21. Integrated Pest Management For The Home Vegetable Garden, HYG-2205-94 at higher rates than directed on the label or use on crops that are they offer betterchance of success when combined in an integrated pest management program. http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2205.html

Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet Entomology 1991 Kenny Rd. Columbus, Ohio 43210-1090 Integrated Pest Management for the Home Vegetable Garden HYG-2205-94 Ronald Becker Celeste Welty Beneficial Insects That Feed On Pests Lady beetle larva (left) and two types of adults Lacewing larva (left) and adult (right) Parasitic wasp that attacks aphids Overview Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is the name given to the practice of using a combination of treatment methods to keep pests from ruining a crop. With IPM, the term "treatment" does not always imply the use of a chemical control. Non-chemical pest control strategies include cultural, mechanical, and biology controls as well as good sanitary practices. Most of these controls are used as preventive measures in an attempt to help keep pests below critical levels. However, certain conditions can still allow a pest population to build up to injurious levels. If this should occur, a rescue treatment can be used to reduce the population of the pest and rescue the crop. At the heart of IPM is the understanding that many crops can tolerate a certain amount of pest damage. As a result, a rescue treatment is not needed until the pest population reaches a critical level usually referred to as a threshold. In the home vegetable garden, this threshold may be economic, but is more likely to be aesthetic. A commercial grower' s produce must be blemish free (or nearly so) for fresh market. If a cabbage is found to have holes in the leaves from insect feeding, it will probably be culled or sold at a lower price, making the threshold economic. On the other hand, the threshold for home grown vegetables is often dependent on an individual gardener's tolerance to the damage.

22. Integrated Pest Management-Biological Control: Natural Enemies such as IPM Practitioner. The Newsletter of integrated pest management and Common NALQB 9369 IPM and Biological Control of Plant pests Field crops ; http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/AFSIC_pubs/afnotes3.htm

ISSN: 1063-262X Integrated Pest Management- Biological Control: Natural Enemies AFSIC Notes no. 3 March 1992 Prepared By: Jane Potter Gates, Coordinator Alternative Farming Systems Information Center , Information Centers Branch National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351 Deflnition and History Integrated pest management (IPM) is an ecologically based, environmentally conscious method that combines, or integrates, biological and nonbiological control techniques to suppress weeds, insects, and diseases ("Integrated Pest Management Systems: Protecting Profits and the Environment", by Raymond E. Frisbee and John M. Luna, Farm Management : The 1989 Yearbook of Agriculture , p 226. NAL Call No. lAg84y 1989). Interest in developing IPM into crop management systems began in the 1960s. Credit for the IPM concept is given to Dr. Roy F. Smith and Dr. Harold T. Reynolds, of the University of California (op.cit.) Integration of multiple pest suppression techniques has the highest probability of sustaining long-term crop protection ("Integrated Pest Management, a Sustainable Technology", by T.J. Henneberry et.al, Agriculture and the Environment: The 1991 Yearbook of Agriculture , p 151. NAL Call No. lAg84y 1991). An array of technologies and data analysis procedures have been developed about those strategies and tactics most appropriate for use in implementing specific IPM systems. These include economic thresholds, sampling technology, modeling, natural controls, geographic distribution, effects of pest migration and movement, host resistance, and pesticides (op.cit., p 152).

23. UConn Integrated Pest Management:IPM-TREE FRUIT CROPS integrated pest management for Tree Fruit in Connecticut http://www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm/ipmtrfr.htm

TREE FRUIT See Correction to Weekly Fruit Pest Message for April 23, 2004 2004 UPDATE APPLE PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDE last revised 4/22/04 2002 Update ... 2000-2001 New England Apple Pest Management Guide ARTICLES APPLES Dispersal of Typhlodromus pyri into Apple Blocks Insect, Mite and Disease Control for Apples ... Apple Scab Feb. 2003 Apple Rust Disease OTHER FRUITS Insect, Disease and Mite Control for Peaches Why Fruit Trees Fail to Bear Black Knot of Plum and Cherry Pest Management Guide for Home Plum Orchards INSECTS Boxelder Bugs and Their Control IMAGE CATALOG Thumbnails of pictures associated with the Fruit IPM articles. TREE FRUIT IPM LINKS New Research Speeds Detection of Plum Pox Virus (USDA link) Apple Information Manager (AIM) Northeast IPM Websites OTHER IPM LINKS IPM Links UConn IPM 1998 Report to the Connecticut State Legislature (This report is a 663 kb .pdf file and requires Adobe Reader) Connecticut DEP Quinnipiac River Watershed ICM/IPM Success Story (this report is a 179 kb .pdf file and requires Adobe Reader.) TREE FRUIT IPM COORDINATOR (commercial growers) LORRAINE LOS TREE FRUIT QUESTIONS (homeowners) phone toll free or email FRUIT CROPS EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES menu

