61. INDONESIA Any discussion of the history of indonesia must begin with the recognition of many an anthropologists belief that Southeast Asia was one of the great http://cui.unige.ch/~luthi/download/indo.html

INDONESIA: Bhinneka Tunggal Ika Introduction Bhinneka Tunggal Ika - "Unity in Diversity" This is the motto of the country of Indonesia. This motto is a testament to the fact that the country of Indonesia is a union comprised of thousands of islands populated by millions of people from hundreds of cultures speaking hundreds of languages and dialects. Indonesia values unity and cooperation above all else and yet it is a country of more diversity than perhaps any other. The basic principles which guide life in Indonesia include the concepts of mutual assistance or gotong royong and consultations or musyawarah to arrive at a consensus or mufakat. Indonesia, officially The Republic of Indonesia, is the worlds largest archipelago spanning 5,120 kilometers (3,200 miles) from east to west along the Equator and 1,760 kilometers (1,100 miles) from north to south. Its total expanse is roughly equivalent to that of the United States. Indonesia is comprised of 13,667 islands (6,000 inhabited) located between the continents of Asia and Australia. The total land area of Indonesia is 1,826,440 square kilometers (705,188 square miles) which is slightly less than three times the area of the state of Texas. Indonesia shares land borders with Malaysia, Brunei Darusalam and Papua New Guinea and sea borders with Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines and Australia. Indonesia is an equatorial, volcanic archipelago. The topography of most of the islands consists of costal areas with beaches and coral reefs, interior areas of jungle, rainforest and mangrove swamps punctuated by active and inactive volcanoes and lush, cool hill country.

62. Welcome To WEST NUSA TENGGARA - INDONESIA : History history. 19th century naturalist, Alfred Russell Wallace, marks a point of transition between the flora and fauna of Western and Eastern indonesia and acts as http://www.indonesia-tourism.com/west-nusa-tenggara/history.html

HISTORY The Wallace Line , named after 19th century naturalist, Alfred Russell Wallace, marks a point of transition between the flora and fauna of Western and Eastern Indonesia and acts as the Western boundary of West Nusa Tenggara which includes the islands of Lombok and Sumbawa. Lombok is noticeably different to its close neighbour, Bali. The northern part of the island is mountainous and lush with tall trees and shrubs. The south, on the other hand is arid and covered by savannas. Large Asian mammals are absent and replaced instead by large numbers of marsupials, lizards, cockatoos and parrots. The difference becomes more pronounced as one moves further east where dry seasons are more prolonged and the land is dry and bush-like, and so in many areas corn and sago are the staple food, instead of rice. At around the time Islam first came to these islands in the 1 6th century, four Hindu Kingdoms co-existed in apparent peace in what is now West Nusa Tenggara and is still the religion embraced by those in the west of Lombok, who are primarily Balinese. Lombok experienced strong Balinese influences in the past, but has still retained a unique identity. The indigenous people of Lombok, the Sasaks, are predominantly Moslem and have a strong, distinguished tradition as do the people of neighouring Sumbawa. Soft, white sand, virgin beaches are typical in Lombok, where the motto is

63. Welcome To EAST NUSA TENGGARA - INDONESIA : History history. direct flights to and from Darwin in Australia as well as with the rest of the archipelago. back to indonesiatourism.com. http://www.indonesia-tourism.com/east-nusa-tenggara/history.html

