61. Ijaw Resourse Center The Ijaws are the most populous indigenous inhabitants of in the spoken languages of the people of Ijaw The inland ijo language comprises of Biseni, Akita and http://www.ijawcenter.com/

Search IJAW ETHNIC NATIONALITY The Ijaws are a nation of more than twelve million people in the Niger Delta region. The Ijaws are the most populous indigenous inhabitants of the Niger Delta and constitute the fourth largest ethnicity within the borders of Nigeria. Origin of the People The Iduwini speaking Ijaws of Ekeremo Local Government can be found along the coastline between the Forcados estuary in Delta State and the Pennington River in Bayelsa State. The Portuguese pilot Pereira attested to the existence of this Ijo tribe in 1508. According to Iduwini oral traditions, the town of Amatu in Bayelsa was the place out of which all other settlements originated. One will find bronze bells in the shrine of Suogbosu (Suo Egbesu) the national god of the Iduwini. Headline - Main story Ijaw People's Association of Great Britain and Ireland - Letter to Presiden Obasanjo Your Excellency The Kaima Declarations Paper - Onduku Akpobibibo Poem - Ebitari Isoun Governors,Their Challengers

62. Critique Allah Tantou among the bookbuying populace for indigenous works they The spectator observes not just the people in the Duration 27 minutes in ijo with English voice-over. http://www.ngsw.org/~afrmedia/curriculum/ssguide.htm

B. FILM AND VIDEO GUIDE Please Note: All price and distributor information is subject to change. Please contact distributors for most up-to-date prices. -All prices are for purchase of video cassettes unless otherwise noted. AFRICA: A VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY (with Basil Davidson), Duration: 57 minutes in English Director: John Percival, Christopher Ralling, Andrew Harries and Mick Csaky Distributor: Library Video Company Price: $79.00(purchase 8-part series) Discussion guide: none Synopsis: Africa: A Voyage of Discovery The programs visit Africa to show life there today and show archival footage and dramatizations of the history of Africa. This series can also be found under the name, Africa: The Story of a Continent Series. Individual titles include: Different But Equal (Program 1, Vol. 1) Mastering a Continent (Program 2, Vol. 1) Caravans of Gold (Program 3, Vol. 2) Kings and Cities (Program 4, Vol. 2) The Bible and the Gun (Program 5, Vol. 3) This Magnificent African Cake (Program 6, Vol. 3) The Rise of Nationalism (Program 7, Vol. 4) The Legacy (Program 8, Vol. 4)

63. The ATR Community Links Page Fasinas Ifa Pages ijo Orunmila Ile Axe Opo A Message from African Healers indigenous Religion of Flavor Nicole s Egypt Homepage Yoruba people Tales, Fables http://www.mamiwata.com/links.html

To display this page you need a browser with JavaScript support. African Traditional Religion/Spirituality and Related Links Spiritual Sites and Resources Ifa/Ifa'Orisha African Spiritual Dimensions Art Projects Onajide.com Cultural Expressions Stop and Greet Esu! ... Chief Balogun Ifa Ogbailou Santeria/Lucumi/Candomble Latino Culture.com Santeria: A Practical Guide to Afro-Caribbean Magic La Religion de los Yoruba - La Santería AXE" Afro-American Black Pages de Bahia ... AfroBrasil Asante (Ashanti/ Akhan) Culture Black Hunanity Development Research Center Sofati Shrine The Adade Kofi Bosomfie Sankofa The Ashanti Culture ... The Ancestor Page Vodoun/Vodou/Voodoo West African Dahomean Vodoun About.com Interview: African Origins of "Voodoo" About.com Interview: African Origins of Hoodoo Common Misconceptions About Vodoun ... Comprehensive Links to Sites and Sources on Haiti Mami Wata Mami Wata Healing Society of North America Are You A Mami Wata Child? Magical Blend Article by Mamaissii Vivian Interview with Mami Wata priestess ... Mami Wata Healing Services Hoodoo/Conjuration/Rootwork HOODOO: A New World Name for an Ancient African Tradition Hoodoo Practices of the Gullah Peoples of South Carolina Hoodoo, Conjuration, Witchcraft, Rootwork: The Hyatt Afro-Hoodoo Collection

