41. Adherents.com of more than 120 organisations of the indigenous peoples of the aim is to unite the Igorot people to fight ijo, Nigeria, 2,000,000, , -, -, 1998, Gall, Timothy L. (ed http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_314.html

Adherents.com 42,669 adherent statistic citations : membership and geography data for 4,000+ religions, churches, tribes, etc. Index back to IFCA International, West Virginia IFCA International, continued... Group Where Number of Adherents % of total pop. Number of congreg./ churches/ units Number of countries Year Source Quote/ Notes IFCA International West Virginia unit *LINK* official web site. Viewed circa Sept. 1998. Counted listings on directory IFCA International Wisconsin units Glenmary Research Center. IFCA International Wisconsin units *LINK* official web site. Viewed circa Sept. 1998. Counted listings on directory IFCA International world units country *LINK* official web site. Viewed circa Sept. 1998. Counted listings on directory. At the time, name probably listed as "Independent Fundamental Churches International " Ifugao Philippines Crim, Keith (ed.). The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions . San Francisco: Harper Collins (1989). Reprint; originally pub. as Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions , 1981; pg. 710. "The Ifugaos of the highlands of Luzon have similar ideas: they posit the existence of five realms, the known world of humans being contrasted with a skyworld and an underworld and with a region downstream and one upstream... In marked contrast to this limited pantheon among the Semang, the Ifugaos, a horticultural people living in the mountains of Luzon, recognize some forty classes of different types of divinities. Perhaps as many as fifteen hundred different named supernatural beings have been identified for the Ifugaos, although not all beings are recognized in a single Ifugao community. "

42. HandMade Rhythm: Tradition The ashiko drum is indigenous to South Western Nigeria It is historic amongst the Ijaw (ijo), as well as the The Zulu people of South africa play a drum shaped http://www.handmaderhythm.com/hmr/tradition.htm

ashiko drums wood craftsmanship news ... order Here is a collection of references to Ashiko Drums that we found on the web... Ashiko is a West African word that means freedom. Ashiko drums are of a conical shape and are constructed with a series of slats bonded together to form the shell. Drums are at the heart of sub-Saharan African cultures. Drums have a presence in all important aspects of African life - from birth, ancestor worship, rites of passage, healing, storytelling, warrior rites and initiation, at the time of death, as well as an an important means of communication over long distances.They are made of a variety of materials - wood, calabash and other gourds,bamboo, etc. The skin is tensioned by traditional Yoruba diamond pattern of rope work Ashiko refers to one of the early 20th-century West African (neo-folk) musical styles called "highlife" which blended African and European influences. The Ashiko drum is a conical version of the familiar conga drum and evolved during the heyday of Ashiko music. These are a West African drum whose name means Freedom They are of a conical shape and are constructed of a series of slats bonded together to form the shell A cone shaped drum, built of wood staves. Traditionally has a goat skin head laced onto the drum with rope. Like a djembe, Yields a resonant bass tone when struck in the middle, and a high ringing tone when struck on the rim. Origin: African (perhaps Nigerian?)

43. UK Shopping Directory - UK Shops - Igbo ijo indigenous People Directory Category Yithian Society Ethnicity indigenous People Igbos of Nigeria who reside in Cape Town, South africa http://www.ishop.co.uk/site-map/next.php?keyword=igbo&page=5

44. Fr. Nicoll's Course Website Atlantic, Mandingo, Gur, Kwa, Central Branch, ijo, AdamwaEastern coconut palms, and other foods indigenous to SE been related to the Khoisan peoples of modern http://www.loyno.edu/~nicoll/WorldCivFall/22africa.htm

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Sources: archaeology (much lost to climate); oral tradition (accurate back several centuries); histories (few from Greeks and Romans; ca. 958 AD Muslim historians and some Europeans); oral poems; oral genealogies; traditional rituals. Geography: 40% desert and bush - Sahara (al-Sahra: "the desert") and the Kalahari; 40% savanna (grassland) and sahel (semi-arid steppe); 8% (or 5%) rain forest. Rivers: Nile, Kongo, Niger, Zambesi, Orange, Limpopo, Senegal Soil: tropical to acid; devoid of much humus or vegetable mold, thus easily leached of mineral and nutrients; thus not highly productive for extended periods. Water shortage. But abundant animal life Minerals: wealthy in salt, iron and copper ore, gold. Diet: short on protein and vitamins Health: mosquito carries malaria, yellow fever; tsetse-fly infected humans, horses, cattle, snails, worms which conveyed intestinal diseases. Crops: hurt by locust swarms All of above tended to limit population OLD STONE AGE Extant archeological shows Africa as the origin place of the species Homo; recent evidence (footprints in S. Africa ca. 120,000 years old) indicate Africa as the origin place of Homo Sapiens Sapiens - modern humans.