24. Integrated Pest Management For Greenhouse Crops integrated pest management for Greenhouse crops. Water management Guidelinesfor Nursery/Floral Producers. integrated pest management http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/greenhouse/nursery/environ/wmipm.html

Integrated Pest Management for Greenhouse Crops Water Management Guidelines for Nursery/Floral Producers Integrated pest management for greenhouse crops is complex, and each problem situation or production objective is accompanied by a wide range of potentially acceptable solutions. There are also a great many legal implications regarding the recommendations and use of any management tactic or pesticide product in accordance to instructions specified on the product's label. The user of any pesticide is always responsible for his or her own actions. The following are some general considerations for the development of an integrated pest management program for commercial production or maintenance systems: Determine Your Objective Pest management programs should be designed to meet a specific production objective. In greenhouse production, this objective is usually to produce pest and damage-free plants. However, in some situations, the objective may be to maintain healthy plants. This would allow for some tolerance of minor insect or mite pest damage. Additionally, a preference for the use of no or low-toxic pesticides may be desirable. This is particullarly important in regard to the potential contamination of surface and groundwater. Financial constraints also play a role in determining the overall objectives of an IPM program. All of these factors significantly effect the suppression tactics to be implemented. Sanitation Practices The first steps to take in a program to manage plant pests are preventative, and starting with a clean production area is essential. Greenhouses can be fumigated or otherwise treated prior to establishing a new crop to help eliminate pest problems from previous crops. However, where plants at different stages of growth or species are grown in the same area, treatment of pests is recommended prior to establishing the next crop. Elimination of weeds and other alternate hosts of plant pests will also help prevent problems on the new crop.

25. IPM For Bedding Plants The New York State integrated pest management Program is dedicated to safely reducethe damage that pests cause to plants, turf, livestock, field crops and the http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/publications/bpguide98/contents.html

id=13849 Home Online Publications Integrated Pest Management for Bedding Plants A Scouting and Pest Management Guide This edition online here in its entirety. A newer edition, Integrated Pest Management for Bedding Plants: A Scouting and Pest Management Guide 2000 (#102IPM407) can be ordered from our Catalog. Editor: Christine Casey Production Editor: Carrie Koplinka-Loehr Contributors: Christine Casey, Daniel Gilrein, Margery Daughtrey, Gerard Ferrentino, John Sanderson, and Tom Weiler photograph of Primula by C. Casey CONTENTS Introduction The Essentials of IPM Scouting Methods Developing, Implementing and Evaluating a Management Strategy ... IV. DEVELOPING, IMPLEMENTING, AND EVALUATING A MANAGEMENT STRATEGY Developing a Management Strategy VI. CASE STUDIES Case Study 1: Thrips and INSV on Impatiens Western Flower Thrips VIII. CONTAGIOUS DISEASES X. NONCONTAGIOUS DISORDERS Spray Injury XI. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Cost XIII. APPENDIX