HISTORY The islands of East Nusa Tenggara have been Shaped by the power and force of an enormous chain of mountains and volcanoes which begins in the north of Sumatra and stretches east across Java. The province consists of over islands, but is dominated by the three main islands of Flores, Sumba, and Timor. Occupying a unique position at the junction of Australian and Asian submarine ridges marked by the Wallace Line, it is one the world's most dynamic and exotic marine environments with nearly every species of coral and tropical fish represented. The arid landscape of eastern and southeastern Nusa Tenggara is the result of hot, dry winds blasting in from the Australian continent. In fact, in many coastal areas not a drop of rain falls during most of the year. Flores is a Portuguese name which means "flower" and ideally describes the beauty to be found here. This long island between Sumbawa and Timor is crowded with volcanoes and mountains dividing it into several distinct regions with individual languages and traditions. Predominantly Catholic and heavily influenced by the Portuguese, there are many examples of a strong European cultural heritage like Easter procession held in Larantuka, and the royal regalia of the former king in Maumere. Formerly known as the Sandalwood Island, Sumba is now famous for its horses and an excellent style of ikat cloth. Spirits, both ancestral and natural are worshiped. Although some exist in East Sumba, it is in West Sumba that there are a number of enormous megalithic tombs and traditional thatched and peaked huts raised on stilts. It is here where incredible rituals take place, such as "Pasola" where hundreds of horsemen fling spears at each other in an annual ritual. Many traditional ceremonies, all with a component paying homage to the spirits, take place from July to October including the building of adat or traditional houses and burials when sometimes hundreds of pigs, water buffaloes, horses, and dogs are sacrified. Other ceremonies include "Pajura" or traditional boxing, festivals for the Lunar New Year in October and November, horse races and ritual! dances.

64. South East Asian Destinations, Indonesia - History indonesia histor y. indonesia - history. Before European colonialisation indonesia was a collection of sultanates and principalities with no unification. http://www.symbiosis-travel.com/destinations/indonesia/ihistory.htm

About us Mission statement Accommodations Scuba diving ... Contact Us WEBSITE CONTENTS DESTINATION > INDONESIA INDONESIA Overview Geography Culture ... Home Mystical Indonesia indonesia - 13,500 islands this sprawling archipelago's motto is 'unity in diversity' i n d o n e s i a - h i s t o r y Indonesia - History Before European colonialisation Indonesia was a collection of sultanates and principalities with no unification. Although there was considerable contact between the islands for trading purposes, no one state was all powerful. Indianisation occurred in the 1st century with the arrival of Hinduism and Buddhism and then during the 13-15th centuries Islam arrived in Sumatra. During the 15-20th century there was a marked Portuguese and Spanish influence because of the spice trade - then the Dutch East India Company established a foothold in Java itself. However, this was not consolidated until early in the 20th century, shortly before invasion by the Japanese. The export of rubber, coffee, tin and oil transformed the country through the injection of cash flow and this coincided with a large scale conversion to Christianity. Japanese rule was harsh

65. Indonesia - History 01 iClass Sites! Bettering The Net . . . With Content Classification! . indonesia. history Directory. 88x31 Pet. Page 1. Semarang on http://www.iclass-sites.com/history/indonesia-01.htm

Indonesia History Directory Page 1 Semarang on Photo [AA] - Historical pictorial from 1860 to 1945. (in EN, NL, and IND) Directory About Add Site Level Info ... Return To iClass Frames

66. Rethinking Indonesia's History (washingtonpost.com) Rethinking indonesia s history. In a school system that still emphasizes rote learning, Ali has encouraged his students to go beyond the textbooks. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A42017-2004Apr25_2.html

thisNode = 'world/asia/southeastasia/indonesia'; commercialNode =''; var SA_Message="SACategory=" + thisNode; PRINT EDITION Subscribe to NEWS OPINION ... REAL ESTATE SEARCH: Top 20 E-mailed Articles washingtonpost.com World Asia/Pacific ... Indonesia Page 2 of 2 Back Rethinking Indonesia's History In a school system that still emphasizes rote learning, Ali has encouraged his students to go beyond the textbooks. So they search topics on the Internet, digging up newspaper articles from online archives. They watch television shows on historical events. They have interviewed Sukarno-era officials and activists who were ostracized by Suharto. The abortive coup of 1965 is a litmus test of how the teaching of history is evolving in a fledgling democracy. But teachers are shrugging off convention in other ways. In December 1948, the Dutch invaded the central Java city of Yogyakarta, then capital of the young republic. The standard history text portrayed Suharto as a brilliant young officer who decided to lead an attack in 1949 against the Dutch. Today, I Wayan Badrika, a textbook writer and high school history teacher across town, offers a different explanation. He said Suharto was ordered to attack by the armed forces commander.

