1. Industrial Revolution Index The American Industrial Revolution Development of the Industrial United States ( 1870 1900 ) Changes In America industrial revolution workers in 19th http://members.aol.com/TeacherNet/Industrial.html

Industrial Revolution How to do Research using the Navigation Aids: 1. By clicking on the Hotlinks, you will be taken directly to the exact location where the Topic is located on the page. 2. When you click on a site located under a topic, another browser window will open automatically for you on top of this page. With your mouse, pull that window down below the Topic you are researching. Every time you now click on a site, the material will appear in this window. This will allow you to quickly and easily read the material and go through each site listed without losing this page. Remember to cite the "web sites and their authors" given below as your information "sources" in your paper or presentation for citation/bibliographic purposes. Hotlinks: Table of Contents: Agriculture Architecture Authors Cartoons ... Urban Planning Main Sources Industrial Revolution!!! The Industrial Revolution A Trip To The Past - Industrial Revolution Lectures on The Industrial Revolution in England by Arnold Toynbee ... History of the Industrial Revolution Overviews American Industrialization The Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century Industrial Revolution - climate effect Changes In America: Industrial Revolution ... I.A.Recordings Industrial Archaeology Video Archive :Introduction (Home Page)

2. Industrial Revolution In The 19th Century Industrial Revolution Development of the Industrial United States ( 1870 1900 ) Changes In America industrial revolution workers in 19th-century Britain The http://www.supercrawler.com/pages/Industrial_Revolution_in_the_19th_Century.html

lycos infoseek altavista excite yahoo Click Here! Sponsored Links supercrawler.com results for Industrial Revolution in the 19th Century Made In Hamilton Century Industrial Trail collections.ic.gc.ca/industrial/19thcent.htm Industrial Revolution Resources Industrial Revolution Resources having to do with England under the reign of Queen Victoria (much of the century ). This era occurred during the peak of the Industrial Revolution dewey.chs.chico.k12.ca.us/irev.html deals with European History from the middle of the 18th century through the end of the century ... traces events from the Industrial Revolution through the history.evansville.net/industry.html Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution Development of the Industrial United States ( 1870 - 1900 ) Changes In America: Industrial Revolution Workers in century Britain The members.aol.com/TeacherNet/Industrial.html BBC - History - Industrialisation BBC - History - Industrialisation The Industrial Revolution . A farmworker with horse. Agricultural Revolution by Mark Overton.

3. CheatHouse.com - The Industrial Revolution loom fascinated Lowell This is when strikes broke out Thousands of immigrants from Ireland While there Without the industrial revolution workers are granted http://www.cheathouse.com/eview/30554-the-industrial-revolution.html

The mills of the 1800s mark the rise and fall of the industrial revolution. Still standing tall to this day, the mills served as the source of employment for thousands of young women, children, and immigrants. Without the industrial revolution, we would not have some of the machinery we have today The Industrial Revolution Note! The sentences in this essay are shuffled, making this essay unusable If you want to read the essay in it's original and proper state, click here. We use this page for our internal search engine, and it's not meant to be viewable. North American History Home Essays [LOGIN] ... 1995-2004, Loadstone

4. Lesson: Industrial Revolution (Women In World History Curriculum) Inspectors visited mills, mines and shops taking evidence from workers to see ways in which the industrial revolution affected women and families. http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/lesson7.html

Classroom Lesson Series The Plight of Women's Work in the Early Industrial Revolution in England and Wales womeninworldhistory.com The Industrial Revolution in part was fueled by the economic necessity of many women, single and married, to find waged work outside their home. Women mostly found jobs in domestic service, textile factories, and piece work shops. They also worked in the coal mines. For some, the Industrial Revolution provided independent wages, mobility and a better standard of living. For the majority, however, factory work in the early years of the 19th century resulted in a life of hardship. The following selections are testimonies from England and Wales collected by Parliamentary commissions who began to investigate the industrial employment of women and children in the early 1840s. Inspectors visited mills, mines and shops taking evidence from workers to see ways in which the Industrial Revolution affected women and families. The sources, along with illustrations and a workforce chart, reveal the following points: Working conditions were often unsanitary and the work dangerous.