45. African Arts: Commercial Transactions And Cultural Interactions From The Delta T identified herself as Suwu, an indigenous ethnic group Mabeta, Bimbia, and unmapped ijo fishing settlements. peoples in riverain and littoral communities where http://www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/m0438/1_35/90331353/p1/article.jhtml

@import url(/css/us/style.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); Advanced Search Home Help IN all publications this publication Reference Automotive Business Computing Entertainment Health News Reference Sports YOU ARE HERE Articles African Arts Spring, 2002 Content provided in partnership with Print friendly Tell a friend Find subscription deals Commercial transactions and cultural interactions from the Delta to Douala and beyond African Arts Spring, 2002 by Rosalinde G. Wilcox Like others who do research in Africa, I frequented local and regional markets during my stay in Cameroon, from November 1988 through July 1989. The large markets draw traders from all over the country as well as from Nigeria, Ghana, and the Republic of Benin. Many are women selling local goods; men sell furniture, electronic equipment, and automotive products. On one trip to the market in the coastal town of Limbe, I saw a woman offering fabric she described as "George" cloth (1) obtained in nearby Nigeria. The seller identified herself as Suwu, an indigenous ethnic group of the Limbe and Bimbia regions of Cameroon's Southwest Province. After Limbe, her venues included small markets on the way to Bimbia. Since our itineraries coincided, I offered to take her by car, but she declined, preferring her canoe. I then left to visit villages bordering the neighboring creeks formed by the Mungo and Tiko rivers, especially Mabeta, Bimbia, and unmapped Ijo fishing settlements. When I arrived in Mabeta the next afternoon, there she was, the same market woman, offering her George cloth. Having gotten there hours earlier, she had already set up her stall, displayed her goods, and was busy selling while I was still reassembling my body parts dislocated from the bumpy ride. When we met again at a later point in her itinerary, I bought cloth that the woman had purchased from a local Ghanaian trader. I learned that her George cloth had sold out in Bimbia.

46. U. Mary WWW Resources - By Subject - Religions Of Africa fandm.edu Anthropology 269 - People and Cultures of Page Ifa Link Home Page ijo Orunmila OrishaList Overview buganda.com - Buganda s indigenous Religion ghana http://it.umary.edu/Library/research/www_subjects/religion_africa.html

Back: Welder Library Web Resources Home WWW Resources by Subject Area Religions of Africa and the African Diaspora NOTE: The links on this page are raw material constituting the collection phase of directory development. (See About This Directory for information on phases of development.) They have not yet been re-examined and weeded. When they are, about half the links here now will have been discarded as insufficiently fruitful and a somewhat smaller number of brand new and more rewarding links will have been added. Unprocessed pages like this are also likely to have a higher number of broken links. To learn how to work around them, please read about Error Messages if you haven't already done so. Page Index: Overview Articles Ifa - Yoruba Santeria - La Regla Lucumi ... Other Directories of African Religions OVERVIEW porchfour - Religions of the World African caribbean religions - Face of the Gods InquiceWeb ARTICLES aril.org - The African Experience of God through the Eyes of an Akan Woman, by Mercy Amba Oduyoye berkeley.edu - Drum is the Ear of God ncsu.edu - African Religion utexas.edu - The Demise of Traditional Religion in African Culture IFA - YORUBA overview indiana.edu - Yoruba Art in Wood and Metal

47. AFRICA-U.S. RELATIONS - Www.ezboard.com Tonality is a common feature of indigenous African languages the tongue of several million people inhabiting an Nupe, Bini, Ashanti, and possibly ijo (which is http://pub49.ezboard.com/fhhnmessageboardfrm6.showMessage?topicID=15.topic

48. International Law-Related Lists (Electronic Discussion Groups) By Lyonette Louis Human Rights news service stories about indigenous peoples. WORLD JOURNAL (Center for World indigenous Studies) http www.fjc.gov/STAFEDJUAF/ijo/intobs.html http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/~llou/lawlists/international.html