67. Washingtonpost.com: Rethinking Indonesia's History washingtonpost.com Rethinking indonesia s history Six Years After Suharto Dictatorship, New Curriculum Is Opening Issues to Debate. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A42017-2004Apr25?language=printer

68. Indonesia - History , overland and sea routes into indonesia. •, language. •, money and costs. •, diving. •, history. •, public holidays. •, cultural hints. indonesia history. http://www.cityreference.com/indonesia/history.htm

Home Indonesia Directory opening hours and festivals getting around information and maps trekking ... diving history public holidays cultural hints addresses communications ... Indonesia

69. INDONESIA: A Statement By The Asian Human Rights Commission: Time For A New Indo of school textbooks. The people of indonesia cannot afford to delay or delimit this rewriting of history. The country s future depends http://www.ahrchk.net/hrsolid/mainfile.php/2003vol13no04-05/2297/

Asian Human Rights Commission - Human Rights SOLIDARITY Main Archives Mailing List Subscription ... AHRC Website Search this section: Advanced Search ISSN 1682-4156 (online version) ISSN 1682-4148 (print version) INDONESIA: A Statement by the Asian Human Rights Commission: Time for a New Indonesian History Asian Human Rights Commission (Ed. note: This statement was issued on Oct. 6, 2003.) Thirty-eight years since the events that propelled Gen. Suharto to power and five years since his downfall Indonesians are still subjected to a version of history conceived and propagated by the New Order regime. That version served as both the pretext and justification for one of the largest and least known crimes against humanity of the 20th century: the 1965-1966 massacre of some half a million to a million alleged Communists. In addition to those killed, hundreds of thousands more were tortured and imprisoned. The families of those accused were also victimised through a programme of institutional ostracism that denied them the opportunity to engage in normal economic and social life. To this day, Sept. 30 is officially commemorated in Indonesia by mourning the six generals killed during the purported leftist coup attempt that Suharto used as the means to seize state power. By contrast, nothing is as yet officially said of the millions murdered afterwards. However, an increasing number of individuals and organisations are coming forward to publicly recall and document this massive atrocity. Graves are being opened; data is being collected; and more officials are breaking their silence. Many people are taking action despite attacks on their lives and property by the army and paramilitary groups.

70. INDONESIA: Time For A New Indonesian History indonesia Time for a new indonesian history. 6 October 2003 AS34-2003. The people of indonesia cannot afford to delay or delimit this rewriting of history. http://www.ahrchk.net/statements/mainfile.php/2003statement/142/

Asian Human Rights Commission - Statement Main Archives Subscribe to Mailing List AHRC Website Search this section: Advanced Search Print This Article INDONESIA: Time for a new Indonesian history 6 October 2003 AS-34-2003 A Statement by the Asian Human Rights Commission - AHRC Time for a new Indonesian history Thirty-eight years since the events that propelled General Suharto to power, and five years since his downfall, Indonesians are still subjected to a version of history conceived and propagated by the New Order regime. That version served as both the pretext and justification for one of the largest and least known crimes against humanity of the twentieth century: the 1965-66 massacre of some half a million to a million alleged communists. In addition to those killed, hundreds of thousands more were tortured and imprisoned. The families of those accused were also victimized through a programme of institutional ostracism that denied them the opportunity to engage in normal economic and social life. To this day, September 30 is officially commemorated in Indonesia by mourning the six generals killed during the purported leftist coup attempt that Suharto used as the means to seize state power. By contrast, nothing is as yet officially said of the millions murdered afterwards. However, an increasing number of individuals and organizations are coming forward to publicly recall and document this massive atrocity. Graves are being opened, data is being collected, and more officials are breaking their silence. Many are doing this despite attacks on their lives and property by the army and paramilitary groups.