5. The Industrial Revolution, Workers, And The Working Classes: Selected Bibliograp The industrial revolution, workers, and the Working Classes Selected Bibliography. Glen, Robert. Urban workers in the Early industrial revolution. http://www.victorianweb.org/technology/ir/3.html

The Industrial Revolution, Workers, and the Working Classes: Selected Bibliography George P. Landow , Shaw Professor of English and Digital Culture, National University of Singapore This bibliography was created with the assistance of Victorian Database on a CD-ROM, 1970-1995 , which was produced at the University of Alberta. Benson, Ian, and John Lloyd. New Technology and Industrial Change: The Impact of the Scientific-Technical Revolution on Labour and Industry . London: Kogan Page/ New York: Nichols Pub 1983. Berg, Maxine. "What Difference Did Women's Work Make to the Industrial Revolution?" History Workshop 1993 (35/spr) 22-44. Berlanstein, Lenard R., ed. The Industrial Revolution and Work in Nineteenth-Century Europe London: Routledge, 1992. Cohen, Marjorie."Changing Perceptions of the Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Female Labor." International Journal of Women's Studies Fleischman, Richard K. Conditions of Life Among the Cotton Workers of Southeastern Lancashire During the Industrial Revolution, 1780-1850 . New York: Garland 1985. Glen, Robert.

6. Women Workers And The Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850 Project 2001 Significant Works in TwentiethCentury Economic History. Women workers and the industrial revolution, 1750-1850. Ivy Pinchbeck, Women workers and the industrial revolution, 1750-1850.London George Routledge, 1930. x + 342 pp. http://www.eh.net/bookreviews/library/burnette.shtml

Project 2001: Significant Works in Twentieth-Century Economic History Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850 Ivy Pinchbeck, Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850. London: George Routledge, 1930. x + 342 pp. Review Essay by Joyce Burnette, Department of Economics, Wabash College. burnettj@wabash.edu A Pioneer in Women's History: Ivy Pinchbeck's Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850 During the past twenty years economic historians have begun to pay more attention to the role of women in the economy of Industrial Revolution Britain, and how our conclusions might change if we no longer neglect them. We can thank Ivy Pinchbeck for blazing the trail seventy years ago. Her Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850 is one of the most significant works in twentieth-century economic history both because of its merits and because of the impact it had on later scholarship. Pinchbeck consulted a huge number of primary sources, and was able to synthesize this material into broader conclusions that have shaped our understanding of women's history. The book was a pioneering effort in the field of women's economic history, and has served as a valuable resource for later researchers. Ivy Pinchbeck is not one of economic history's superstars, and relatively little is known about her. She was born in 1898. In 1930 she received her Ph.D. in Economic History from the London School of Economics, where she worked under Eileen Power. She spent her entire career (1928 through her retirement) at Bedford College, London. In 1969 she published (with Margaret Hewitt) Children in English Society, which examined English children from the sixteenth century to the twentieth century. She also published a couple of articles in the British Journal of Sociology, but her list of publications is not particularly long. Pinchbeck wrote about women's history before it was considered an important topic, and she lived, and presumably died, in relative obscurity.

7. Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Industrial Revolution of Textiles 2ND Arnold Toynbee (18521883) Lectures on the industrial revolution in England At McMasterFull Text; Leeds Woolen workers Petition, 1786 At http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook14.html

Halsall Home Ancient History Sourcebook Medieval Sourcebook Modern History Course Other History Sourcebooks: African East Asian Indian Islamic ... Pop Culture See Main Page for a guide to all contents of all sections. Contents The Industrial Revolution The Agricultural Revolution of the 17th-18th Centuries The Revolution in the Manufacture of Textiles The Revolution in Power Railroads Steam Ships The Great Engineers The Process of Industrialization Social and Political Effects The Lives of Workers Urban Life: New Social Classes Social Reformism Literary Response The Industrial Revolution The Agricultural Revolution of the 17th-18th Centuries Abraham Cowley (1618-1667): Of Agriculture , 1650 [At this Site] Turnips Accounts of the "Potato Revolution" 1695 - 1845 [At this Site] John A. Mazis: The Potato [Modern Account][At UMN] Field Rotation Animal Breeding The Revolution in the Manufacture of Textiles Arnold Toynbee (1852-1883): Lectures on the Industrial Revolution in England [At McMaster][Full Text] Leeds Woolen Workers' Petition , 1786 [At this Site] Attacking the effects of machinery.

