering with recreational activities in parks, forests and other public lands Decreasing tourism to national parks and monuments Eroding local tax bases Posing reliability threats to utility power lines Increasing the need for road maintenance Obscuring vision at intersections Contributing to wildfires Non-native exotic, alien

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