71. TPS Java Province, Southeast Sumatra, Indonesia - History Of Exploration Systems of the Northwest Java Province, Java and Offshore Southeast Sumatra, indonesia. by Michele G. Bishop. OpenFile Report 99-50R. 2000. history OF EXPLORATION http://greenwood.cr.usgs.gov/energy/WorldEnergy/OF99-50R/history.html

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Petroleum Systems of the Northwest Java Province, Java and Offshore Southeast Sumatra, Indonesia by Michele G. Bishop Open-File Report 99-50R HISTORY OF EXPLORATION Knowledge of oil on Java and Sumatra was reported as early as the year 954 and in 1596 a Dutch voyage reported a well in Sumatra producing a balm used for treating rheumatism and for lighting purposes (Van Bemmelen, 1949). In 1869, Von Baumhauer recorded 44 oil seeps in Java, drilling for oil started in West Java in 1872 and the first oil company started operations in East Java in 1887 (Van Bemmelen, 1949). Early exploration wells in West Java onshore were drilled by Jon Reesink who was a store keeper in Cirebon (Courteney and others, 1989). He visited the United States, collected drilling equipment and skills, and began drilling at Cibodas in 1871 with the financial backing of Nederlandsche Handel Maatschappij (the predecessor of Royal Dutch Shell) (Courteney and others, 1989). Sub-commercial oil was found in two of his first four wells, which were drilled using water buffalo for power. He resumed drilling in 1874 with steam equipment, but the next 5 wells were unsuccessful, which discouraged his backers. However, other drilling ventures were conducted with encouraging shows, and the first commercial oil field was discovered at Randegan in 1939 (Courteney and others, 1989). Exploration was interrupted until 1967 when, at Jatibarang-44, a major oil field was discovered with reserves in the Jatibarang Volcanics (Courteney and others, 1989). Independent Indonesia American Petroleum Company (IIAPCO) was then formed and negotiations began with Indonesia for the first offshore Production Sharing Contract (Courteney and others, 1989; Wight and others, 1997). Sinclair and Natomas joined IIAPCO in 1966 and drilling began in 1968. The “B” field, with cumulative production of 122 MMBO to 1989, and the “E” field, with cumulative production of 160 MMBO to 1989, were the first fields in the Ardjuna Basin (Courteney and others, 1989). The Main and Massive reservoirs of Miocene age contain most of the reserves. Light (36—37? API gravity), low-sulfur, paraffinic and waxy crude with low pour point is produced primarily under water drive (Courteney and others, 1989).

72. An Introduction To Indonesia Today, indonesia is the fifth most populous nation on Earth, with over 180 are of Malay or Polynesian descent, though the country s history has produced http://www.geographia.com/indonesia/

Indonesia Adventure Travel in Indonesia Asia Homepage The World Unity in Diversity, the national motto of Indonesia, is a term that strikes deep into the heart of this dynamic and attractive Southeast Asian nation. Few places offer such cultural variety and geographical complexity as Indonesia, and no two journeys here are ever alike. Location, Geography and Climate Indonesia is composed of seventeen thousand islands that stretch over five thousand miles along the equator. The Malay peninsula and Indochina are situated to the north-west, and the continent of Australia lies due south. Northward lie the Philippines and Micronesia. The world's largest archipelago, Indonesia's constellation of islands straddles the divide between the Asian and Australian continental plates. As a result, the islands offer a stunning variety of topographies and ecologies Mist-shrouded volcanoes and mountains, unexplored rain forests, thousands of miles of beaches, and endless offshore reefs support a dazzling abundance of wildlife, making Indonesia an ideal destination for adventure and eco-travel. The great majority of the country's constituent islands are of negligible size, but it does holdwholly or in partseveral islands that are enormous. These include

73. Index Of /indonesia/history Parent Directory 20Oct-2002 0529 - christian/ 30-Apr-2000 2316 -......Index of /indonesia/history. Name Last modified Size http://www.ivu.org/indonesia/history/

Index of /indonesia/history Name Last modified Size Description ... Parent Directory 20-Oct-2002 05:29 - christian/ 30-Apr-2000 23:16 - Apache/1.3.27 Server at www.ivu.org Port 80