INTERNATIONAL LAW-RELATED LISTS (as of 10 December 2001) compiled by Lyonette Louis-Jacques llou@midway.uchicago.edu http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/~llou/lawlists/international.html ) Note: Details on how to subscribe to the lists are directly after the alphabetical list of list names at the ENDNOTES ; section of this document, followed by list of electronic newsletters and journals related to international law. NAME SUBSCRIPTION ADDRESS/WEB DESCRIPTION 2IPCS LISTSERV@MAIL.ABANET.ORG Int'l Procurement Law AAASHRAN MAJORDOMO@AAAS.ORG Human Rights Action ABAINTINV LISTPROC@LISTPROC.KENTLAW.EDU Int'l Investment/Dev. ABATAX_FOREIGN_LAWYERS LISTSERV@MAIL.ABANET.ORG ABA Tax - International ABOLISH LISTSERV@MAELSTROM.STJOHNS.EDU Death Penalty/Int'l ACUNS-IO LISTPROC@LISTS.YALE.EDU UN/Int'l Organizations ADMLPROF LISTSERV@UOFRLAW.RICHMOND.EDU

49. REalities SpiritSpace ~ Home Of Yorubalife And Afrospirit Mail Communities ijo Orumilla, Lucumi, Inquince Web / Kongo. african indigenous Science and Knowledge Systems, african Cultures, Santeria Gullah People and W. africa, I Am Sapelo, http://ausetkmt.com/spiritspace.html

Our Main Page Gateways Realistic Journeys Travel Agency RealTruth Index ... Bob Marley SpiritSpace Subscribe to Yorubalife Powered by yahoogroups.com Join Afrospirit-l! RE Ausetkmt's "Seven African Powers Quick Chart" Our Newest Printable Resource File Chief Adebolu's Orisa Plates Printable Short Form Info on The 7 African Powers Free MZWAKHE South African Poet/King of Rap, Incarcerated For Telling The Truth ReggaeDeals We're on the Internet Railroad Sign IN to WIN !!! WebMistress REalities Menu REalTruth REal Jewels Cybergalleries REalistic Journeys Tropical Travel 24hr Diasporac News Updates Diasporac History Archives REal Web Tools Diasporac Coloringbook The Heidelberg Project Cybertour Our List Manager Site Paradise Manifest - WebMistreSeZ ICQ With RE Live Click to receive email when this page changes Powered by NetMind Beaufort Weather History of Beaufort Downhome Cooking Photo Archives ... Our newest Music Site Gullah Sea Islands Resources Oyotunji Village a SC DOT View of Oyotunji Village History Oyotunji Village SC Dept of Tourism village Bio Oyotunji Village More Gullah Geetchie Sea Islands Coalition Orumila Link Historical Penn Center The Sea Islands Roots List ... Gullah People and W. Africa

50. Sun Singer - Native Reference - Africa ijo Orunmila Spreading Ifa to All of Olodumare s Islam and indigenous african Culture; africa South of the The people involved, and the traditional and non http://www.sunsinger.org/refs/africa.php

Native Reference AFRICA Many of the sites listed here publish interesting and important information. However, it is not possible for us to monitor these sites and Sun Singer is not endorsing their contents or politics. This directory has been designed only as an information and link resource about the world cultures. WildNetAfrica African Portal Africa Focus Sights and Sounds of a Continent African Ceremonies - Photographs of Sacred Rituals in Tribal Cultures South Africa Environment Project African Wildlife Foundation Africa Online ... CentrePoint A non-profit networking communication, focusing on healing and wholeness. Published bi-monthly, it contains articles written by local (South African) writers as well as writers from other parts of our beautiful planet. Kwanzaa A unique African American celebration with focus on the traditional African values of family, community responsibility, commerce, and self-improvement. It is a time of reaffirming African-American people, their ancestors and culture. Seven Principles of Kwanzaa Alliances for Africa Non-governmental peace, human rights and development organization

51. Ijaw The Ijaw (also known as the ijo ) are a collection trade between visiting Europeans and the peoples of the of the three groups are truly indigenous to the http://www.sciencedaily.com/encyclopedia/ijaw