64. Internet Resources For Social And Cultural Anthropology includes examples from Ibibio, Igbo, ijo and Ogoni site with a window through which people can view Center for World indigenous Studies; National Park Service http://www2.lib.udel.edu/subj/anth/soccult/internet.htm

ANTHROPOLOGY Resources: Databases E-Journals Research Guides Other UD Resources ... Suggest Purchase Internet Resources for Related Subjects: Choose Subject Afr Amer Studies African Studies East Asia Ethnic Studies History Jewish Studies Latin America Linguistics Latin America Political Science Sociology Women's Studies Contact: David L. Langenberg Associate Librarian E-mail Home DELCAT Databases ... Ask a Librarian Internet Resources for Social and Cultural Anthropology Starting Points Archives, Databases, Exhibits, and Information Sources Museums Societies, Associations, and Other Organizations ... Other Sites of Interest Starting Points Anthro.Net A search engine that "queries a database of over 40,000 reviewed web sites with anthropological content built by the interests of its users." Anthropology (Social Science Hub) Maintained by Sharyn Clarkson, Canberra, Australia. Anthropology and Archaeology (Yahoo) Search these categories: archaeology, biological anthropology, Cargo Cult, conferences, education, ethnobotany, ethnomusicology, institutes, journals, linguistics and human languages, mailing lists, museums, organizations, papers, Usenet. Anthropology Resources on the Internet Maintained by the American Anthropological Association.

65. OIC SUMMIT 2003 language, is widely spoken, especially among educated people. Ibibio, Tiv, Efik, Edo, ijo and Nupe. Islam (45%), Christianity (35%) and indigenous religions. http://www.bernama.com/oicsummit/mem.php?id=40&cat=BI

66. Adherents.com: By Location Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10%. tenets are shared by all Igbospeaking people, but in ijo, Nigeria, 2,000,000, -, -, -, 1998, Gall, Timothy L. (ed http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_245.html

Adherents.com - Religion by Location Over 42,000 religious geography and religion statistics citations (membership statistics for over 4,000 different religions, denominations, tribes, etc.) for every country in the world. To Index back to Niger, Tubu Niger, continued... Group Where Number of Adherents % of total pop. Number of congreg./ churches/ units Number of countries Year Source Quote/ Notes Aetherius Society Nigeria units *LINK* official organization web site directory of branches and groups African indigenous churches Nigeria 1997 Britannica Book of the Year . Pg. 781-783. Table; listed as "African Christian " African indigenous churches Nigeria *LINK* Atansuyi, H. Olu. "Gospel and Culture from the Perspective of African Instituted Churches " in Cyberjournal for Pentecostal Charismatic Research (viewed 11 March 1999). "Barely a century ago, African Instituted Churches, a sacred people of God, came to bear witness of the Light, that, through them, people of their race might believe. In Nigeria, these African Instituted Churches are: Cherubim and Seraphim, founded by St. Moses Orimolade Tunolase; Church of the Lord (Aladura), founded by Primate Dr. Josiah Olunowo Oshitelu; Christ Apostolic Church, founded by Pastor/Prophet Joseph Ayo Babalola; Celestial Church of Christ, founded by Revd/Pastor Samuel B.J. Oshofa. " African indigenous churches Nigeria Gall, Timothy L. (ed).

67. INAA - Ijaw National Alliance Of The Americas Delta region of Nigeria, the most populous indigenous inhabitants of and the Nun river in present day Kolokuma ijo. Ujo sent for more of his people who were at http://www.ijaw-naa.org/ijaw/home.htm

from the states Nigerian Bayelsa Delta Rivers ... 2004 Boro Day Event in USA - May 22 Ijaw History (From Ijawnation Yahoogroups archive - posted by Mr.Benaebi Benatari of IPA, UK.) The Ijaws are a nation of more than fourteen million people in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria , the most populous indigenous inhabitants of the Niger Delta and constitute the fourth largest ethnicity within the borders of Nigeria. The term Ijaw is the anglicised version of Ijo or Ejo, a variation of Ujo or Ojo, the ancestor who gave the Ijo people our name. Other modern variations include Izon (Ijon), Ezon (Ejon) and Uzon (Ujon) meaning the same thing. Other names referring to Ijaw people are Uzo (at Benin), the original ancestral name Oru (in Ijaw and Ibo land) and Kumoni (in Ijaw). These names were applicable through the Niger Delta and environs as noted by early British visitors; Nigeria ..."[1]