26. New York State Integrated Pest Management Program, Results Of Funded Projects 20 integrated pest management for Greener Lawns and Landscapes. Impact of Scarab Grubmanagement Tactics on NonTarget Soil Fauna. LIVESTOCK AND FIELD crops 2000. http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/grantspgm/projects/proj00/

id=13849 Home Grants Program Results of Funded Projects Results of the 2000 Extension and Research Projects Funded by the New York State IPM Program Projects by Commodity: Links by title to project abstracts. Community Livestock and Field Crops Ornamentals and Turfgrass Vegetables ... Fruit COMMUNITY 2000 Orange County School IPM Community IPM Educational Resources IPM for NYS Ants Facilitation of School District IPM Implementation ... Impact of Scarab Grub Management Tactics on Non-Target Soil Fauna LIVESTOCK AND FIELD CROPS 2000 Field Crops Implementation and Demonstration Promoting Sustainable Production Agriculture in Oneida County through the Implementation and Evaluation of Tactical Agriculture Teams (TAg) Research and Development Reducing Damage from Potato Leafhoppers on Alfalfa in New York through Cultivar Selection: A Comparison of Resistant vs. Susceptible Cultivars under Insecticide Treatment and No Treatment (Year 2). Using Herbicide-Resistant Corn Hybrids to Establish an Alfalfa Cover Crop Herbicide-Resistant Corn for Reducing Use of Residual Herbicides and for Wirestem Muhly Control Reduced Rates of Roundup Ultra and Tank-Mix Partners for Herbicide Resistance Management ... Transect Sampling to Enhance Efficiency of Corn Rootworm Monitoring Additional Reports 2000 Integrated Pest Management/Integrated Crop Management Program Report for Albany, Schenectady and Rensselaer Counties

27. Integrated Pest Management p. 932. IN AR Leslie and GW Cuperus (ed.) Successful implementation of integratedpest management for agricultural crops. Lewis Publishers. 193 p. http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/sustainable/peet/IPM/c04aipm.html

Sustainable Practices for Vegetable Production in the South Dr. Mary Peet , NCSU Home Integrated Pest Management INTRODUCTION Integrated pest management (IPM) is a set of practices designed to avoid economic losses from pests while at the same time minimizing use of pesticides or other practices with possible detrimental effects. over the past 20 years, there has been a steady increase in the use of IPM due to increased public emphasis on environmental safety, development of pest resistance to all the major classes of insecticides and a reduction in the number of new insecticides, but only in the past five years has there been a dramatic move to IPM in agriculture. Individually, IPM practices are not very different from practices used in conventional pest control. Collectively, however, they represent a very different management philosophy. A successful IPM program considers the effect of every aspect of farm management on pest and beneficial populations. Plowing, crop scheduling, irrigation and mulch application may be adjusted to reduce future pest problems. For example, an IPM practitioner might consider the following: Nitrogen fertilizer has stimulated aphid outbreaks in cole crops; insecticides may kill natural enemies of weeds; fungicides may kill soil microorganisms that control nematodes; and both insecticides and fungicides may reduce earthworm populations, thus lowering soil fertility and water infiltration rates.

28. Integrated Pest Management In North Dakota integrated pest management (IPM) affects North Dakota s largest industry, agriculture. ofIPM is to help growers produce profitable crops using environmentally http://www.ext.nodak.edu/extpubs/plantsci/pests/pp863w.htm

North Dakota State University NDSU Extension Service Integrated Pest Management in North Dakota PP-863 , February 1999 Janet J. Knodel , Crop Protection Specialist, North Central Research Extension Center Marcia P. McMullen , Extension IPM Coordinator, Department of Plant Pathology What is IPM? IPM stands for Integrated Pest Management. The definition of IPM from the National IPM Network is "IPM is a sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological, cultural, physical and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health and environmental risks." Integrated Pest Management (IPM) affects North Dakota's largest industry, agriculture. One of the primary missions of IPM is to help growers produce profitable crops using environmentally and economically sound approaches. These IPM tools contribute to a system that produces high-quality, safe, and affordable foods and other agriculturally related products. For many growers, IPM helps balance pest management with profitable crop production and environmental protection. IPM also reaches beyond agriculture to include pest management in landscape and home settings. Strategies of IPM: How can IPM help produce a profitable crop?