8. The Industrial Revolution The industrial revolution. The industrial revolution may be defined as the application of powerdriven machinery to manufacturing. It had its beginning in remote times, and is still continuing in some places. the industrial revolution created a new working class. The new class of industrial workers included all http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/industrialrev.html

The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution may be defined as the application of power-driven machinery to manufacturing. It had its beginning in remote times, and is still continuing in some places. In the eighteenth century all of western Europe began to industrialize rapidly, but in England the process was most highly accelerated. England's head start may be attributed to the emergence of a number of simultaneous factors. Britain had burned up her magnificent oak forests in its fireplaces, but large deposits of coal were still available for industrial fuel. There was an abundant labor supply to mine coal and iron, and to man the factories. From the old commercial empire there remained a fleet, and England still possessed colonies to furnish raw materials and act as captive markets for manufactured goods. Tobacco merchants of Glasgow and tea merchants of London and Bristol had capital to invest and the technical know-how derived from the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century. Last, but not least important, the insularity of England saved industrial development from being interrupted by war. Soon all western Europe was more or less industrialized, and the coming of electricity and cheap steel after 1850 further speeded the process. I. The Agricultural Revolution

9. Cotton Times An overview of the industrial revolution in textiles, profiling workers and reformers of 18th century Britain, related events in labor history, and describing modes of transportation and living. http://www.cottontimes.co.uk/

THE STORY OF HISTORY'S GREATEST UPHEAVAL Index Overview Timeline Who was Who Inventors ... The Wheelgate Search Cottontimes: sitemap Webmaster: Doug Peacock NEW READ the story of THOMAS HIGHS, the forgotten inventor. Click here. Just a word ... OUR 'Questions' feature has proved too successful for its own good. We have been swamped with enquiries - most of which could have been answered by even a cursory look at the site. So reluctantly, we have had to withdraw the facility. We apologise sincerely to those readers who made considerate use of the service. LANCASHIRE, England. Welcome to the land where the Industrial Revolution began, two and a half centuries ago. Some people once regarded Lancashire as hell on earth, a pestilential region where innocence died and the soulless world of organised labour was born. To others, it was where our then undreamt-of modern lifestyle had its beginnings. For those who don't know, Lancashire is an administrative district of England. It lies in the north west of the country, 200 miles or so from London, bordered on the west by the Irish Sea and on the east by the high moorlands of the Pennine chain. Before the Industrial Revolution it was a backwater. Few visited the place. Roads were impassable and there was nothing to come for, anyway.

10. Lesson: Industrial Revolution - Textile Workers (Women In World History Curricul Primary Source material about women textile mill workers during the industrial revolution in England and Wales. Textile workers industrial revolution. http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/textile.html

LESSONS - More Info Textile Workers Industrial Revolution womeninworldhistory.com 1) Courtauld Silk Mill Workforce: Samuel Courtauld built a silk mill in 1825 in Halstead, Essex (South East England). Before the Industrial Revolution, Halstead was an agricultural community with a cottage industry producing woolen cloth. In Halstead, as elsewhere in England, unemployment among depressed farming households and former wool workers forced people to find work outside the home. Because their labor was cheap, women more than men were recruited into the textile factories that sprang up all over Britain in the 19th century. This is a chart of the Courtauld workforce in 1860. The wages are in British schillings. Number Weekly Wages MALES 1000 pounds per year Mill Manager (Also got 3 per cent of the profits) Overseers and clerks Mechanics and engine drivers Carpenters and blacksmiths Lodgekeeper Power loom machinery attendants and steamers Mill machinery attendants and loom cleaners Spindle cleaners, bobbin stampers and packers, messengers, sweepers

11. Conditions Of The Working-Class In England Index Fredrich Engel's widely read analysis of the effects of the industrial revolution on English life. An indictment of capitalism's oppression of workers in Victorian England. http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1840/cond-wce/index.htm