68. Plep Archive and includes uses and myths by indigenous people from many to tell and number of Japanese people who were includes examples from Ibibio, Igbo, ijo and Ogoni http://www.nutcote.demon.co.uk/nl03may0104.html

plep plep Archive 3rd May Art of Mesoamerica and Central America. Via the Met's Timeline of Art History. Kongo Crossroads. Honouring the ancestors in Central Africa. 'The image of a circle pierced by a cross represents the physical boundary across which the living and the ancestors meet. In the Kongo world view, other boundaries present the same possibility: the horizon where the sky meets the water or crossing roads where random encounters can determine fate. ' Spiders. The Australian Museum's guide to both the natural and cultural history of these creatures. 'Wherever you live, you're always close to a spider. ' A spider's life. Spiders in art and history. Dangerous spiders. The Spider's Parlour from Museum Victoria. 'Wherever you are, at any time, there is usually a spider about a metre away. It may be inside the room or outside on a wall, in a web stretched high between trees or a hole in the ground. Spiders are at home almost everywhere. ' 'Whether you think them fascinating or scary, a nuisance or a useful insect pest control, we invite you to enter Spider's Parlour and find out more. ' Meet Some Spooky Spiders , courtesy of the Queensland Museum Explorer.

69. Africanfront.com (AUF) Niger Delta region, including ijo and Ogoni deaths of hundreds of people, including author assessment revealed that traditional, indigenous management systems http://www.africanfront.com/water_sheds/water_sheds2/water_sheds4.php

African Unification Front HOME ORGANOGRAM AUF IDEOLOGY AUF LEADERSHIP ... URGENT ACTION ALERT printable version NIGER BASIN It is the third largest river in Africa and has the second largest basin in Africa, which covers 2,117,684 square Km, and contains 11 states. There are several authorities that oversee its management. The Niger originates on the Fouta Djallon plateau, SW Republic of Guinea (near the border with Sierra Leone), and flows NE through Guinea and into the Mali Republic. In central Mali the Niger is joined by its tributary, the River Bani, at the city of Mopti, where forms its vast inland delta (77,700 sq km). Known as the Inner Delta , it is a maze of channels, swamps and shallow lakes in huge shallow depression which fills and empties each year as the annual flood passes through, and results in about half the inflow being lost to evaporation. The Inner Delta area is swampy and the soil sandy. Consequently, the river 'loses' nearly two-thirds of its potential flow between Ségou (at 900 km from its source) and Timbuktu (at 1500 km) due to seepage and evaporation, the latter being aggravated by the fact that the river here touches the southern flanks of the Sahara desert. All the water from the

70. Language Code - Encyclopedia Article About Language Code. Free Access, No Regist arw Arawak The Arawakan languages are an indigenous language family languages, it is spoken by over 20 million people. ido io Ido ibo ig Igbo ijo ijo ilo Iloko http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Language code

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Language code Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition ISO Iso iso- Examples of English words using iso Isotherm (Boundary of constant temperature) Isobar (Boundary of constant pressure) Isohyet Isotope Isoelectronic ISO is the acronym of the International Organization for Standardization, also known as International Standards Organization Click the link for more information. is an international standard which lists short codes for language Language is a system of gestures, grammar, signs, sounds, symbols, and words which are used to represent and communicate concepts, ideas, meanings, and thoughts; language is a "semantic code". The study of language is linguistics, an academic discipline founded by Ferdinand de Saussure. Those who speak a language are part of that language's linguistic community. Human languages Making a principled distinction between one human language and another is often not possible. One major issue is the dialect continuum phenomena, where the boundaries between named language groups are necessarily arbitrary. For instance, there are dialects of German very similar to Dutch which are not mutually intelligible with other dialects of (what we call) German. Click the link for more information.

