41. Manas: Culture Of India Architecture. Art. Cinema. Cuisine. Festivals. Literature. Street Life. Intellectuals. The Universe as a Cosmic Man, with Vishnu at the base, Krishna and Radha at the top. Nepal, 17th century. Gouashe on cloth, 61 x41. no phenomenon as complex as `culture'. In a manner of speaking, culture is everything in rickshawpullers, and india's modernizing elites. indian culture is no easy composite http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/culture.html

CULTURE Music Dance Architecture ... Intellectuals The Universe as a Cosmic Man, with Vishnu at the base, Krishna and Radha at the top. Nepal, 17th century. Gouashe on cloth, 61 x41. here is perhaps no phenomenon as complex as `culture'. In a manner of speaking, culture is everything in a particular society, and one can as easily speak of the culture of Hindustani music and Bengali bhadralok society as one can of the culture of the working-class, Hindi film-viewers, rickshaw-pullers, and India's modernizing elites. Indian culture is no easy composite of varying styles and influences. In the matter of cuisine , for instance, the North and the South share little, and these broad categorizations say little about the distinctions between the peppery hot food of Andhra and the coastal, largely coconut-based, cuisine of Kerala. Likewise, in thinking of architecture , one's mind traverses from the great temple cities of the South Chidambaram, Rameswaram, Kanchipuram, Madurai, and numerous others to the architectural splendors of the Vijaynagar empire and the erotic sculptures of Khajuraho to the grand Mughal architecture of Delhi, Agra, and Fatehpur Sikri. And what of modest roadside shrines, the step-wells of Gujarat, or the havelis of Jaisalmer with their impeccable lattice work? But culture is not only a matter of music dance art , and

42. Indian Culture world have such an ancient and diverse culture as india's. Stretching back in an unbroken sweep over 5000 years, india's culture has been enriched by successive http://www.meadev.nic.in/culture/overview.htm

43. Unveil India Resource on Indian culture, dance, music, wildlife, maps, festivals, fairs, tourism and travel information. http://www.unveilindia.com

44. India Cultural Tips in india! Business and culture In india. culture. Understanding the culture in india is a key to successful business relationships. We http://stylusinc.com/business/india/cultural_tips.htm

Home Success Stories Services Partnerships ... Contact Let's Talk... Name Email India Cultural Tips compiled by Ralph Budelman Discover the funny stories of one American family who relocated in India! Business and Culture In India An Introduction A Tale of Two Cultures (An intriguing story of American and Indian Culture.) Click here to go directly to cultural tips Download PDF Version here Many people are aware that it is helpful to understand Japanese culture when doing business with Japan. What about India? Did you know that Indians have a different perception of time than Westerners? Or that Indians often respond positively to a question by shaking their head in a way that Westerners interpret as 'no'? We have decided to develop a series of articles to help people understand this fantastic culture. Take a look at some of the topics we hope to cover. An Introduction Everyone is shaped by their own culture whether they know it or not. Our very thoughts and actions are dependent on our culture. These thoughts and actions are so ingrained that we don’t even think about them until we are confronted with another culture and another way of doing things.

45. Welcome To The H O M E P A G E Of Anke & Dirk Photos and journals through out world wide travels to places including india, Italy, Nambia and Thailand. Physical and culture shock gradings. http://www.dirkpaasche.de/

Anke and Dirk on Tour planned: Chile Malaga (Spain), London (UK), Madrid (Spain), Sankt Petersburg and Moscow (Russia), Cruise in the Mediterranean Sea Anke: Transsiberian Express from Russia to China Dirk: Canada India , Venice (Italy) Italy, Vietnam Namibia, Thailand USA - Canada - Alaska Japan, Canada Mexico, France France, Luxembourg, Denmark Counter

46. IVAT India - Tours And Travel Conducted tour programs for those having an interest in india's arts, heritage, religion, culture, natural history and wildlife. http://www.ivatindia.com

International Ventures and Travel India Private Limited Click on these Images to start your journey Contact IVAT Travel India Destinations Holiday Travel Business Travel Where to Stay Domestic Services Planning a Tou r Why IVAT ? Travel Consultancy Inbound Services Outbound Services Holiday Travel Incentive Travel Business Travel Conference Management Our Credentials Discover India History and Heritage Religion and Philosophy Culture and People The Arts of India Wildlife and Nature Planning a Tour Special Interest Tours and Leaders Our Clients India Outbound Share the IVAT Experience... T ravel has never been easier or more fulfilling.