Marx/Engels Internet Archive The Condition of the Working Class in England Frederick Engels Written: September 1844 to March 1845; Published: in Leipzig in 1845; The English edition (authorised by Engels) was published in 1887 in New York and in London in 1891; Source: Panther Edition, 1969, from text provided by the Institute of Marxism-Leninism, Moscow; Transcribed: by Tim Delaney in 1998. Table of Contents Dedication: To the Working-Classes of Great Britain Preface to 2nd German Edition (1892) Preface Introduction The Industrial Proletariat ... Marx/Engels Archive

12. Writing What was the effect of the new industrial revolution on the American worker, and how did the various labor organizations attempt to respond to the new conditions? their workers; most factory workers worked in ten to twelve hour shifts. The industrial revolution also brought http://www.toxify.net/me/industrialrevolution.htm

What was the effect of the new industrial revolution on the American worker, and how did the various labor organizations attempt to respond to the new conditions? As the industrial revolution burst onto American frontlines, their effect was beneficial to the business man but startlingly unfair to the common citizen or worker. Factories provided few benefits to the American lifestyle, but the costly price to individual persons was staggering and often not equated to the positive aspects; even as they were victimized, their attempts proved little but did leave some lasting footsteps of progress. The standard of the American lifestyle improved as more people were introduced into the working world due to the influx of factories-but it also drove the need for a higher income to a fevered pitch. Workers were often immigrants that worked for pitiful wages; they also hindered non-immigrants from holding on to higher-paying jobs since immigrants were willing to work for low pay. In addition to awful wages, employers foisted long, enduring hours on their workers; most factory workers worked in ten to twelve hour shifts. The industrial revolution also brought raw materials and made them easier to obtain as well as it mass-production allowed for cheaper prices on consumer goods, but just as with the living standard increasing, the type of goods also increased-making Americans yearn for more than they had, and sometimes, more than they could afford. Women, children, and men all held pivotal roles in laboring-women operated switchboards and more "delicate" jobs that did not consist of heavy manual labor while children worked jobs in coal mines because of their nimble bodies and small forms, and still men continued to toil away with excruciating labor. Those not owners or employers were workers-doing difficult work for low pay and long hours while those higher up on the corporate ladder benefited from their energies; they were the millionaires and billionaires getting rich off of the industrial revolution. Family traditions disintegrated due to the prolonged absences of family members; women had less children because of the time they spent at factories meant less time for raising and rearing offspring. Fathers were absent as they spent most of their waking hours working, and the few hours at home sleeping or resting up for the next busy workday. Family life suffered hugely from the requirements of laboring.

13. Essay Before the first industrial revolution, England s economy was based on its cottage industry. workers would buy raw materials from merchants, take it back to http://members.aol.com/mhirotsu/essay.htm

1. Essay on the Industrial Revolution The Industrial revolution was a time of drastic change and transformation from hand tools, and hand made items to machine manufactured and mass produced goods. This change generally helped life, but also hindered it as well. Pollution, such as co2 levels in the atmosphere rose, working conditions declined, and the number of women and children working increased. The government, the arts, literature, music and architecture and man's way of looking at life all changed during the period. Two revolutions took place, both resulting in productive but also dire consequences. Before the first industrial revolution, England's economy was based on its cottage industry. Workers would buy raw materials from merchants, take it back to their cottages, hence the name, and produce the goods at their home. It was usually was owned and managed by one or more people, who were generally close to the workers. There was a good worker/boss relationship, which was demolished and destroyed by capitalism. This industry was efficient but the workers, productivity was low, making costs higher. The longer it took one person to manufacture a product, the higher the price. Subsequently, goods were high in price and exclusive only to the wealthy people. The year was 1733, the demand for cotton cloth was high, but production was low. This crisis had to be solved or England's economy would be hindered. The answer came from a British weaver, John Kay, who invented and fashioned the flying shuttle, which cut weaving time in half. John Kay was a pioneer and his invention paved the way for numerous inventors. Although at first, many workers didn't accept machines, in fact, many inventions were destroyed, but what was inevitable, couldn't be stopped. The machines had made their way to England, and nothing could stop them.