71. Black People - African American Poetry, Discussion, Voice Chat Forum i know all of these people so i can verify Village (http//www.oyotunjivillage.net/oyo2_001.htm) ijo Orunmila (http//anet.net/~ifa/) indigenous Faith of http://www.destee.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-14545

Black People - African American Poetry, Discussion, Voice Chat Forum Open Forum and All Other Topics Spirituality and Religion View Thread : websites about African religions! ifasehun click links below to visit sites for african spiritual communities. got more, maybe later. i know all of these people so i can verify their legitimacy. Oyotunji Village (http://www.oyotunjivillage.net/oyo2_001.htm) Ijo Orunmila (http://anet.net/~ifa/) Indigenous Faith of Africa (http://ifa-inc.blinks.net/index.html) Awo Study Center (http://209.157.71.50/awostudycenter*com/Index.html) West African Dahomean Vodoun (http://www.mamiwata.com/) Ile Orunmila African Imports/Communication (http://home1.gte.net/orunmila/Index.htm) (publish tri-lingual newspaper also) Cultural Expressions (http://www.cultural-expressions.com) Wind Whispers Publications (http://www.windwhispers.org) Asomdwee Fie (http://members.aol.com/afsani) Adade Kofi Bosomfie Sankofa (http://members.aol.com/akbsankofa/AKBSHomepage.html ) what my sig would have looked like: http://pccreative.com/aire/images/warrior-sig.jpg

72. ImagesAfrica ijo dialects include Kalabari, Nembe and Okrika The home language of many people in Sierre Leone and Gambia The most important indigenous language of Sierre Leone http://www.imagesafrica.com/html/languages.htm

African Languages Language Families There are several thousand languages spoken in the world, however it is estimated that about 100 account for 95% of the world's population. Languages can be grouped together into families on the basis of similarities of vocabulary and grammatical structure. It has been suggested that languages in the same family have common origins or antecedents. Languages families are divided into branches or sub-groups. For example, some of the branches of the Indo-European language family include the Indo-Iranian languages, the Romance languages, the Germanic languages (which include English) and the Celtic languages. Similarly, the Semitic languages form a sub-group of the Afro-Asiatic language family, and the Bantu languages form a sub-group of the Niger-Congo language family. Languages of Africa Region Indigenous African languages, families and

73. The Nigerian Embassy, Moscow, Russian Federation: Nigeria: Culture language, is widely spoken, especially among educated people. Ibibio, Tiv, Efik, Edo, ijo, and Nupe. Religion Islam, Christianity, and indigenous religions are http://www.nigerianembassy.ru/Nigeria/culture.htm

Welcome Address The Ambassador The Staff The Foreign Ministry ... Other sites Site Navigator Embassy Consular Affairs Business Forum Nigeria ... Links Quick Navigator Nigeria Profile Geography History Government ... Sports Culture Tourism Nigeria: Culture Introduction In 2001 Nigeria's estimated population was 126,635,626, yielding an average density of 137 persons per sq km (355 per sq mi). At the last census, in 1991, the population was pegged at 88.5 million. With a birth rate of 39.7 per 1,000 and a death rate of 13.9 per 1,000, Nigeria's population is growing at an average of 3 percent annually. The average Nigerian woman gives birth six times in her lifetime, although among more educated women the rate is somewhat lower. Nearly half of Nigerians are younger than 15 years. By 2025 the population is projected to grow to 204 million, nearly double the current size. The highest population densities are in the Igbo heartland in southeastern Nigeria, despite poor soils and heavy emigration. The intensively farmed zones around and including several major Hausa cities especially Kano, Sokoto, and Zaria in the north are also packed with people. Other areas of high density include Yorubaland in the southwest, the central Jos Plateau, and the Tiv homeland in Benue State in the south central region. Densities are relatively low in the dry northeast and in most parts of the middle belt. Ecological factors, including the prevalence of diseases such as sleeping sickness, carried by the tse-tse fly, and historical factors, especially the legacy of pre-colonial slave raiding, help explain these low densities.