74. AllRefer Encyclopedia - Indonesia : History : Early History And Colonial Rule (S AllRefer.com reference and encyclopedia resource provides complete information on indonesia history Early history and Colonial Rule, Southeast Asia http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/I/Indonesi-history.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather SEARCH : in Reference June 09, 2004 You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia Southeast Asia Political Geography ... Indonesia By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z I Indonesia, Southeast Asia Political Geography Related Category: Southeast Asia Political Geography Indonesia u n E u Pronunciation Key History- Early History and Colonial Rule Early in the Christian era, Indonesia came under the influence of Indian civilization through the gradual influx of Indian traders and Buddhist and Hindu monks. By the 7th and 8th cent., kingdoms closely connected with India had developed in Sumatra and Java; the spectacular Buddhist temples of Borobudur Early in the 16th cent. the Portuguese, in pursuit of the rich spice trade, began establishing trading posts in Indonesia, after taking (1511) the strategic commercial center of Malacca (see Melaka Raffles . The Dutch exploited the riches of the islands throughout the 19th cent., but their rule did not go unchallenged by the Indonesians. In 1825, Prince Diponegoro of Java launched a long and bloody guerrilla war against the colonists, and in 1906 and again in 1908 the native rulers of Bali led their subjects in suicidal charges against Dutch fortifications. Next SubSections in this article: History Nationalism, Independence, and Sukarno

75. Indonesia's Colonial Past - Indonesian History history indonesia s Colonial Past Created by player Oblomov. NOTE This quiz is currently Offline, meaning that no other visitors http://www.funtrivia.com/quizdetails.cfm?id=121000

76. Bali Travel Information : Bali History Asia indonesia Travel Guide Bali Travel Information Bali history. indonesia history of Bali Bali is the land of a thousand gods, temples and arts. http://www.asiavoyage24.com/indonesia-travel-guide/history/balihistory.html

Bali Travel Information : Bali History Search For: Home Asia indonesia Travel Guide ... Environment Indonesia : History of Bali Besides known as tourism area, it's also agronomy area, nowadays called 'agro-tourism'. As networking system that Bali is surrounded by river, water as the main needs of life. Whether rice is the staple food, derived FROM paddy, which needed plenty of water. Balinese need to devise an ingenious system of aqueducts that can be considered a miracle of engineering. Bali perhaps the last place on this earth that still conjures images of beauty mystique, peace, good will and a way of life that is unique in this modern age. Here you get a deep sense of satisfaction. The environment possibly to be the hospitality that envelops you. Moreover the amazing hues of color, sound and natural beauty. Early History Homo erectus, a distant ancestor of modern man, lived in a part of Indonesia between 350,000 and 800,000 years ago during the time of the great Ice Ages. Fossilized bones of "Java Man" FROM this period were found in Central Java in 1890, and stone axes and adzes have been discovered on Bali, in the northern village of Sembiran. As the earth cooled during the Ice Ages, glaciers advanced FROM the Polar Regions and the levels of the world's oceans fell. Many of the islands of Indonesia became joined to the landmasses of Southeast Asia and Australia by exposed land bridges. The early humans, as well as animals, moved through these areas across the land bridges linking the islands. It is thought there were two main routes INTO Indonesia FROM the Asian mainland; one led down through Thailand INTO Malaysia and then INTO the archipelago while the other came down via the Philippines with branches INTO Kalimantan and Sulawesi.

77. Hotels With Art, History And Luxury Of Indonesia - Bali the mission of the only living museum boutique hotels in indonesia, Tugu Hotels, to be the home of some of the remaining artworks of indonesia s history with a http://www.tuguhotels.com/