47. ThinkQuest : Library : India: Past And Present A country's culture that has changed the entire world. At our site you can learn all about life in india. One EXPERIENCE A DIFFERENT culture. THE ECONOMY OF india http://library.thinkquest.org/11372

Index Asia India India: Past and Present Namaste! Or, if you can't speak Hindi, greetings! This introduction to India's fascinating 5,000-year-old culture includes facts about languages, religion, music, film, politics and government, history, economy, sports and much more. Listen to audio clips of classical, popular and dance music, as well as a few phrases in Hindi and Tamil, two of India's 15 national languages. Visit Site 1997 ThinkQuest Internet Challenge Languages English Students Kiran Half Hollow Hills High School West, Dix Hills, NY, United States Abbey Half Hollow Hills High School West, Dix Hills, NY, United States Coaches Harold Harold Harold Want to build a ThinkQuest site? The ThinkQuest site above is one of thousands of educational web sites built by students from around the world. Click here to learn how you can build a ThinkQuest site. Privacy Policy

48. Manas: India And Its Neighbors To speak of indian culture is to speak of long (though not necessarily unbroken as well as traditions of filmmaking; it is also to invoke india s many cuisines http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/

At a Glance.. *What's New at MANAS? CULTURE Music Dance Architecture Art ... Street Life DIASPORA Indians in the US Indians in the Carribean POLITICS Ancient India British India Mughals and Medieval Gandhi ... Current Affairs RELIGIONS Texts Practices Paths Gurus and Sants ... Myths/Characters LANDSCAPES Ecology Rivers: Indus, Ganga SOCIAL LIFE A B ut the social realities of India also suggest a rather grim picture: working conditions for the greater majority of the people are still exceedingly poor, levels of poverty remain very high, and the oppression of women, the poor, and other marginalized groups constitutes the most formidable obstacle to egalitarian aspirations. This is not the India of the Indians in the diaspora, whose idea of their homeland remains bound to ossified conceptions of Indian religion, tradition, and cultural practices. It is also in the diaspora that new art and cultural forms are emerging, and the relation between India and its diasporic offsprings may yet alter our understanding of Indian civilization Web site created by: Vinay Lal Associate Professor of History, UCLA

49. Manas: Culture, Architecture Of India of the temples appear equally on the posters of the Government of india s Tourist Office and the pages of gay and lesbian magazines. The cultural politics of http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/Archit.html

At a Glance... CULTURE ARCHITECTURE Vastushastra Ajanta ... Stepwells Gopuram of a South Indian temple O ne of the most enduring achievements of Indian civilization is undoubtedly its architecture, which extends to a great deal more than the Taj Mahal or the temple complexes of Khajuraho and Vijayanagara. Though the Indus Valley sites of Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, and Lothal provide substantial evidence of extensive town planning, the beginnings of Indian architecture are more properly to be dated to the advent of Buddhism in India, in the reign of Ashoka (c. 270-232), and the construction of Buddhist monasteries and stupas. Buddhist architecture was predominant for several centuries, and there are few remains of Hindu temples from even late antiquity. Among the many highlights of Buddhist art and architecture are the Great Stupa at Sanchi and the rock-cut caves at Ajanta B y the eighth century, with the consolidation of Hindu kingdoms, the southern Hindu school of architecture was beginning to flourish. The most notable achievements of the Pallavas were the rock-cut temples of Mahabalipuram and the temples of Kanchipuram . The subsequent history of South Indian temple architecture takes us, over the next eight centuries, to Thanjavur (Tanjore), to the brilliant achievements of the Hoysalas (as seen in the temples at Belur and Halebid), and the temple complexes, which represent the flowering of the Vijayanagara empire, of Kanchipuram, Thiruvannamalai, and Vellore. The most stellar achievement of the later Vijayanagara period may well be the Meenakshi temple in Madurai. In Kerala, however, a distinct style of architecture took shape. In

50. Garo Ethnography of a agricultural society that lives in the Garo Hills in the state of Meghalaya in northeastern india. http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7842