29. IPM And Pesticide Issues TOC integrated Weed management manual (.pdf). Benefits and Costs of Lowering Toxicityin Potato pest Control. FQPA Impacts on Insect management in Processing crops. http://ipcm.wisc.edu/green/Pest_management.htm

Integrated Pest Management General topics News articles Wis. Crop Manager Newsletter Field Crops Scouting Corn (.pdf) Integrated Weed Management manual (.pdf) Crop Scouting handbook website Soybean Aphids , 2002 Fact Sheet (.pdf) (300k) Crop Care Clinics Advance IPM Learning Vegetable Crops Processing Snapbean Production Assessment Phenology Degree Day Calculation Vegetable Disease Update ... Crop Scouting handbook (.pdf) Wisconsin Vegetable PowerPoint Presentations Vegetable Pest Fact Sheets (WI Garden Facts) Integrated Weed Management manual (.pdf) Vegetable Crop Profiles Potatoes Vegetable Disease Trials at Hancock Tomato Fruit Disorders ... FQPA Impacts on Insect Management in Processing Crops

30. Integrated Pest Management For Vegetable Gardens integrated pest management for Vegetable Gardens. Grow winter annual cover crops,such as clover or rye grass, to provide additional organic matter. http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/envirohort/426-708/426-708.html

Integrated Pest Management for Vegetable Gardens Contact: Diane Relf, Extension Specialist, Environmental Horticulture, Virginia Tech Publication Number 426-708, Revised 2001 Table of Contents Soil Preparation Plant Selection Cultural Practices Encourage Beneficial Insects ... Chemical Controls Soil Preparation The best way to control insects and disease problems is to prevent them. Maintain a slightly acid soil (around pH 6.5). If in doubt, have a soil analysis done through your local Extension office, by a private lab, or with a commercial soil test kit. Build a biologically active, healthy soil through regular addition of organic matter, such as yardwaste, compost, and manure. Grow winter annual cover crops, such as clover or rye grass, to provide additional organic matter. Till the soil in the fall to expose pests living near the surface to natural enemies and weather, and to destroy insects in crop residues. Return to Table of Contents Plant Selection Plant crops that are suited to the soil and climate. If you do plant vegetables or fruits that are not normally grown in your area, provide them with necessary conditions. Use disease-free, certified seed, if available.

31. Alfalfa - Integrated Pest Management Alfalfa integrated pest management. Author Peter Warren. Publication over.See sampling method details in the Field crops PMG (456-016). http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/ipmfs/444-120/444-120.html

Alfalfa - Integrated Pest Management Author: Peter Warren Publication Number 444-120w; Posted June 2001 Alfalfa Weevil In the late fall, remove the alfalfa for hay or by grazing. This removes the overwintering and egg laying sites used by the adult weevils, reducing the number of alfalfa weevil larvae in the spring. Early harvest can sometimes be used in the spring instead of insecticide sprays, if the crop has obtained sufficient growth before larval feeding damage becomes severe. Walk through fields once a week in the spring when growth starts and inspect tips for feeding injury. When feeding damage and weevil larvae are observed, systematic sampling should be conducted weekly (more often if weevil levels are approaching threshold) until fields are harvested, sprayed, or weevil season is over. See sampling method details in the Field Crops PMG (456-016). Harvesting early can be used as an effective control tactic if enough growth is present to justify the harvesting process. Yield sacrificed in the first cutting by harvesting early will be compensated for in subsequent cuttings and allow the second growth a head start before potato leafhopper adults appear in early June. If hay is cut to allow adequate storage of root carbohydrates. Alfalfa may be harvested early only once during the growing season without reducing stand density or longevity. If no sprays have been used, or if the field has been cut early because of a heavy weevil infestation, stubble sprays may be necessary. No formal sampling or economic thresholds are available for this crop stage, but if weevil larvae are easily found, shoot damage is occurring, or regrowth appears delayed, a stubble spray should be applied.

32. Home > Plant Diseases, Weeds, And Pest Control > Integrated Pest Management Extension, the integrated pest management Index provides access to fact sheets ongeneral pest management, and on pest management in the key field crops of Ohio http://agrifor.ac.uk/hb/4701d4fc235a3daa516f8eaf041d63aa.html