74. Indigenous Religions africa, Australia, New Zealand, the American continents, Asia all contain a and India together have more than 50 million indigenous and tribal people. http://www.interfaithcenter.org/indigenous.shtml

indigenous religions Included in this very large designation are the religions of each of the globe's major continents, as well as many islands and island conclaves. The richness in number and variety defies identification in this space, for there are at least 5,000 indigenous groups identifiable by linguistic and cultural differences and geographical separation. Africa, Australia, New Zealand, the American continents, Asia - all contain a variety of vital living faith traditions. They are found from the circumpolar regions of Europe and the Americas and the southernmost inhabited spaces of Australia and New Zealand. China and India together have more than 50 million indigenous and tribal people. resources NativeWeb Indigenous Studies Yoruba Overview Ijo Orunmila ... Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye The Interfaith Center of New York

75. Foreign Policy Association - Resource Library indigenous people. When the same people hit our Khobal barracks, they had hoped to achieve the of the book you mention that they had been using the ijo as a http://www.fpa.org/topics_info2414/topics_info_show.htm?doc_id=100339

76. Introduction To African Textiles: Part Eight - Cloth & Society metaphorical ingredient in a variety of indigenous medicinal practices. for the Yoruba, Igbo, or ijo of Nigeria from weaving areas to clothe people in regions http://www.adireafricantextiles.com/africantextintro8.htm

Return to gallery African Textiles Introduction 8. Home References: Cloth as money: Dorward,D.C. "Precolonial Tiv Trade and Cloth Currency" in International Journal of African Historical Studies IX (4) 1976 Douglas,M. "Raffia Cloth Distribution in the Lele Economy" Africa XXVII 1958 Johnson,M. "Cloth as Money: the Cloth Strip Currencies of Africa" in Textiles of Africa ed. Idiens,D. 1980 Martin, P. "Power, Cloth and Currency on the Loango Coast" African Economic History Cloth as Medicine: Aremu, P. "Yoruba Traditional Weaving: Kijipa Motifs, Colour, and Symbols" Nigeria Magazine Blier,S.P. African Vodun: Art, Psychology, and Power Buckley, A. Yoruba Medicine Renne, E. Cloth That Does Not Die General: Eicher,J. ed. Dress and Ethnicity Hendrickson,H. ed. Clothing and Difference: Embodied Identities in Colonial and Post-Colonial Africa Cloth, Dress, and Art Patronage in Africa While the spiritual realm is an important dimension of cloth production and use in parts of Africa we should not overlook the fact that for many cloth weaving is simply a craft and an occupation. This does not however, diminish the social significance of cloth itself. Among the roles cloth has played in the past in certain African cultures is to act as a form of money. Examples of the use of cloth as money have been documented from East Africa and the Congo, but the practise was most widespread in a broad band of societies in the northern Savannah belt that stretches across West Africa

77. Nigerian ijo (also known as Zons) Found in the Although most people practice Islam or Christianity, many in practices derived from indigenous (traditional) religions. http://www3.baylor.edu/~Charles_Kemp/nigerian_refugees.htm

Back to Refugees Nigerians culture health refugees immigrants Background on Country of Origin Nigeria is the most populous black nation in Africa with an estimated 112 million people. Nigeria is located on the West Coast of Africa, along the Gulf of Guinea, occupying approximately 356,670 square miles (slightly larger than twice the size of the state of California). The country is a federal republic consisting of 30 states, and 543 local governments. Nigerians capital city, Abuja, is located in the center of the country. In 1960, Nigerian achieved independence from British rule and a relatively peaceful and prosperous time followed. However, the large agricultural sector failed to keep up with the rapid population growth, and Nigeria, once a large exporter, now has to import food. Nigeria has large oil reserves, but since 1973 oil profits have diminished at a rapid rate, due first to political instability, and later to falling oil prices. A western style democracy was attempted in 1979, but collapsed in 1983. In 1993, attempts were made to restore the 1979 constitution, but this also failed. Currently, a repressive military regime controls the country. The People Nigeria is a complex cultural, linguistic, and social mosaic with over 250 ethnic groups speaking many different languages and dialects. Members of each ethnic group are typically concentrated in one area; however, many have migrated to urban areas, thus producing modern cities composed of mixed ethnic groups, with problems sometimes resulting. Ethnic rivalry and jealousies exist as part of the Nigerian culture although many ethnic groups are related to one another in some way.