Society-GARO The Garo also call themselves A'chik or Mande. They live at lat. 25 degrees- 26 degrees N by long. 90 degrees-91 degrees E in a district known as the Garo Hills in the state of Meghalaya in northeastern India. The Garo Hills are of low elevation and are densely wooded in areas where slash-and-burn agriculture has not been practiced. The climate is of the monsoon type, with heavy rainfall. The Garo language belongs to the Bodo branch of the Bodo-Naga-Kachin family of the Sino-Tibetan phylum. In 1968 the population was estimated to be about 300,000 (Shinn et al. 1970: p. 119). The earliest knowledge of the Garo dates from about 1800. They "... were looked upon as bloodthirsty savages, who inhabited a tract of hills covered with almost impenetrable jungle, the climate of which was considered so deadly as to make it impossible for a white man to live there" (Playfair 1909: 76-77). The Garo had the reputation of being headhunters. The district was occupied by the British in 1867, and the natives were easily subdued. American Baptist missionaries arrived almost immediately, and in the twentieth century Roman Catholic missionaries were sent. Consequently, one-quarter to one-third of the Garo are now Christians. The Garo Hills formed a district within the state of Assam, first under the British and later within independent India. The hill tribes within Assam felt a sense of ethnic separateness from the surrounding plains dwellers and were somewhat discontented. In response to this discontent, the Indian government created the new state of Meghalaya in 1971, consisting of districts including the Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia hills (Shinn et al. 1970: 41). The Garo have had market and warfare relationships with the surrounding people since before White contact. Markets have been a significant source of foreign influences, and, according to Burling (1964), everyone is dependent upon the market. The Garo divide themselves into a number of groups, based mainly on differences in dialect and location. These groups tend to be endogamous, but have very little unity in a political sense. They are called the Akawes, Chisaks, Duals, Matchis, Matabengs, Kochus, Atiangas, Abengs, Chiboks, Rugas, Ganchings or Garas, and Atongs (Playfair 1909: 59-62). The most significant differences, however, exist between the groups who live closer to the plainsi.e., the Akawes, Chisaks, and Kochusand the hill dwellers who constitute the remaining groups. Like the non-Garo people who live on the plains, the Garo of the plains practice wet-rice agriculture and are highly acculturated. According to Nakane, they live in a cultural and ecological environment entirely different from that of the Garo of the hills (Nakana 1967: 21-22). Land is theoretically owned by the village headman, and new sections are distributed among the households each year. Among the hill Garo, all subsistence is based on slash-and-burn agriculture known as jhum cultivation. Dry rice is the primary crop, and millet is also important. In addition, bananas, papaya, maize, manioc, taro, squash, large-pod beans, sorrel, gourds, and many other vegetables are grown to supplement the diet. Important cash crops are cotton, chili peppers, and ginger. Wet rice has been grown more recently in some of the low areas, and this has changed the land tenure system to one of individual ownership, a situation which has profound implications for the social structure. The Garo live in permanent villages varying in size from 10 to 60 houses. Village populations rarely exceed 300. There are five named, exogamous, matrilineal phratries called katchi. Only two of these, Sangma and Marak, are found throughout the district. The other three are not widely distributed, and many Garo have never even heard of them. The phratries are divided into many named, matrilineal sibs, each of which is restricted to a specific locality. The sibs are divided into unnamed lineages referred to as mahari. Each village is built around one or two of these lineages, and most of the lineage women, with their husbands, live in the village, as do some of the men with their wives. One household is usually considered to be the most senior, and the other houses are thought to have branched out from it. This household holds all the village land, and the husband of the heiress is considered to be the headman of the village. Village leadership in a political sense is weak. The "headman" or nokma is a leader in a ceremonial rather than a political sense. If more than one lineage is present in the village, there are two nokma. The nokma is expected to entertain and feed the poor. If he is too poor to do so himself, a wealthy man may take over these functions, and he, too, will be called nokma. The Garo clearly distinguish the different types of nokma. The British administration established the office of loksor, who is elected among the nokma of a group of villages. The loksor settles minor disputes by calling meetings of the villagers, at which the loksor presides. Some village lineages are considered to be more closely related than others, and these groups of related and neighboring villages are referred to as village clusters. These clusters often include a few lineages which belong to the same sib. The Garo are noted for the high status and power held by women. Garo sibs and phratries are matrilineal, and inheritance of property is through women. Each married couple chooses one daughter to become the heiress of the household and property. The heiress and her husband are expected to care for the old couple as long as they live. The heir and heiress reside matrilocally, while other daughters in the family have neolocal residence since they set up their own households upon marriage. There is a preference for matrilateral cross-cousin marriage, particularly for the man who marries an heiress. These marriages are correspondingly both uxorilocal and avunculocal. In actuality, both patrilateral and matrilateral cross-cousin marriages occur. As stated earlier, many Garo have been converted to Christianity. The native Garo religion includes belief in the existence of supernatural spirits, called mite, who live in the jungle and the surrounding countryside. The mite cause diseases by biting people. Cures are effected by making sacrifices, which cause the spirit to leave the body. There are also some more important gods who influence the growth of crops. These gods are supplicated in major ceremonies involving sacrifice and feasting. All Garo men can perform sacrifices and cure diseases. Some are considered to be more effective than others, but there are no shamans. The village headman is responsible for the performance of the major village-wide ceremonies. The Garo religion also includes belief in rebirth. Burling (1964) is a brief cultural summary, and it is recommended for an introduction to the culture. The basic descriptive ethnographies are Burling (1963) and Playfair (1909). These two sources also provide a basis for diachronic comparisons, since they represent time periods approximately 50 years apart. Culture summary by Marlene M. Martin Burling, Robbins. Rengsanggri; family and kinship in a Garo village. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1963. 377 p. illus., maps. Burling, Robbins. Garos. In Frank M. LeBar, Gerald C. Hickey, and John K. Musgrave, eds. Ethnic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia. New Haven, Human Relations Area Files Press, 1964: 55-57. Nakane, Chie. Garo and Khasi: a comparative study in matrilineal systems. Paris, Mouton, 1967. Playfair, Alan. The Garos. Introduction by Sir J. Bampfylde Fuller. London, David Nutt, 1909. 16, 172 p. illus., maps. Shinn, Rinn-Sup. Area handbook for India. By Rinn-Sup Shinn et al. Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. 7842