low graphics Home Plant diseases, Weeds, and Pest Control Integrated pest management 2001 pest management research report Published on the Web by Agriculture and Agri Food Canada in February 2002, this report disemminates information on the results of pest management research carried out in Canada in 2001. The report contains 144 research reports in 15 different sections. These include entomology and plant pathology, and are divided by crop type. The research results are indexed by crop, pest, disease, pest management methods, products, establishments, and author. This 414 page report is provided in PDF, requiring Adobe Acrobat Reader. research plant pathology pest management entomology ... 2003 pest management guides Published on the Web in January 2003 by the Virginia Cooperative Extension (VCE), a joint educational outreach program of Virgina Tech and Virginia State University, these three 2003 Pest Management Guides on Field Crops, Home Grounds and Animals, and Horticultural and Forest Crops, were written by VCE staff. Field Crops covers livestock, diseases and nematodes, insects, and weeds; Home Grounds and Animals covers home vegetables, home fruit, home ornamentals, lawn, home and yard insect control, and pets; and Horticultural ans Forest Crops covers commercial small fruits, grapes, nursery crops, floral crops, turf, and low management crops and areas. Each section of each guide is available to download individually in PDF, requiring Adobe Acrobat Reader. pests pest management pest control parasites ... Biological control virtual information center The Biological Control Virtual Information Center is maintained by the National Science Foundation Center for Integrated Pest Management and the Consortium for International Crop Protection, and is partly funded by USDA/APHIS. It provides information on what is meant by biological control, and details of some insects which can be used as natural enemies or predators. It looks at the uses of biological control, and how to implement a scheme, as well as providing links to related Web sites under the headings of US Government, US Universities, non-profits, and commercial. The site is hosted by the National IPM Network.

33. Saskatchewan Agriculture And Food - Crops - Integrated Pest Management integrated pest management (IPM) is a decisionmaking process that uses all necessarytechniques to suppress pests (insects, weeds, plant diseases) effectively http://www.agr.gov.sk.ca/Crops/Integrated_Pest_Management.asp?firstpick=Crops&se

34. Integrated Pest Management And Crop Production In Saskatchewan integrated pest management And Crop Production In Saskatchewan. FoodProduction Through Sustainable Crop Protection. integrated pest http://www.agr.gov.sk.ca/docs/crops/integrated_pest_management/general/ipmcroppr

Navigation Path >> Home Crops Integrated Pest Management General Wednesday, June 09, 2004 Integrated Pest Management And Crop Production In Saskatchewan Food Production Through Sustainable Crop Protection Integrated Pest Management (IPM) refers to crop production that uses all necessary techniques to suppress pests effectively, economically and in an environmentally sound manner. Saskatchewan has a unique agricultural climate. Temperature extremes and low annual precipitation naturally keep many pest populations within a manageable range. Consequently, producers use a low level of pesticides but can further reduce their use with integrated pest management. Saskatchewan producers already practise IPM, but greater awareness of its benefits will further enhance the stewardship of our land and increase the market appeal for our products. The Elements of IPM Know your pest - Understanding pest lifecycles, feeding patterns and interaction with beneficial organisms is necessary for decision-making that results in appropriate, cost-effective control. Monitor all factors of production - Field scouting in an essential IPM activity. Frequent monitoring of weed and insect populations and environmental conditions favourable to disease can allow early intervention and reduce pesticide use.

35. Rural NI | Crops | Nursery Stock & Ornamentals | Technical Information | Integra integrated pest management (IPM) IN ORNAMENTAL crops. Growers and retailers areincreasingly interested in reducing chemical usage on ornamental crops. http://www.ruralni.gov.uk/crops/nursery_ornamentals/technical_information/integr

business management information technology organic production dairy ... Technical information Integrated pest management Technical information Integrated pest management Nursery stock guide Nursery trade directory ... Weed control Technology projects Business Development Groups Nursery stock at Greenmount Courses Job Scene INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) IN ORNAMENTAL CROPS Growers and retailers are increasingly interested in reducing chemical usage on ornamental crops. In IPM programmes beneficial enemies (beneficial insects and mites) are used instead of chemicals where possible. Any introduction of natural enemies has to be carefully planned. Anticipated pests and diseases must be quantified. Close monitoring of pests is required on a regular basis. For specific information on biological control of individual pests FARGRO provide information in their IPM booklet Training Growers need to develop their skills in the identification of pests and beneficial insects for the system to work. 21 growers and their staff attended a course on IPM at Greenmount College in November 1998. The course helped growers improve their pest identification skills and choose chemicals that are compatible with natural enemies. Mr Neil Helyer, Integrated Pest Management Specialist presented examples of successful IPM in bedding and nursery crops.