78. Art Africain Info All ijo sculpture exhibits a foursquare schematic style that The ndako gboya appears to be indigenous; a spirit during the 7th century by people related to http://artafricain.ifrance.com/artafricain/art-africain-info.htm

Start Statues masques africains Objects ... sculptures info [ Art Africain Info ] News Formulaire Tuyaux d'achats Fon iron image of Gun, the god of iron and war, Dahomey. Museum Pottery head found at Sokoto, Nigeria. Height 45cm Bambara dance wood headdress in the form of an antelope African arts West Africa Scholars divide the visual arts of West Africa into three broad areas: the western Sudan, the Guinea Coast, and Nigeria. This is done partly to enable the outsider to comprehend the diversity of styles and traditions within the region, while recognizing that there are themes common to all of the areas. Western Sudan This is the name conventionally given to the savanna region of West Africa. It is an area dominated by Islamic states situated at the southern ends of the trans-Saharan trade routes. The sculpture here is characterized by schematic styles of representation. Some commentators have interpreted these styles as an accommodation to the Islamic domination of the area, but this is probably not an adequate explanation since Islam in West Africa has either merely tolerated or actually destroyed such traditions while exerting other influences. Among the better-known sculptural traditions of the western Sudan are those of the following peoples.

79. Igbo Net: Ahiajoku Lecture Series:: The 1979 Ahiajoku Lecture, MJC Echeruo @ Igb Apoi proudly tell traditions of their ijo origin or harvest institution; and the Igbo people, quite characteristically was (like the oil palm) indigenous to the http://ahiajoku.igbonet.com/1979/

IgboNet The Igbo Network A MATTER OF IDENTITY By PROFESSOR MICHAEL J.C. ECHERUO, PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH LITERATURE AND DEAN POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN My task, as I understand it, is quite a simple one, I am to share with you such thoughts and reflections as I have concerning the history, culture and civilization of our people, the Igbo people. I am also to relate what I say, wherever possible, to the wider movements of world history and human civilization. I have entitled my lecture "A Matter of Identity", in our language, I would call it Aha m efula. When a moment ago I described my task as simple, I did not intend to suggest that it was an easy one. It is perhaps not too large an over statement to say the Igbo people are the most important people in the world today, and (unknown to themselves) have probably always been! We have a language which is so efficient in its structure that some say it was first spoken in Eden . We are a people who should have disappeared from the face of the earth a long time ago from a multiplicity of vicissitudes but have miraculously avoided doing so: from famine when the soils suddenly failed us; when the slave raiders carried us away in our thousands, and we laboured and wasted in the oil Delta and in the Americas; or when only a few years ago, we were massacred and bombed and shelled almost out of existence. It cannot be an easy task, therefore, to attempt any serious reflection on the Igbo people; certainly not before an audience as well informed and as committed as the one I have before me today.

80. From Hope To Harvest - Food Crop And Traditional Commodities IFAD's 20th helped the programme develop and modify indigenous implements, and the wellbeing of the people of the the International Jute Organization’s (ijo) efforts to http://www.ifad.org/events/past/anniv/fc.htm

Home About IFAD Operations Evaluation ... Contact Us document.write(document.title) forthcoming events president speeches ifad 25th anniversary scaling up poverty reduction ... ifad past events Meeting the Future Demand for Food Crops: Increasing Productivity and Crop Diversification Cassava is one of the most important sources of food energy in the drier areas of the developing world. It is frequently called "the famine crop", providing sustenance during prolonged drought periods when the majority of other food crops fail. Its outstanding performance under harsh conditions of climate and soil and its well-known tolerance to low-water stress make it an attractive food production alternative in marginal areas of the tropics. The traditional role of cassava in Africa has mainly been in the context of either a famine crop or a common source of food energy through flour and starch. IFAD is supporting applied research on post-harvest technology to open avenues for cash income generation through a whole new range of highly marketable cassava products (examples of which are displayed below). Women are responsible for 95% of the cassava processed in Africa. IFAD is supporting the development of efficient processes to reduce the drudgery in cassava processing and in food preparation that results from excessive pounding and cooking of incompletely processed products.

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