51. ThinkQuest : Library : India: Past And Present PAST. AND PRESENT. Namaste, Salaam, Satsriakaal. A country s culture that has changed the entire world. At our site you can learn all about life in india. http://library.thinkquest.org/11372/data/

Index Asia India India: Past and Present Namaste! Or, if you can't speak Hindi, greetings! This introduction to India's fascinating 5,000-year-old culture includes facts about languages, religion, music, film, politics and government, history, economy, sports and much more. Listen to audio clips of classical, popular and dance music, as well as a few phrases in Hindi and Tamil, two of India's 15 national languages. Visit Site 1997 ThinkQuest Internet Challenge Languages English Students Kiran Half Hollow Hills High School West, Dix Hills, NY, United States Abbey Half Hollow Hills High School West, Dix Hills, NY, United States Coaches Harold Harold Harold Want to build a ThinkQuest site? The ThinkQuest site above is one of thousands of educational web sites built by students from around the world. Click here to learn how you can build a ThinkQuest site. Privacy Policy

52. Fairs And Festivals Of India - Diwali A brief description of the celebration. http://www.indiaheritage.com/culture/diwali.htm

A Living portrait of India India Heritage Culture Fairs and Festivals Diwali D iwali, literally a garland of lamps, is an apt description of this festival of lights. Tradition maintains that lamps are lit to keep alive the memory of Prince Rama's return to Ayodhya after conquering the tyrant Ravana , the ruler of Lanka, who had abducted his consort Sita . The heroic deeds of Rama are recounted in the Hindu epic Ramayan and Diwali symbolizes the victory of virtue over vice. Rama, we are told had gladly accepted an exile in the forest to keep his step-mother happy and save his father from embarassment. He is considered the epitome of a dutiful son and a responsible ruler. Another myth traces the origins of the festival to the annual 'inspection tours' of Lakshmi, the Hindu goddess of wealth and prosperity. The faithful believe that on this day Lakshmi goes around visiting her devotees and sets up residence in the house she finds best spruced up and most hospitable. Diwali is an occasion for spring cleaning, painting the walls, decorating the floor with attractive designs wrought in coloured powder or paste made with rice. The ritual traditionally associated with Diwali is gambling. Friends get together to indulge in games of chance, dice or cards. The 'addicts' seek legitimacy for their unusual pastime by referring to the celestial game of dice played by the great lord

53. India-photos.com - Images From India, Nepal, And Myanmar Images of landscapes, cities, people and their lifestyle, culture and religion taken from Michael Abler in Kashmir, Spiti, Ladakh, Bardia, Rara, Varanasi, Rajasthan, and Himachal Pradesh. http://www.indien-fotos.de

54. Discover Ancient India Gallery Indian Archaeology, Prehistory and Ancien Indian culture. http://www.picatype.com/dig/d0aa01.htm

55. Impact Of The Dravidian Culture On The Writing Systems In India. A paper which examines the development of scripts in india. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/2104/scripts.html

The Development of Scripts in India Until the discovery of the Indus Valley Civilization in 1920, ancient India seemingly had two main scripts in which languages were written, Brahmi and Kharosti. The Brahmi script developed under Semitic influence around 7 th c. BC, and was originally written from right to left. The Kharosti script came into being during the 5 th c. BC in northwest India which was under Persian rule. Although the origin of the Brahmi script is uncertain, the Kharosti script is commonly accepted as a direct descendant from the Aramaic alphabet. The direction of writing in the Kharosti script is as in Aramaic, from right to left, and there is also a likeness of many signs having similar phonetic value. In the later centuries of its existence, Brahmi gave rise to eight varieties of scripts. Three of them - the early and late Mauryas and the Sunga - became the prototypes of the scripts in northern India in the 1 st c. BC and AD. Out of these developed the Gupta writing which was employed from the 4 th to the 6 th c. AD.