Experience the Art, History and Luxury of Indonesia A HOTEL WITH A MISSION In a strenuous effort to save the rich cultural heritage of Indonesia and to keep its history alive within its people. five nostalgic retreat destinations that are a cross between museum, gallery and private residence has been created in Java and Bali. Some of the thousands of antique that represent the rich cultural heritage of Indonesia had been left and forgotten in the thickness of dust, in the cramp of unused rooms, and away from the vision of human beings. Some even had been flown out of the country... These remains from the past are becoming more than just priceless antiques or treasures... they represent the rich history of the country and they sad but true, rapidly disappearing from the corner of our eyes. It is the mission of the only living museum boutique hotels in Indonesia, Tugu Hotels , to be the home of some of the remaining artworks of Indonesia's history with a commitment to keep the past alive and to keep Indonesian antiques from vanishing. Tugu Hotels commemorate the forgotten history and heritage of Indonesia, while offering all the exceptional hospitality, excellent personalized services, exotic Indonesian cuisine, luxury and romantic amenities that result from our attention to details.

78. LookSmart - Article Search For " Indonesia History" Results for +indonesia +history from FindArticles (showing 1 10 of 945), About. . Environment, December 01 2001. indonesia Outs Its history. http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/PI/search.jhtml?isp=FA&cat=news&key=+Indonesia

79. History Of Indonesia Mirror Site Aad 'Arcengel' Engelfriet (Dutch). (Dutch). The history of indonesia. 100 1500. Together with all the connected links it includes more than 250 pages, describing the history of indonesia. http://www.iae.nl/users/arcengel/Indonesia/100.htm

ARCENGEL The History of Indonesia mirror site (text only) ARCENGEL The History of Indonesia mirror site (text only) ARCENGEL The History of Indonesia mirror site (text only) ARCENGEL The History of Indonesia mirror site (text only) ARCENGEL The History of Indonesia mirror site (text only) ARCENGEL The History of Indonesia mirror site (text only) ARCENGEL The History of Indonesia mirror site (text only) ARCENGEL The History of Indonesia mirror site (text only) ARCENGEL The History of Indonesia mirror site (text only) ARCENGEL The History of Indonesia mirror site (text only) ARCENGEL The History of Indonesia mirror site (text only) Homepage Website SOURCE Dutch East Indies Dutch East Indies Links Indisch informatie platform (Dutch) (Dutch) (Dutch) The History of Indonesia Ancient Kingdoms and the Coming of Islam Available period links : Ancient Kingdoms and the Coming of Islam Great Kings and Trade Empires Court Intrigues and the Dutch Chaos and Resistance Dutch Imperialisme New Nationalism Perang Dunia II War of Independence The Sukarno years The Suharto years about 100 "Dvipantara" or "Jawa Dwipa" kingdom is reported by Indian scholars to be in Java and Sumatra.

80. Royalty.nu - History Of Indonesia - Royalty In Indonesia And East Timor Published in 2003, this is the first new history of indonesia written in over 20 years. (UK). A history of Modern indonesia Since C. 1200 by MC Ricklefs. http://www.royalty.nu/Asia/Indonesia.html

Royalty.nu World Royalty Asia > Indonesia > Indonesia News Books About Indonesia Search Royalty in Indonesia A Little Background Info The Republic of Indonesia is a group of islands located in the Indian and Pacific oceans near Southeast Asia. It is the world's largest archipelago (island group), with around 13,670 islands, more than half of which are uninhabited. There were many Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms in early Indonesia. By the end of the 13th century, Islamic kingdoms had also been established, and over the next few centuries Islam slowly spread through the islands. In the 16th century, European traders began gaining influence in Indonesia, and eventually the Dutch took control. Indonesia came to be called the Dutch East Indies. It remained a colony of the Netherlands until 1949, when it gained independence. Its first two presidents, Sukarno and Suharto, became dictators, but current president Magawati Sukarnoputri is trying to move her country toward true democracy. There are over 230 million people in Indonesia. Approximately 88 percent are Muslim, making it the world's largest Islamic country. It is also the fourth most populous country in the world (after China, India, and the United States). Indonesia is ethnically diverse, and prides itself on its unity and religious tolerance. Although the official language is Bahasa Indonesia, a form of Malay, many other languages are spoken, including Dutch, English, and local dialects such as Javanese. More than half of all Indonesians live on the island of Java, where the capital city of Jakarta is located.

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