36. Integrated Pest Management In Cucurbit Crops In South-Central USA: Pest Status, integrated pest management in Cucurbit crops in SouthCentral USApest Status, Attitudes toward IPM and a Plan for Implementation. http://www.joe.org/joe/1998august/a3.html

August 1998 Volume 36 Number 4 Integrated Pest Management in Cucurbit Crops in South-Central USA: Pest Status, Attitudes toward IPM and a Plan for Implementation D. G. Riley Assistant Professor Coastal Plain Experiment Station University of Georgia Tifton, Georgia Internet address: driley@tifton.cpes.peachnet.edu J. V. Edelson Professor Oklahoma State University Lane, Oklahoma Internet address: jedelson-okstate@lane-ag.org R. E. Roberts Professor Lubbock, Texas N. Roe Assistant Professor Stephenville, Texas M. E. Miller Professor Weslaco, Texas G. Cuperus Professor Oklahoma State University Department of Entomology Stillwater, Oklahoma J. Anciso Extension Agent Edinburg, Texas Introduction Cucurbits are an important part of the fresh market vegetable crops in the USA comprising approximately 9% of all fresh vegetable shipments in 1992 (USDA Agricultural Statistics 1993). Cucurbit fruit such as pickling cucumber, pumpkin, and squash, are also important processed or frozen commodities. Watermelon, cantaloupe, honeydew melon, cucumber, squash, and pumpkin are grown throughout the south central region of the U.S. from south Texas through Oklahoma. It is estimated that over 100,000 acres for the crop complex as a whole are produced in Texas and Oklahoma. The fruit is primarily channeled through the fresh market and through processors for pickles and frozen goods. The pest complex attacking these crops in these areas can result in severe yield losses. Consumer demands for unblemished produce in the fresh market coupled with the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations for the processor market dictate that cucurbit fruit be blemish free and of standard size and color. Because of this, pesticide usage has remained high for these crops and adoption of integrated pest management (IPM) practices slow because of the perceived risks to production.

37. Factors Influencing Adoption And Educational Outreach Of Integrated Pest Managem health, and environmental risks (National Coalition on integrated pest management,1994). The crops surveyed were selected based on their regional importance http://www.joe.org/joe/1998june/a3.html

June 1998 Volume 36 Number 3 Factors Influencing Adoption and Educational Outreach of Integrated Pest Management Diane G. Alston Associate Professor and Extension IPM Coordinator Internet address: dianea@ext.usu.edu Michael E. Reding Extension IPM Project Leader Internet address: miker@ext.usu.edu Department of Biology Utah State University Logan, Utah Successful Extension education outreach programs are based on a solid understanding of the needs of the targeted audience and the use of appropriate techniques to disseminate the needed information. This study was undertaken to assist the Utah integrated pest management (IPM) program with effectively targeting its outreach efforts. We needed to determine key producer/farm background characteristics that may influence adoption, current use of IPM, perceived impediments to adoption, and preference for education delivery techniques. Data were obtained from surveys mailed to two agricultural producer groups (tree fruits and small grains) during 1996. IPM is defined as a sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological, cultural, physical, and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks (National Coalition on Integrated Pest Management, 1994). The U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) IPM initiative has set a goal of implementing IPM on 75% of the U.S. crop lands by the year 2000. USDA has charged state Extension IPM coordinators with the tasks of promoting and measuring IPM adoption of agricultural producers and practitioners in an attempt to reach this goal.

38. Integrated Pest Management Of Aster Leafhoppers And Aster Yellows - Manitoba Agr Wisconsin. integrated pest management of Aster Yellows. CulturalControl. leafhoppers. Commercial crops Affected by Aster Yellows. http://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/crops/insects/fad51s00.html