Match: sort by: relevance date Free Services Subscribe by email RSS newsfeeds PDA-friendly format loc="/images/" A A A Find Jobs In: Healthcare Engineering Accounting College Contract / Freelance Customer Service Diversity Engineering Executive Healthcare Hospitality Human Resources Information Tech International Manufacturing Nonprofit Retail All Jobs by Job Type All Jobs by Industry Relocating? Visit: Moving Resources Moving Companies Mortgage Information Mortgage Calculator Real Estate Lookup Front Page Today's Digest Week in Review Email Updates ... Outdoor Living Encyclopedia Main Page See live article Ijaw The Ijaw (also known as the "Ijo") are a collection of peoples residing mostly in the forest regions of the Niger River delta in Nigeria, and numbering several million individuals. Linguistic Relationships The Ijaw speak 9 closely-related Niger-Congo languages, all of which fall under the Ijoid branch of the Niger-Congo tree. The primary division between the Ijaw languages is that between Central Ijaw and Western Ijaw, the most important of the former group of languages being Izon, which is spoken by about 1 million people, while the most prominent member of the Western Ijaw group is Kalabari, which has about a quarter of a million speakers. Traditional Occupations The Ijaw were one of the first of Nigeria's peoples to have contact with Westerners, and were active as go-betweens in trade between visiting Europeans and the peoples of the interior, particularly in the era before the discovery of

52. Lecture Handout For African Art In The Modern Era Kalabari group, ijo culture, 19th century our view of africa, its cultures, and its people? contact of the three cultures (European, indigenous American, and http://www.contracosta.cc.ca.us/Art/AfricanArtInTheModernEra.htm

Art of Africa in the Modern Era African Art-Many cultures on a complex continent What is African art, who made African art, and for what purpose? Who preserved the art, and what is the nature of the record? Sub-Saharan Civilizations: Kojo Bonsu (?), Finial of a Spokesperson's Staff, Ashanti Culture, 1960s-70s, wood and gold Power firgures(nkisi nkonde), Zaire. Kongo culture. 19th century Reliquary guardians (nlo byen), from Gabon. Fang culture. 19th century. Dance masks, Zaire, and Bamana, Mali, 19th century? Ancestor screen (duen fobara) from Abonnema village, Nigeria. Kalabari group, Ijo culture, 19th century. Documentary: African Art , BBC Production (This is lecture material-take notes, paying attention to the following questions as they apply to the information presented.) 1. What does "the other" mean? 2. What does it imply? 3. How did this come about? 4. What is meant by "ethnocentrism?"

53. Joshua Project - Peoples By Country Profiles People Name General Kamara. indigenous Fellowship of 100+ http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=104505&rog3=GH

54. Joshua Project - Peoples By Country Profiles People Name General Anufo. indigenous Fellowship of 100 http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=100396&rog3=GH

55. MISSIO IMMACULATAE: Missionary Page Of The Franciscans Of The Immaculate language, is widely spoken, especially among educated people. Ibibio, Tiv, Efik, Edo, ijo, and Nupe Islam, Christianity, and indigenous religions are central to http://www.marymediatrix.com/mission/kb/kb15/5.shtml

FI MISSION IN NIGERIA List of Articles about Nigerian Mission FACTS ABOUT NIGERIA Introduction History Land and Resources The People ... Culture and Arts FACTS AT A GLANCE Country name: Federal Republic of Nigeria Location: Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Benin and Cameroon Climate: varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north Population: Ethnic groups: more than 250 ethnic groups; the most populous and politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5% Nationality: Nigerian Religions: Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10% Languages: English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population:57.1%

56. African Languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 Tonality is a common feature of indigenous African languages. Igbo, Nupe, Bini, Ashanti, and possibly ijo (which is and English (native to many people in the http://www.bartleby.com/65/af/Africanlng.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. African languages geographic rather than linguistic classification of languages spoken on the African continent. Historically the term refers to the languages of sub-Saharan Africa, which do not belong to a single family, but are divided among several distinct linguistic stocks. It is estimated that more than 800 languages are spoken in Africa; however, they belong to comparatively few language families. Some 50 African languages have more than half a million speakers each, but many others are spoken by relatively few people. Tonality is a common feature of indigenous African languages. There are usually two or three tones (based on pitch levels rather than the rising and falling in inflections of Chinese tones) used to indicate semantic or grammatical distinction.