56. India - Culture Marriages. Ancient india s culture had many strong beliefs about how to live. They would have arranged marriages for all of their children. http://kidsnewsroom.org/kidsnewsroom.org_non_ssl/elmer/infocentral/frameset/civi

Culture The Indus River Valley civilization people had a very advanced culture, as you will find out when you read on. They had many belief's, and many set ways of life. Bathes The people of the Indus Valley had a very complex culture. They had a place in their Valley called The Great Bath. The Great Bath was like a large bath that the priests would bathe in when they wanted to cleanse their souls. The Great Bath was a religious necessity. So were many other things in all the Indus Valley peoples' life. Marriages Ancient India's culture had many strong beliefs about how to live. They would have arranged marriages for all of their children. When the parents of both families would arrange the marriages the parents of the women would have to give a dowry. Dowries were like gifts that the women's side of the family would give to the future husband. The dowry was usually consisted of goods that the husband could use, so he wouldn't have to supply them. These were given in repayment for the trouble they were going through by marrying their daughter. They thought that it was a big trouble for the men to marry their daughter so they gave them a dowry. Religion The Indus River Valley people's religion was a very important part of their culture. Their two main religions were Hinduism and Buddhism. Hinduism was around the Indus civilization before Buddhism. Buddhism was started in India in 365 B.C. by a young man named Siddhatha Gautama.

57. Peter M. Gardner - Anthropology Department - University Of Missouri-Columbia Research interests include ecology, social organization and cognition of foragers in Canadian subarctic and india; cultural transmission in Hindu india and among South indian sculptors; problems in the study of cognition; and anthropological perspectives on culture theories. University of Missouri. http://web.missouri.edu/~anthwww/people/gardner.html

back to Faculty PETER M. GARDNER Professor Emeritus Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania, 1965 I am a generalist, with several specialties that I try to keep in general perspective. Research interests include: ecology, social organization and cognition of foragers (in South India 1962-64,1978; in Canadian subarctic 1973, 1974-75); cultural transmission in Hindu India (in general 1967-68, among South Indian sculptors 1978); problems in the study of cognition (1983); and anthropological perspectives on culture theories. I have offered seminars on recent developments in culture theory, ethnosemantics and cognitive diversity, ethnographic generalization, and foraging adaptations plus lecture courses on history of anthropology (covering the four subfields), culture change, anthropology of knowledge, and Asian ethnography. Most importantly, I seek to offer people guidance in effective criticism of their own ideas. Contact: GardnerP@missouri.edu

58. Telia Rumal - An Endangered Species (Indian Textiles) Exhibit entitled An Endangered Species . Covers techniques, history, culture, and styles. http://members.ozemail.com.au/~danajune/rumal.htm

i ntroduction techniques treatment ... multimedia This website has been devoloped to complement the exhibition An Endangered Species: TELIA RUMAL , Double Ikat textiles of South India Where? What ? How? go to Introduction This Website is best viewed with Internet Explorer 4 and above. QuickTime 4 and FlashPlayer 4 required. Use Monitor resolution 800 x 600 for best viewing Indian handwoven textiles This site is a member of WebRing. To browse visit Here

59. High Commission Of India Has information about india, including politics, travel, culture, as well as press releases from the indian High Commission in Ottawa, and information on the services it offers. http://www.hciottawa.ca/

What's New? Links To Other Sites ... Award for Best Publication on India (New!) Partners for the 21st Century: A Joint Statement by Prime Ministers of India and Canada (New!) Shankar's International Children's Competition 2004 Second Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (Revised!) (Please also visit www.indiaday.org Dual citizenship to be granted to NRIs Opportunity India What's New? ... India News The High Commission of India does not guarantee the accuracy and assumes no responsibility for the use of information available at this World Wide Web (WWW) site. Presence Provider: DocuWeb Information Services Inc. Comments?

60. Raw Food Vacations In Bali And India Two week vacations in Bali, india and Livein programs featuring 100% raw food diet and lifestyle, classes, yoga, culture, and relaxation time. http://www.rawfoodvacations.com/

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