February, 2001 Integrated Pest Management of Aster Leafhoppers and Aster Yellows Aster yellows is a viral-like disease and is caused by a phytoplasma (previously called mycoplasma-like organism) and is spread by aster leafhoppers. Introduction The degree of severity of disease can not be assumed from the number of aster leafhoppers present due to many different factors. Factors such as weather conditions, infectivity rate and precipitation amounts are variable and differ from year to year. Background and Biology Links: Background and Biology Disease Life Cycle Damage Monitoring ... Commercial Crops Affected by Aster Yellows Adult: the aster leafhopper is olive-green or straw coloured with six dark coloured spots on the forehead. The abdomen is charcoal and the wings are opaque. They fly between plants in short bursts, depending on wind conditions. They may overwinter as eggs, but substantial numbers migrate from the south, usually arriving in early to mid June. The aster leafhopper will not fly at temperatures below 15 degrees C. The migrants are attracted to grasses and forages, such as winter wheat and alfalfa, for breeding purposes. The eggs takes two weeks and five nymphal stages to reach the first generation, which appear in late June to early July. These cause most of the crop damage, due to their preference for carrots, lettuce and celery as a feeding ground. The feeding itself is not economically damaging, but in the feeding process the plants are infected with aster yellows.

39. IPM: An Integrated Pest Management Primer integrated means that a broad, interdisciplinary approach is 1975 Evaluation of PestManagement Programs for Cotton have been applied to other crops and many http://pestworld.stjohn.hawaii.edu/studypackets/ipm.html

Printed Text = 9 pages An Integrated Pest Management Primer Compiled from comments of an informal working group consisting of: James L. App Richard D. Berger James E. Brogdon Robert F. Brooks Roy R. Carriker Richard P. Cromwell Robert A. Dunn Katherine C. Ewel John F. Gerber Freddie A. Johnson James P. Jones Clyde F. Kiker Joseph L. Knapp, Jr. Philip G. Koehler Thomas A. Kucharek Amegda J. Overman Vernon G. Perry Sidney L. Poe Kenneth L. Pohronezny Gary E. Sanden Donald E. Short Glen H. Smerage Robert E. Stall John R. Strayer David H. Teem Van H. Waddill Joseph M. Good, Extension Service, USDA, Washington, D.C. Gene Jackson, A. Duda and Sons, Belle Glade Prepared for publication by Keith Hoeller, Editor and Author Ralph Knudson, Illustrator Ashley Wood, Illustrator IFAS Editorial Department The purpose of this primer is to inform the public and pesticide users about the principles of Integrated Pest Management. The primer was partially funded by the United States Department of Agriculture and the Environmental Protection Agency. It was developed by: Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences University of Florida, Gainesville

40. Integrated Pest Management In Lettuce review lettuce IPM practices for vertebrate pests and an indepth coverage of weedmanagement, refer to integrated pest management for Cole crops and Lettuce http://www.entsoc.org/pubs/book reviews/integrated_pest_management.htm

Integrated Pest Management in Lettuce: Information Guide Sandra McDougall, Tony Napier, Joe Valenzisi, and Andrew Watson NSW Agriculture, Yanco, NSW Australia 2002, 154 pp., soft cover ISBN: 0-7347-13460 If you have ever wondered about integrated pest management (IPM) on vegetable crops "Down Under," here is your chance to view a practical handbook on pest management for Australian lettuce production. The theme of the book is the integration of pest management practices with mutually beneficial, economical, and environmentally friendly solutions for pest control. Although the title would lead one to believe that this is a book for the IPM practitioner, it is also of value to extension programs. It is well compiled and edited and could serve as a valuable source of accurate and concise information for an undergraduate student course in IPM, or as a supplemental text book. This small book with 154 pages, 8 chapters, 7 appendixes, a resources guide, a glossary, and an index is ideally arranged, starting with an explanation of the purpose of the guide. The first chapter, "What is IPM?", defines IPM and its benefits, factors for implementation, and pest management strategies. The next chapter, "Tools for IPM," covers cultural control, biological control, chemical control, host plant resistance, and mechanical control. The Crop Monitoring chapter includes information about sampling tools and techniques, sampling procedures, economic injury level, and action threshold. The Pesticide Resistance chapter describes pest management practices that can lead to resistance in insects, as well as insect resistance management strategies; but it offers little information on pesticide resistance mechanisms and pesticide resistance management for weeds and plant pathogens. The Insect Pest Management chapter details the management of 17 insect pests. This chapter also provides limited information on release of commercially available

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