57. The Blacksmith's Art From Africa to interpret the metallurgical processes the people witnessed when inexpensive iron onto the shores of africa. By 1920 indigenous furnaces ceased to produce http://www.africans-art.com/index.php3?action=page&id_art=363

58. Walker, Alice (1944-) Protests by indigenous people have taken unique spiritual forms. the pains and travails of the people to national the ÒOgele,Ó a traditional ijo dance where http://www.allthingspass.com/docs/Snow-Saro-Wiwa.htm

Ken Saro-Wiwa (1941-1995), Ogoni the Pacification of the Tribes of the Lower Niger keith harmon snow Born in the southern village of Bori, Ken Saro-Wiwa was one of NigeriaÕs most recognized and accomplished citizens. An Ogoni leader from Ogoni, Ken Saro-Wiwa was tried and hanged for challenging the environmental hostility and terrorism perpetrated against the indigenous minorities of the Niger River Delta by the petroleum industry and their corrupt political allies. Ogoni Bill of Rights (1990). Winner of the Goldman Environmental Prize and the Right Livelihood Award in 1995, he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize prior to his execution. Always environmentally conscious, Saro-Wiwa adopted the plank of environmentalism as a strategic tool to promote the Ogoni cause. ÒThe visit to the United States (1993) sharpened my awareness of the need to organize the Ogoni people to struggle for their environment,Ó Saro-Wiwa wrote ( Month : 79.). ÒA bit of research and thinking of my childhood days showed me how conscious of their environment the Ogoni have always been and how far they went in an effort to protect it. I had shown this consciousness all along.Ó Jailed in 1993 under the Treason and Treasonable Offenses Decree (known in Nigeria as Òthe Saro-Wiwa decreeÓ) promulgated in 1993 by then President Gen. Ibrahim Babangida, Saro-Wiwa wrote from prison poetry that widely echoed the sentiments of the minority delta peoples:

59. African Folklore -- A-Z Entries The Horn ) Overview Nsibidi An indigenous Writing System. Television Dramas Rastafari A Marginalized People Rattray, RS W Wari Water Ethos The ijo of the http://www.routledge-ny.com/folklore/african/azentries.html

Please note: List of entries is preliminary and may change prior to publication A B C D ... Z A Algeria Ancestors Angola Animals in African Folklore Arabic Folk Literature of North Africa Architecture Archives of Traditional Music Ashanti Astronomy back to top B Bamana Banjo: African Roots Bao Bascom, William Basketry, Africa Basketry, African American Beadwork Benin Birth and Death Rituals among the Gikuyu Blacksmiths: Dar Zaghawa of the Sudan Blacksmiths: Mande of Western Africa Body Arts: African American Arts of the Body Body Arts: Body Decoration in Africa Body Arts: Hair Sculpture Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi back to top C Callaway, Bishop Henry

60. Websitecgore.dircon.co.uk The ImpluviumCourtyard (Oto-Eghodo) in indigenous Benin Architecture The Body Markings of the Edo People, Benin City Alagoa, EJ, 1966, ijo Origins and Migrations http://www.cgore.dircon.co.uk/a1a.htm

Website: cgore.dircon.co.uk Author: Dr.Charles Gore A B C D E ... W-Z EDO BIBLIOGRAPHY Anon., 1823, Article in the Royal Gold Coast Gazette, No.21, Vol.1, March 25th. Anon., 1966, Benin Art and Artists, Nigeria Today, 9, 7-8. Anon., 1947, Benin Ebony Carvers, Nigerian Field, 12, 2. Anon., 1898, Cast Metal Work from Benin, Nature, Vol.58, July 7th. Anon., 1556, Description of a Voyage from Lisbona to the Isalnd of Sao Thome Written by an Anonymous Portuguese Pilot, (ed.) Rasmusio G.B., Navigationi e Viaggi, I. Venice (and in (ed.) Blake, J.W., Europeans in West Africa 1450-1560, Vol.1, London: Hakluyt Society, 1942). Anon., n.d., Extracts from the London Gazette, Friday May 7th 1897, Archives of Museum of Mankind, Benin B II Folder. Anon., 1956, Mud Shrines of Olokun, Nigeria Magazine, No.50. Anon., 1953, A New Carver (Felix Idubor of Nigeria), Nigeria Magazine, 41. Anon., n.d., Papers Relating to the Massacre of British Officials near Benin and the Consequent Punitive Expedition Presented to Both Houses of Parliament of her Majesty August 1897, Archives, Manchester Museum. Anon., 1949, The Recovery of Benin Antiquities, Nigeria Magazine, 32.

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