14. Industrial Revolution led to the growth of the factory system, which brought workers and machines to two other industries that were essential to the industrial revolution—coal and http://www.fresno.k12.ca.us/schools/s090/history/industrial_revolution.htm

Early spinning machine James watt Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution A revolution in agriculture in the 1700s created conditions that favored the Industrial Revolution.Farmers began growing new crops and using new technology such as the seed drill and the iron plow. Increased food production improved people's diet and health, which in turn contributed to rapid population growth. Better farming methods meant that fewer people were needed to farm. As a result, unemployed farmers formed a large new labor force. The factory system. Improvements in transportation and communication. During the Industrial Revolution, advances were made in transportation and communication. In Britain, roads made of longer-lasting surfaces and canals connected all parts of the nation. A mining engineer, George Stephenson, developed the first steam-powered locomotive, opening the way for the building of railroads. Railroads and steam-powered ships improved transportation around the world. In 1837, an American inventor, Samuel F.B. Morse, devised the telegraph, which revolutionized communications. Why Britain took the lead.

15. Industrial Revolution During the 1800s the industrial revolution spread throughout Britain. Also thousands of new workers were needed to work machines in mills and foundries and the http://www.nettlesworth.durham.sch.uk/time/victorian/vindust.html

During the 1800s the Industrial Revolution spread throughout Britain. The use of steam-powered machines, led to a massive increase in the number of factories (particularly in textile factories or mills). From Country to Town As the number of factories grew people from the countryside began to move into the towns looking for better paid work. The wages of a farm worker were very low and there were less jobs working on farms because of the invention and use of new machines such as threshers. Also thousands of new workers were needed to work machines in mills and foundries and the factory owners built houses for them.Cities filled to overflowing and London was particularly bad. At the start of the 19th Century about 1/5 of Britain’s population lived there, but by 1851 half the population of the country had set up home in London. London, like most cities, was not prepared for this great increase in people. People crowded into already crowded houses. Rooms were rented to whole families or perhaps several families. If there was no rooms to rent, people stayed in lodging houses. Housing Pollution Chimneys, bridges and factory smoke blocked out most of the light in the towns. A layer of dirty smoke often covered the streets like a blanket. This came from the factories that used steam to power their machines. The steam was made by burning coal to heat water. Burning coal produces a lot of dirty, black smoke.

16. Industrial Revolution womeninworldhistory.com/lesson7.html The life of women during the industrial revolution. the factory, reformers, supporters of child labor, workers voices and http://score.rims.k12.ca.us/activity/IndustRev/

Pageant of World History p.515 Industrial Revolution Teacher Notes Dear M.P._, The House of Commons Parliamentary Committee on Working and Living Conditions welcomes you as a new member. We have been diligently holding committee meetings investigating the impact of this so-called factory system on our fair land. In your folder, you will have a number of critical pieces of testimony from prior inquiries into this phenomenon which has caused such tumult. In addition, you can read other testimony in our archives. You need to do this soon. In four days, a great debate is scheduled in the House of Commons. We expect you, as a member of our committee, to author a bill addressing a critical aspect of these events. You will also be expected to argue the bill's merits in front of friend and foe alike. We realize that your party affiliation will influence your bill, but also keep in mind the best interests of England. Please be as specific as possible in your bill, using detailed and accurate monetary figures. Also keep in mind the role of Her Majesty's government in monitoring this event. Sincerely

17. Web Links - The Industrial Revolution 19c Images of the industrial revolution in England. of Commons Select Committee on The Woollen Industry. 1830 Wages of Factory workers in Leeds statistical http://www.historyteacher.net/APEuroCourse/WebLinks/WebLinks-IndustrialRevolutio

The 1833 Factory Act Page The 1834 Poor Law Page The Anti-Corn League British History of Child Labor in the 19c (Spartacus) ... Leonard Horner, Inspector of Factories for the British government, commenting on the implementation of the 1833 Factory Act 1839: People's Charter The view of a soldier on Chartist activity in the north of England - from the diaries of Sir Charles Napier Conditions in Nottingham in 1840 - General Sir Charles Napier Condition of the Poor in Manchester - John Layhe Robert Peel's Speech on the Corn Laws ... The People's Charter mid-19c: "Cripples in the Yard of Children's Home in London" - picture Self-Help - Samuel Smiles Study of London Labour and the London Poor, Volume I ... Tables Illustrating the Spread of Industrialization in the Western World

18. Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Scientific, Political & Industrial Revolutio The Second industrial revolution and Advanced Capitalism Lectures on the industrial revolution in England At McMasterFull Text Leeds Woolen workers' Petition, 1786 At http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook2.html

Halsall Home Ancient History Sourcebook Modern History Course Medieval Sourcebook Other History Sourcebooks: African East Asian Indian Islamic ... Modern World Notes: WEB Link to a World Wide Web site MEGA Link to a site which offers a guide to the net. RG Reading Guide to a text SUMMARY Summary (notes) sheet of period/issue Paul Halsall, halsall@fordham.edu , Sourcebook Compiler Research Help Although I am more than happy to receive notes if you have comments on this web site, I cannot answer specific research enquiries [and - for students - I cannot, or rather will not, do your homework.] See the HELP! page for more suggestions on texts and research. - page hits since September 22, 1997. IMPORTANT: New Structure for the Modern History Sourcebook As of January 20 1999, the Internet Modern History Sourcebook has been completely reorganized. Each of the main sections had became too large [nearly 300k] to maintain as one file. To see the new arrangement go to the Main Index . The four older index files - Early Modern Three Revolutions 19th Century Modern World - will all remain available indefinitely, and the URLs of individual files will not alter. But no new texts (after 12/31/1998) will be added to these large index pages. For new texts, use the new structure, or check the

19. The Industrial Revolution A movement of British workers that attempted to stop the industrial revolution through a campaign of destroying factory machines, which they blamed for http://www.historyteacher.net/EuroProjects/ExamReviewSheets/MatchingQuizzesForFi

The Industrial Revolution Match the items on the right with the items on the left. This Scott, who originally made musical instruments, also was responsible for perhaps the most significant invention of the Industrial Revolution - the steam engine. The Reform Bill of 1832 Zollverein The Combination Acts Enclosure The Luddites The putting-out system David Ricardo Samuel F. B. Morse The 1833 Factory Act Urbanization Robert Owen socialism Eli Whitney Charles Dickens Stadler Commission Social Darwinism The July Monarchy Thomas Newcomen Spinning Jenny Journeyman Laissez faire Capitalism Manchester The term used to describe the rapid growth of cities as a large percentage of the population moved from the country to the city The Reform Bill of 1832 Zollverein The Combination Acts Enclosure The Luddites The putting-out system David Ricardo Samuel F. B. Morse The 1833 Factory Act Urbanization Robert Owen socialism Eli Whitney Charles Dickens Stadler Commission Social Darwinism The July Monarchy Thomas Newcomen Spinning Jenny Journeyman Laissez faire Capitalism Manchester This machine was invented around 1764 by James Hargreaves. It wound several spools of thread around a spindle and allowed workers to work with p to 80 spindles at a time.

20. EH.Net Encyclopedia Women workers in the British industrial revolution. Pinchbeck, Ivy. Women workers and the industrial revolution, 17501850, London Routledge, 1930. http://www.eh.net/encyclopedia/burnette.women.workers.britian.php

Search the encyclopedia : EH.Net Encyclopedia burnette.women.workers.britian The online encyclopedia articles are indexed alphabetically: A B C D ... Z Women Workers in the British Industrial Revolution Joyce Burnette, Wabash College Historians disagree about whether the British Industrial Revolution (1760-1830) was beneficial for women. Frederick Engels, writing in the late nineteenth century, thought that the Industrial Revolution increased women's participation in labor outside the home, and claimed that this change was emancipating. More recent historians dispute the claim that women's labor force participation rose, and focus more on the disadvantages women experienced during this time period. One thing is certain: the Industrial Revolution was a time of important changes in the way that women worked. The Census Unfortunately, the historical sources on women's work are neither as complete nor as reliable as we would like. Aggregate information on the occupations of women is available only from the census, and while census data has the advantage of being comprehensive, it is not a very good measure of work done by women during the Industrial Revolution. For one thing, the census does not provide any information on individual occupations until 1841, which is after the period we wish to study. At the same time, the census over-estimates participation by listing in the "domestic service" category women who were actually family members. In addition, the census exaggerates the extent to which women were concentrated in domestic service occupations because many women listed as "maids", and included in the domestic servant category in the aggregate tables, were really agricultural workers.

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